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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2014

Sci—Fri AM: Mountain — 04: Label-free Raman spectroscopy of single tumour cells detects early radiation-induced glycogen synthesis associated with increased radiation resistance

Purpose: To use label-free Raman spectroscopy (RS) for early treatment monitoring of tumour cell radioresistance. Methods: Three human tumour cell lines, two radioresistant (H460, SF{sub 2} = 0.57 and MCF7, SF{sub 2} = 0.70) and one radiosensitive (LNCaP, SF{sub 2} = 0.36), were irradiated with single fractions of 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 Gy. In additional experiments, H460 and MCF7 cells were irradiated under co-treatment with the anti-diabetic drug metformin, a known radiosensitizing agent. Treated and control cultures were analyzed with RS daily for 3 days post-treatment. Single-cell Raman spectra were acquired from 20 live cells per sample, and experiments were repeated in triplicate. The combined data sets were analyzed with principal component analysis using standard algorithms. Cells from each culture were also subjected to standard assays for viability, proliferation, cell cycle, and radiation clonogenic survival. Results: The radioresistant cells (H460, MCF7) exhibited a RS molecular radiation response signature, detectable as early as 1 day post-treatment, of which radiation-induced glycogen synthesis is a significant contributor. The radiosensitive cells (LNCaP) exhibited negligible glycogen synthesis. Co-treatment with metformin in MCF7 cells blocked glycogen synthesis, reduced viability and proliferation, and increased radiosensitivity. Conversely, metformin co-treatment in H460 cells did not produce these same effects; importantly, both radiation-induced synthesis of glycogen and radiosensitivity were unaffected. Conclusions: Label-free RS can detect early glycogen synthesis post-irradiation, a previously undocumented metabolic mechanism associated with tumour cell radioresistance that can be targeted to increase radiosensitivity. RS monitoring of intratumoral glycogen may provide new opportunities for personalized combined modality radiotherapy treatments.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Castanha et al. 2018: Hopland Lysimeter 13C-Labeled Root Litter Decomposition Study.

The breakdown and decomposition of plant inputs are critical for nutrient cycling, soil development, and climate-ecosystem feedbacks, but uncertainties persist in how the rates and products of litter decomposition are affected by soil temperature, rhizosphere, and depth of input. To elucidate these questions we measured the effects of soil warming (+ 4 °C), rhizosphere, and depth of litter placement on the decomposition of Avena fatua (wild oat grass) root litter in a Mediterranean grassland ecosystem. Field lysimeters were subjected to three environmental treatments (heating, control, and plant removal) and three 13C-labeled root litter addition treatments (to A horizon, to B horizon, and no-addition disturbance control) for each of two harvest time points. We buried root litter in February 2014 and measured loss of 13C in CO2 from the soil surface and in leachate as dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over two growing seasons. At the end of each of the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons we recovered the 13C remaining in the soil. Loss of root litter C occurred almost entirely via heterotrophic respiration, with an estimated < 2% lost as DOC during the initial decay period. The added roots were broken down and incorporated into bulk soil material very quickly; only ~ 30% of added root was visible after 6 months. In the first growing season, decomposition occurred faster in the B than in the A horizon, the latter having greater moisture limitation. Subsequently, there was almost no further decomposition in the B horizon. After two growing seasons, less than 20% of the added root litter C remained in the A or B horizons of all environmental treatments. Heating did not stimulate decomposition, likely because it exacerbated the moisture limitation. However, while plots without plants dried down more slowly than plots with plants, their decomposition rate was not significantly greater, possibly due to the lack of rhizosphere processes such as priming. We conclude that in this Mediterranean grassland ecosystem, soil moisture, which is affected by season, depth, heating, and rhizosphere, plays a dominant role in mediating the effect of those factors on root litter decomposition, which after two seasons did not differ by depth or by treatment.The files in this dataset comprise (1) 13C-labeled litter additions made to each plot, (2) litter recovery after each of 2 growing seasons, (3) periodical soil flux measurements, (4) leachate measurements, and continuously monitored soil (5) temperature and (6) moisture.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Blodgett 13C–labeled litter incubation 2016-2019

The dataset is from 13C-labelled (stable isotope of carbon) root-litter in-situ field incubation experiment based on the whole-soil warming experiment at the Blodgett Forest Research Station, CA, USA. The files are in both ".csv" and ".xlsx" versions, and can be opened in "maCOS numbers", and "Microsoft Excel". The files includes several sheets with all the data published in the paper: Sun, B., Zosso, C., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., Pegoraro, E., Torn, M. S., and Schmidt, M. W. I.: Warming accelerates the decomposition of root-derived hydrolysable lipids in a temperate forest and is depth- and compound class-dependent, SOIL, 11, 1077–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-11-1077-2025, 2025. This dataset includes bulk soil carbon, nitrogen, delta 13C values, the normalized concentration (to organic carbon) of hydrolysable lipids identified, the absolute concentration (normalized to bulk soil) of hydrolysable lipids, hydrolysable lipids recovery, and weighted 13C-excess of bulk soil carbon, and weighted 13C-excess of each compound class in hydrolysable lipids. These data aim to answer two research questions: 1) How will warming affect the decomposition of 13C-labelled root-litter at different depth? 2) Will the decomposition of root-derived hydrolysable lipids under warming differ among different compound classes? The experiment sites located on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada near Georgetown, CA (120°3904000W; 38°5404300 N) at 1370m above see level. The Blodgett Forest is a mixed-coniferous forest. The site has a Mediterranean climate with a mean annual air temperature of 12.5 °C and a mean annual precipitation of 1774mm.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2013

Design of Standards and Labeling programs in Chile: Techno-Economic Analysis for Refrigerators

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory is a global leader in the study of energy efficiency and its effective implementation through government policy. The Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department of LBNL’s Environmental Energy Technologies Division provides technical assistance to help federal, stat e and local government agencies in the United States, and throughout the world, develop long-term strategies, policy, and programs to encourage energy efficiency in all sectors and industries. In the past, LBNL has assisted staff of various countries government agencies and their con tractors in providing methodologies to analyze cost-effectiveness of regulations and asses s overall national impacts of efficiency programs. The paper presents the work done in collaboration with the Ministry of Energy (MoE) in Chile and the Collaborative Labeling Appliance Standards Programs (CLASP) on designing a Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS) and ext ending the current labeling program for refrigerators.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

Data Availability in Appliance Standards and Labeling Program Development and Evaluation

In this report, we describe the necessary data inputs for both standards development and program evaluation and perform an initial assessment of the availability and uncertainty of those data inputs in China. For standards development, we find that China and its standards and labeling program administrators currently has access to the basic market and technical data needed for conducting market and technology assessment and technological and economic analyses. Some data, such as shipments data, is readily available from the China Energy Label product registration database while the availability of other data, including average unit energy consumption, prices and design options, needs improvement. Unlike some other countries such as the United States, most of the necessary data for conducting standards development analyses are not publicly available or compiled in a consolidated data source. In addition, improved data on design and efficiency options as well as cost data (e.g., manufacturing costs, mark-ups, production and product use-phase costs) – key inputs to several technoeconomic analyses – are particularly in need given China’s unconsolidated manufacturing industry. For program evaluation, we find that while China can conduct simple savings evaluations on its incentive programs with the data it currently has available from the Ministry of Finance – the program administrator, the savings estimates produced by such an evaluation will carry high uncertainty. As such, China could benefit from an increase in surveying and metering in the next one to three years to decrease the uncertainty surrounding key data points such as unit energy savings and free ridership.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Rhenium-188 Labeled Radiopharmaceuticals: Current Clinical Applications in Oncology and Promising Perspectives

Rhenium-188 ( 188 Re) is a high energy beta-emitting radioisotope with a short 16.9 h physical half-life, which has been shown to be a very attractive candidate for use in therapeutic nuclear medicine. The high beta emission has an average energy of 784 keV and a maximum energy of 2.12 MeV, sufficient to penetrate and destroy targeted abnormal tissues. In addition, the low-abundant gamma emission of 155 keV (15%) is efficient for imaging and for dosimetric calculations. These key characteristics identify 188 Re as an important therapeutic radioisotope for routine clinical use. Moreover, the highly reproducible on-demand availability of 188 Re from the 188 W/ 188 Re generator system is an important feature and permits installation in hospital-based or central radiopharmacies for cost-effective availability of no-carrier-added (NCA) 188 Re. Rhenium-188 and technetium-99 m exhibit similar chemical properties and represent a “theranostic pair.” Thus, preparation and targeting of 188 Re agents for therapy is similar to imaging agents prepared with 99m Tc, the most commonly used diagnostic radionuclide. Over the last three decades, radiopharmaceuticals based on 188 Re-labeled small molecules, including peptides, antibodies, Lipiodol and particulates have been reported. The successful application of these 188 Re-labeled therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals has been reported in multiple early phase clinical trials for the management of various primary tumors, bone metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and endocoronary interventions. This article reviews the use of 188 Re-radiopharmaceuticals which have been investigated in patients for cancer treatment, demonstrating that 188Re represents a cost effective alternative for routine clinical use in comparison to more expensive and/or less readily available therapeutic radioisotopes.

radiopharmaceuticals↗
DOE OSTI2020

Impact of Fatty-Acid Labeling of Bacillus subtilis Membranes on the Cellular Lipidome and Proteome

Developing cultivation methods that yield chemically and isotopically defined fatty acid (FA) compositions within bacterial cytoplasmic membranes establishes an in vivo experimental platform to study membrane biophysics and cell membrane regulation using novel approaches. Yet before fully realizing the potential of this method, it is prudent to understand the systemic changes in cells induced by the labeling procedure itself. In this work, analysis of cellular membrane compositions was paired with proteomics to assess how the proteome changes in response to the directed incorporation of exogenous FAs into the membrane of Bacillus subtilis. Key findings from this analysis include an alteration in lipid headgroup distribution, with an increase in phosphatidylglycerol lipids and decrease in phosphatidylethanolamine lipids, possibly providing a fluidizing effect on the cell membrane in response to the induced change in membrane composition. Changes in the abundance of enzymes involved in FA biosynthesis and degradation are observed; along with changes in abundance of cell wall enzymes and isoprenoid lipid production. The observed changes may influence membrane organization, and indeed the well-known lipid raft-associated protein flotillin was found to be substantially down-regulated in the labeled cells – as was the actin-like protein MreB. Taken as a whole, this study provides a greater depth of understanding for this important cell membrane experimental platform and presents a number of new connections to be explored in regard to modulating cell membrane FA composition and its effects on lipid headgroup and raft/cytoskeletal associated proteins.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Efficient Synthesis and HPLC-Based Characterization for Developing Vanadium-48-Labeled Vanadyl Acetylacetonate as a Novel Cancer Radiotracer for PET Imaging

Bis(acetylacetonato)oxidovanadium(IV) [(VO(acac) 2 ], generally known as vanadyl acetylacetonate, has been shown to be preferentially sequestered in malignant tissue. Vanadium-48 ( 48 V) generated with a compact medical cyclotron has been used to label VO(acac) 2 as a potential radiotracer in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging for the detection of cancer, but requires lengthy synthesis. Current literature protocols for the characterization of VO(acac) 2 require macroscale quantities of reactants and solvents to identify products by color and to enable crystallization that are not readily adaptable to the needs of radiotracer synthesis. We present an improved method to produce vanadium-48-labeled VO(acac) 2 , [ 48 V]VO(acac) 2 , and characterize it using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radiation detection in combination with UV detection. The approach is suitable for radiotracer-level quantities of material. These methods are readily applicable for production of [ 48 V]VO(acac) 2 . Preliminary results of preclinical, small-animal PET studies are presented.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Evaluating the Community Land Model in a pine stand with shading manipulations and 13 CO 2 labeling

Carbon partitioning and flow through ecosystems regulates land surface atmosphere CO 2 exchange and thus is a key, albeit uncertain component of mechanistic models. The Partitioning in Trees and Soil (PiTS) experiment-model project tracked C partitioning through a young Pinus taeda stand following pulse-labeling with 13 CO 2 and two levels of shading. The field component of this project provided process-oriented data that was used to evaluate and improve terrestrial biosphere model simulations of rapid shifts in carbon partitioning and hydrological dynamics under varying environmental conditions. Here we tested the performance of the Community Land Model version 4 (CLM4) in capturing short-term carbon and water dynamics in relation to manipulative shading treatments, and the timing and magnitude of carbon fluxes through various compartments of the ecosystem. To constrain CLM4 to closely simulate pretreatment conditions, we calibrated select model parameters with the pretreatment observational data. Compared to CLM4 simulations with default parameters, CLM4 with calibrated model parameters was better able to simulate pretreatment vegetation carbon pools, light response curves, and other initial states and fluxes of carbon and water. Over a 3-week treatment period, the calibrated CLM4 generally reproduced the impacts of shading on average soil moisture at 15-95 cm depth, transpiration, relative change in stem carbon, and soil CO 2 efflux rate, although some discrepancies in the estimation of magnitudes and temporal evolutions existed. CLM4, however, was not able to track the progression of the 13 CO 2 label from the atmosphere through foliage, phloem, roots or surface soil CO 2 efflux, even when optimized model parameters were used. This model bias arises, in part, from the lack of a short-term non-structural carbohydrate storage pool and progressive timing of within-plant transport, thus indicating a need for future work to improve the allocation routines in CLM4. Overall, these types of detailed evaluations of CLM4, paired with intensive field manipulations, can help to identify model strengths and weaknesses, model uncertainties, and additional observations necessary for future model development.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Volume-labeled nanoparticles and methods of preparation

Compositions comprising nanosized objects (i.e., nanoparticles) in which at least one observable marker, such as a radioisotope or fluorophore, is incorporated within the nanosized object. The nanosized objects include, for example, metal or semi-metal oxide (e.g., silica), quantum dot, noble metal, magnetic metal oxide, organic polymer, metal salt, and core-shell nanoparticles, wherein the label is incorporated within the nanoparticle or selectively in a metal oxide shell of a core-shell nanoparticle. Methods of preparing the volume-labeled nanoparticles are also described.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Unleashing the Power of Industrial Big Data through Scalable Manual Labeling

Big Data plays a central role in the remarkable results achieved by Machine Learning (ML) and especially Deep Learning (DL) in the recent years. However, the difficulty in obtaining a reasonable amount of labeled samples limits ML/DL application in various domains, including industrial equipment and system monitoring. In this paper the need for methods that turn manual labeling into a scalable process is highlighted. A real world problem is analyzed for which weak supervision methods, successfully employed in other domains, did not produce acceptable results. An alternative approach based on clustering ensembles is described and tested, achieving good performance.

Paes Leao, Bruno↗
DOE OSTI2024

From Simple Labels to Time-Use Integrations: Supporting the Spectrum of Qualitative Travel Behavior Data

In transportation research, applications of travel behavior data collection are context-specific and require different types of qualitative inputs. These inputs can be viewed as spanning a spectrum of user burden and data quality, from simple trip labels to complex time-use surveys. However, each currently active smartphone-based travel diary platform appears to only support one type of qualitative input, and the effort required for customization is unclear. In this paper, we characterize the spectrum by defining four canonical use cases: (i) trip labels, (ii) trip questionnaire, (iii) counterfactual trips, and (iv) time-use surveys. We then outline a mechanism for supporting configurable user inputs on the same underlying smartphone-based sensing mechanism and demonstrate that it can support all the use cases without any code changes. We further demonstrate that the flexible data model that underpins this mechanism can enable real-time monitoring and analysis. Finally, we evaluate per-user data collection and engagement metrics for large-scale deployments of three canonical use cases, spanning 10 programs, 435 users, and 251,041 trips, and a maximum duration of 800 days. Future efforts may support additional use cases through an expanded configuration and provide greater insight into user engagement. We hope that these insights enable the research community to look at qualitative inputs through a new lens and experiment with novel use cases to fill in the spectrum.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,POWER TRANSMISSION AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

RINO: Renormalization Group Invariance with No Labels

A common challenge with supervised machine learning (ML) in high energy physics (HEP) is the reliance on simulations for labeled data, which can often mismodel the underlying collision or detector response. To help mitigate this problem of domain shift, we propose RINO (Renormalization Group Invariance with No Labels), a self-supervised learning approach that can instead pretrain models directly on collision data, learning embeddings invariant to renormalization group flow scales. In this work, we pretrain a transformer-based model on jets originating from quantum chromodynamic (QCD) interactions from the JetClass dataset, emulating real QCD-dominated experimental data, and then finetune on the JetNet dataset -- emulating simulations -- for the task of identifying jets originating from top quark decays. RINO demonstrates improved generalization from the JetNet training data to JetClass data compared to supervised training on JetNet from scratch, demonstrating the potential for RINO pretraining on real collision data followed by fine-tuning on small, high-quality MC datasets, to improve the robustness of ML models in HEP.

Hao, Zichun [Caltech] (ORCID:0000000256244907)↗
DOE OSTI2016

Morpheus Spectral Counter: A computational tool for label-free quantitative mass spectrometry using the Morpheus search engine

Label-free quantitative MS based on the Normalized Spectral Abundance Factor (NSAF) has emerged as a straightforward and robust method to determine the relative abundance of individual proteins within complex mixtures. Here, we present Morpheus Spectral Counter (MSpC) as the first computational tool that directly calculates NSAF values from output obtained from Morpheus, a fast, open-source, peptide-MS/MS matching engine compatible with high-resolution accurate-mass instruments. NSAF has distinct advantages over other MS-based quantification methods, including a higher dynamic range as compared to isobaric tags, no requirement to align and re-extract MS1 peaks, and increased speed. MSpC features an easy to use graphic user interface that additionally calculates both distributed and unique NSAF values to permit analyses of both protein families and isoforms/proteoforms. MSpC determinations of protein concentration were linear over several orders of magnitude based on the analysis of several high-mass accuracy datasets either obtained from PRIDE or generated with total cell extracts spiked with purified Arabidopsis 20S proteasomes. Lastly, the MSpC software was developed in C# and is open sourced under a permissive license with the code made available at http://dcgemperline.github.io/Morpheus_SpC/.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

D-Band EPR and ENDOR Spectroscopy of 15 N-Labeled Photosystem I

For billions of years, nature has optimized the photosynthetic machinery that converts light energy into chemical energy. Key primary reactions of photosynthesis occur in large membrane protein-cofactor complexes. The light-induced sequential electron transfer reactions occur through a chain of donor/acceptor cofactors embedded in the protein matrix resulting in a long-lived transmembrane charge-separated state. EPR is the method of choice to study electron transfer and the interaction of protein environment with redox-active cofactors. However, the spectra of organic cofactor radicals typically are not fully resolved and severely overlap at conventional X-band EPR. Even at Q-band EPR, this overlap is present and often a serious problem. As a result, there is a large variation of the reported EPR data and limited understanding of electronic structures of several redox-active cofactors. These serious problems can often be overcome by the excellent spectral resolution provided by high-frequency EPR (HF EPR). In this work, we study the electronic structure of the primary electron donor P 700 and the secondary electron acceptor A 1 of Photosystem I (PSI) using 130 GHz (D-band) EPR and Electron-Nuclear-Double-Resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy. PSI was isotopically labeled with 15 N (I = $\frac{1/2}$) to avoid quadrupolar interactions in the most abundant nitrogen isotope 14 N (I = 1) and simplify the ENDOR spectra. ENDOR spectroscopy is central for determining the hyperfine coupling of nitrogen atoms of the two chlorophyll molecules comprising oxidized P 700 and the involvement of protein nitrogen atoms with reduced A 1 . While HF ENDOR of A 1 - allows identification of two nitrogen atoms, HF ENDOR of P 700 + still does not permit unique assignment of the recorded hyperfine couplings.

15N↗