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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Overview of the distributed image processing infrastructure to produce the Legacy Survey of Space and Time

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is preparing to execute the most ambitious astronomical survey ever attempted, the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). Currently the final phase of construction is under way in the Chilean Andes, with the Observatory’s ten-year science mission scheduled to begin in 2025. Rubin’s 8.4-meter telescope will nightly scan the southern hemisphere collecting imagery in the wavelength range 320–1050 nm covering the entire observable sky every 4 nights using a 3.2 gigapixel camera, the largest imaging device ever built for astronomy. Automated detection and classification of celestial objects will be performed by sophisticated algorithms on high-resolution images to progressively produce an astronomical catalog eventually composed of 20 billion galaxies and 17 billion stars and their associated physical properties. In this article we present an overview of the system currently being constructed to perform data distribution as well as the annual campaigns which reprocess the entire image dataset collected since the beginning of the survey. These processing campaigns will utilize computing and storage resources provided by three Rubin data facilities (one in the US and two in Europe). Each year a Data Release will be produced and disseminated to science collaborations for use in studies comprising four main science pillars: probing dark matter and dark energy, taking inventory of solar system objects, exploring the transient optical sky and mapping the Milky Way. Also presented is the method by which we leverage some of the common tools and best practices used for management of large-scale distributed data processing projects in the high energy physics and astronomy communities. We also demonstrate how these tools and practices are utilized within the Rubin project in order to overcome the specific challenges faced by the Observatory.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance Testing of a Moving-Bed Gasifier Using Coal, Biomass, and Waste Plastic Blends with Washed and Unwashed Legacy Coals and Other Waste Fuels to Generate White Hydrogen

The objective of this effort, primarily funded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE), and led by the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (EPRI), with support by Hamilton Maurer International (HMI) and Sotacarbo S.p.A. (Sotacarbo), has been to qualify coal, biomass, and plastic waste blends based on performance testing of selected fuel pellet compositions in a pilot-scale updraft moving-bed (UDMB) gasifier. The testing provided relevant data to advance the commercial-scale design of the moving-bed gasifier to be able to successfully use these feedstocks to produce hydrogen. In particular, the effects of waste plastics on feedstock development (i.e., blending and pelletizing) and the resulting products (i.e., syngas compositions, organic condensate production, and ash characteristics) are the focus. The gasifier used for testing is HMI’s moving-bed gasifier, which has been proven capable of gasifying nearly all coal ranks. It has also shown the ability in prior testing work to gasify wood chips (biomass). However, mixtures of these fuels with plastic wastes have not been prepared and gasified together. The three feedstocks were densified and pelletized by California Pellet Mill (CPM) to meet the feedstock size required by Sotacarbo’s 30mm ID UDMB gasifier, under contract to HMI. The technical tasks and results from this two-year research project included: (1) Feed Procurement and Preparation: Nine different tri-fuel pellets were prepared from varying compositions of fresh mined PRB coal, corn stover biomass, and car fluff waste plastics. Tri-fuel pellets were produced by CPM and shipped to Sotacarbo’s test facility in Carbonia, Sardinia, Italy. (2) Test Plan Development: A test plan was created to define the test runs to be performed. The test plan detailed the different UDMB gasification tests to be performed in Sotacarbo’s 12-inch ID pilot scale gasifier, the process monitoring instrumentation used, and the extractive samples recovered for analysis of the total gasification process mass and energy balance. (3) Gasifier Testing: Nine different gasification runs were performed in the pilot-scale gasifier at Sotacarbo using nine different fuel feedstock compositions generated from varying mixtures of PRB coal, biomass, and plastic wastes. The testing generated performance data on gasification reaction efficiency and performance, yielding relevant data for models used to scale up the gasifier design. This task also included work to refurbish and reassemble the pilot gasifier at Sotacarbo and perform a baseline 100% PRB coal run. (4) Data Analysis and Reporting: Review of the data, determination of figures of merit, and interpretation of the results are reported in the project’s final report, published in March 2024. The results show that all tri-fuel pellets gasified well and maintained structural integrity throughout the gasification process. The syngas generated can be shifted to hydrogen by using commercial syngas shifting technologies. (5) High Fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) Simulation: The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) team performed CFD simulations of the UDMB gasifier for two of the tri-fuel pellets gasified in Sotacarbo’s pilot scale gasifier. The kinetic mechanisms for the pyrolysis of each constituent, PRB coal, corn stover biomass, and waste plastics are based on thermogravimetric analysis performed by Sotacarbo. The gasification model was validated by comparing the predicted syngas composition at the exit of the gasifier with the measured syngas composition. In addition, the reactor’s measured internal temperature profile agreed well with the predicted internal reactor temperature profile. These results validate that the model can be used to predict the performance of the updraft moving bed gasifier for different feedstocks and operating conditions. This paper summarizes the results of the completed work in which the pelletizing procedure was validated to ensure the viability of the tri-fuel pellets for the gasification runs performed at Sotacarbo’s 30 mm UDMB gasifier. The gasification performance data from this series of nine runs will enable modeling of a full-scale HMI industrial scale gasifier supporting both combined heat and power, and Hydrogen production from coal (both fresh mined and legacy) combined with various biomass and waste plastics. Additionally, plans and progress on a follow-up project, being executed by the same project team, will be presented. In this project, a total of twenty (20) different feedstocks are being prepared from varying compositions of biomass (both woody biomass and corn stover) with a mixture of legacy coal waste, plastic waste, and refuse-derived fuel (RDF). The testing will provide information on gasification reaction efficiency/performance, yielding relevant data for models used to scale up the gasifier design to 50 megawatt electric (MWe) (equivalent hydrogen production). Tests will also be performed on a bench-scale fluidized-bed gasifier for comparison purposes. The results of this testing will be used to specify the range of feedstock blends that can be successfully gasified as well as quantify gasifier outputs based on specific blends.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cross Correlating Cosmological Probes for Stage-IV Surveys

The next few years will be populated with Stage-IV cosmological surveys. This paper forecasts the cosmological information we expect to constrain using probes from the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) and CMB Stage-4 surveys. We explore the effectiveness of different large-scale-structure probes, including the power spectra of galaxy weak lensing, galaxy positions, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) lensing, and their cross-correlation. We use correlated lognormal simulations with the expected redshift distribution, number density of galaxies, and noise levels of the LSST survey, as well as CMB-S4 lensing simulations with anticipated noise levels, to obtain the expected error bars of each of the probes. We investigate the constraining power of the cosmological parameters for the individual probes and their combinations in an idealized scenario, where we do not account for astrophysical and observational parameters such as galaxy bias variations and photometric redshift uncertainties.

Gibbins, Grace↗
DOE OSTI2020

2018 Long-Term Hydrologic Monitoring Program Report for Rio Blanco, Colorado, Site

This report presents the monitoring data collected by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Legacy Management (LM) at the Rio Blanco, Colorado, Site (Figure 1). The Rio Blanco site was the location of an underground nuclear test during which three nuclear devices were detonated nearly simultaneously in a single borehole in 1973. The test resulted in residual radionuclide contamination at the detonation depths of 5840, 6230, and 6690 feet (ft) (DOE 2015). Monitoring includes the collection of samples from groundwater wells and surface water locations near the site to assess for any potential impacts that may be attributed to the Rio Blanco nuclear test. This report summarizes the laboratory analytical results obtained from the sampling event conducted in 2018. This annual report and previous reports are available on the LM public website at https://www.lm.doe.gov/rio_blanco/Sites.aspx. Data collected during this and previous monitoring events are available on the Geospatial Environmental Mapping System (GEMS) website at https://gems.lm.doe.gov/#site=RBL.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Detecting Anomalous Images in Astronomical Datasets

Abstract Environmental and instrumental conditions can cause anomalies in astronomical images, which can potentially bias all kinds of measurements if not excluded. Detection of the anomalous images is usually done by human eyes, which is slow and sometimes not accurate. This is an important issue in weak lensing studies, particularly in the era of large-scale galaxy surveys, in which image qualities are crucial for the success of galaxy shape measurements. In this work we present two automatic methods for detecting anomalous images in astronomical data sets. The anomalous features can be divided into two types: one is associated with the source images, and the other appears on the background. Our first method, called the entropy method, utilizes the randomness of the orientation distribution of the source shapes and the background gradients to quantify the likelihood of an exposure being anomalous. Our second method involves training a neural network (autoencoder) to detect anomalies. We evaluate the effectiveness of the entropy method on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS) and Dark Energy Camera Legacy Survey (DECaLS DR3) data. In CFHTLenS, with 1171 exposures, the entropy method outperforms human inspection by detecting 12 of the 13 anomalous exposures found during human inspection and uncovering 10 new ones. In DECaLS DR3, with 17112 exposures, the entropy method detects a significant number of anomalous exposures while keeping a low false-positive rate. We find that although the neural network performs relatively well in detecting source anomalies, its current performance is not as good as the entropy method.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2021

SR19021 Tritium Aging of Regenerated LANA.75 (Final Project Report)

The Savannah River Tritium Enterprise (SRTE) has used the metal hydride LaNi 4.25 Al 0.75 (LANA.75) in the Tritium Facilities for over two decades. LANA.75 beds store significant quantities of tritium but have a limited service life due to the radiolytic decay of tritium to He-3 within the metal matrix. It has been shown that heating tritium-aged LANA.75 under vacuum can reverse tritium aging effects, eliminating the heel of trapped hydrogen, and restoring the reversible capacity. Additional investigation is needed to ensure there are no unexpected changes to the hydride before this restoration technique is employed in full scale beds in the Tritium Facilities. This project was to be comprised of three distinct scopes: obtain tritium aging data on the sample regenerated in 2018, regenerate a tritium-aged sample at 600 °C, and perform thermal stability testing on a non-tritiated sample. Isotherms were collected on the previously regenerated sample after approximately two years of tritium aging. Isotherms were collected at 80, 100, and 120 °C. As expected, there was a decrease in the plateau pressure, an increase in plateau slope, and a portion of the “heel” of tritium trapped in the metal had been reestablished. Unexpectedly, it appeared that the plateau had shortened at the higher tritium to metal ratios as well. This is typically seen in older samples. The second scope, to regenerate a second tritium-aged LANA.75 sample, was not completed. A Task Technical and Quality Assurance Plan was written and approved, a high temperature test cell was fabricated, several pre-job briefs were held, and the hydride sample was passivated with air. Despite these successes, the hydride sample was not recovered from the legacy test cell. The third scope was to perform thermal stability testing on a “cold” LANA.75 sample. A non-tritiated sample of LANA.75 was held at 750 °C under vacuum for 200 hours to simulate exposure to multiple regeneration evolutions. Hydride isotherm performance, chemical composition, crystallinity, particle size, and morphology are compared between the pre- and post-regeneration samples. No significant changes were observed in composition, crystallinity, or particle size. Comparison of before and after isotherms showed that performance improved rather than deteriorated during the evolution. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis showed small growths on the particle surface after exposure to regeneration conditions. Additional testing will be required to determine the cause of these growths.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Surface 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography Inversion of 2005 BC Cribs and Trenches Datasets

Hydrogeophysics, Inc. (HGI) conducted an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) dataset at the BC Cribs and Trenches site, located in the Central Plateau of the Hanford Site. The 20 trenches and 6 cribs received large volumes of liquid inorganic waste in the 1950s, resulting in a large inventory of contaminants in the vadose zone. The objective of the ERT survey was to map plume extents resulting from the legacy discharges. The HGI interpretation of the resistivity data was performed using geometric inversion to interpolate 2D lines into a 3D image. To demonstrate a newly developed geophysical code capability (E4D), the resistivity data were re-processed to fit a full 3D model of the bulk electrical conductivity. This proof-of-concept model inversion was executed in calendar year 2011, as the large dataset was well-suited for the use of high-performance computing. The 3D re-processing of the BC Cribs and Trenches ERT data conducted in 2011 resolved the true bulk electrical conductivity. This means that all of the resistivity data were fit to a single model of the bulk electrical conductivity, with true horizontal and vertical dimensions. This differed from the HGI data interpretation approach that used geometric inversion to process 2D lines independently, which were then interpolated into a 3D image. Both the full 3D re-processing and the 2D interpolation to a 3D image demonstrated a higher electrical conductivity observed immediately beneath the trenches and cribs. The electrical conductivity is strongly correlated with nitrate concentrations, indicating the presence of nitrate and other co-located contaminants.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Plateau de Bure High-z Blue Sequence Survey 2 (PHIBSS2): Search for Secondary Sources, CO Luminosity Functions in the Field, and the Evolution of Molecular Gas Density through Cosmic Time

We report on the results of a search for serendipitous sources in CO emission in 110 cubes targeting CO(2 − 1), CO(3 − 2), and CO(6 − 5) at z ∼ 1–2 from the second Plateau de Bure High-z Blue Sequence Survey (PHIBSS2). The PHIBSS2 observations were part of a 4 yr legacy program at the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer aimed at studying early galaxy evolution from the perspective of molecular gas reservoirs. We present a catalog of 67 candidate secondary sources from this search, with 45 of the 110 data cubes showing sources in addition to the primary target that appear to be field detections, unrelated to the central sources. This catalog includes redshifts, line widths, and fluxes, as well as an estimation of their reliability based on their false-positive probability. We perform a search in the 3D Hubble Space Telescope/CANDELS catalogs for the secondary CO detections and tentatively find that ∼64% of these have optical counterparts, which we use to constrain their redshifts. Finally, we use our catalog of candidate CO detections to derive the CO(2 − 1), CO(3 − 2), CO(4 − 3), CO(5 − 4), and CO(6 − 5) luminosity functions over a range of redshifts, as well as the molecular gas mass density evolution. Despite the different methodology, these results are in very good agreement with previous observational constraints derived from blind searches in deep fields. They provide an example of the type of “deep-field” science that can be carried out with targeted observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Updating Critical Temperature Calculations for Several Secondary High Explosives

In designing experiments where high explosives (HEs) are heated, it is important to have an understanding of where thermal runaway may occur. This determination is often done by using the Frank-Kamenetskii (FK) equation. For several highly-studied HEs, the parameters necessary for FK calculations are typically referenced from decades-old literature, and more recent experimental data have shown that these values require adjustment. For example, some of the legacy parameters dangerously overpredict the critical temperature by tens of degrees relative to more recent observed values. Herein, we first summarize historical results and highlight the importance of insulation effects when estimating critical temperatures for small samples, which is especially relevant to small-scale aging, compatibility, and characterization experiments. Here, we then present updated FK parameters for several common secondary CHNO HEs like RDX, HMX, PETN, and TATB, as well as the first reported values for 2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105). Our updated parameters produce critical-temperature curves that are consistent with both mm-scale differentical scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements and cm-scale data from the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory one-dimensional time-to-explosion (ODTX) experiment. In analyzing the critical temperature versus sample size curves derived from the transcendental FK equation, we discovered that these curves are remarkably well described by a simple power-law function with a universal power of 0.142 and a HE-specific scaling factor.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2020

Hybrid Sorbents for 129 I Capture from Contaminated Groundwater

Radioiodine ( 129 I) poses a risk to the environment due to its long half-life, toxicity, and mobility. It is found at the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site due to legacy releases of nuclear wastes to the subsurface where 129 I is predominantly present as iodate (IO 3 – ). To date, a cost-effective and scalable cleanup technology for 129 I has not been identified, with hydraulic containment implemented as the remedial approach. Here, novel high-performing sorbents for 129 I remediation with the capacity to reduce 129 I concentrations to or below the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drinking water standard and procedures to deploy them in an ex-situ pump and treat (P&T) system are introduced. Furthermore, this includes implementation of hybridized polyacrylonitrile (PAN) beads for ex-situ remediation of IO 3 – -contaminated groundwater for the first time. Iron (Fe) oxyhydroxide and bismuth (Bi) oxyhydroxide sorbents were deployed on silica substrates or encapsulated in porous PAN beads. In addition, Fe–, cerium (Ce)–, and Bi–oxyhydroxides were encapsulated with anion-exchange resins. The PAN–bismuth oxyhydroxide and PAN–ferrihydrite composites along with Fe- and Ce-based hybrid anion-exchange resins performed well in batch sorption experiments with distribution coefficients for IO 3 – of >1000 mL/g and rapid removal kinetics. Of the tested materials, the Ce-based hybrid anion-exchange resin was the most efficient for removal of IO 3 – from Hanford groundwater in a column system, with 50% breakthrough occurring at 324 pore volumes. The functional amine groups on the parent resin and amount of active sorbent in the resin can be customized to improve the iodine loading capacity. These results highlight the potential for IO 3 – remediation by hybrid sorbents and represent a benchmark for the implementation of commercially available materials to meet EPA standards for cleanup of 129 I in a large-scale P&T system.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Roughrider Carbon Storage Hub (Final Report)

The Roughrider Carbon Storage Hub was a 2-year project (October 2023 – September 2025) conducted by the Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC) focused on advancing the feasibility of a commercial-scale carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) geologic storage hub in McKenzie County, North Dakota. The project’s objective was to investigate the potential that stacked storage complexes (multiple deep saline formations) can safely and economically store at least 50 million tonnes of CO 2 within 30 years. The captured CO 2 would be sourced from industrial emitters including project partner ONEOK, Inc.’s gas-processing plants and a planned gas-to-liquids facility. Drilling of the Roughrider 1 stratigraphic test well (14,979-ft total depth) was completed in November 2024. The wellbore intersected four candidate storage formations: Inyan Kara, Broom Creek, Mission Canyon, and Black Island–Deadwood. Operational challenges, including a stuck drill string, were resolved without long-term impact. A comprehensive logging and coring program was conducted, followed by successful well abandonment and site reclamation. Over 660 ft of 4-in. whole core was retrieved. Core plug samples were processed and analyzed for petrophysical and geochemical properties. Results confirmed promising porosity and permeability in the Inyan Kara and Broom Creek Formations and removal of the Mission Canyon and Black Island–Deadwood horizons from further investigation. Data derived from the logging and coring program were used to improve initial geologic models built from legacy data. CO 2 injection simulations showed that the Inyan Kara alone can feasibly store the target mass of CO 2 . Because of subtle differences in geologic structure and porosity trends between the formations, a stacked storage scenario using the Broom Creek and Inyan Kara Formations resulted in a larger overall plume area than using the Inyan Kara alone. Preliminary CO 2 pipeline routes from the industrial sources were mapped utilizing existing rights of way and evaluated for capacity and cost using U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management/National Energy Technology Laboratory models and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency emissions data. Integrating capture, transport, and storage cost estimates with policy incentives (e.g., 45Q credits) provided a total cost-per-ton analysis. Results indicate that the small scale of the volumes to be transported over the cumulative large distances does not support the project’s financial viability. However, the groundwork laid during this project from geological, regulatory, and social perspectives positions the Roughrider hub site as a promising candidate for commercial carbon storage in North Dakota, especially if the economy of scale is introduced for CO 2 transportation to the hub site.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2020

Environmental Monitoring Report, Salmon, Mississippi, Site 2019

This report presents the monitoring results for groundwater and surface water samples collected in October 2019 by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Legacy Management for the Salmon, Mississippi, Site. The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a predecessor agency to DOE, conducted a series of underground detonations in the Tatum Salt Dome beneath the Salmon site between 1964 and 1970 to study seismic signatures. Groundwater sampling at the site is conducted to monitor shallow groundwater that became contaminated during AEC use of the site, contamination within the shot cavity, and contamination in the Aquifer 5 injection well. Surface water sampling is conducted to ensure no contaminants are leaving the site.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

The neutral hydrogen mass in galaxies estimated via optical spectroscopy

ABSTRACT We propose to employ emission line luminosities obtained via optical spectroscopy to estimate the content of neutral hydrogen (H i) in galaxies. We use the optical spectroscopy data from the Mapping of Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey released in the frames of public DR17 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We compare the H i mass estimated by us for a large sample of SDSS/MaNGA galaxies with direct H i measurements from the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey and find a tight correlation between the masses with the correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.91 and the rms scatter of 0.15 dex for the logarithmic mass. The obtained relationship is verified via another sample of MaNGA galaxies with H i masses measured with the Green Bank Telescope. Despite the coarser angular resolution of the radio data, the relation between the estimated and measured directly H i mass is tight as well – in this case CC = 0.74 and the rms is 0.29 dex. The established relations allow us to estimate the total mass of neutral hydrogen as well as the spatial distribution of H i surface density in galaxies from optical spectroscopic observations only in a simple and efficient way.

Bizyaev, Dmitry (ORCID:000000023601133X)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Galaxy bias in the era of LSST: perturbative bias expansions

Upcoming imaging surveys will allow for high signal-to-noise measurements of galaxy clustering at small scales. In this work, we present the results of the Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) bias challenge, the goal of which is to compare the performance of different nonlinear galaxy bias models in the context of LSST Year 10 (Y10) data. Specifically, we compare two perturbative approaches, Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) and Eulerian perturbation theory (EPT) to two variants of Hybrid Effective Field Theory (HEFT), with our fiducial implementation of these models including terms up to second order in the bias expansion as well as nonlocal bias and deviations from Poissonian stochasticity. Here, we consider a variety of different simulated galaxy samples and test the performance of the bias models in a tomographic joint analysis of LSST-Y10-like galaxy clustering, galaxy-galaxy-lensing and cosmic shear. We find both HEFT methods as well as LPT and EPT combined with non-perturbative predictions for the matter power spectrum to yield unbiased constraints on cosmological parameters up to at least a maximal scale of k max = 0.4 Mpc -1 for all samples considered, even in the presence of assembly bias. While we find that we can reduce the complexity of the bias model for HEFT without compromising fit accuracy, this is not generally the case for the perturbative models. We find significant detections of non-Poissonian stochasticity in all cases considered, and our analysis shows evidence that small-scale galaxy clustering predominantly improves constraints on galaxy bias rather than cosmological parameters. These results therefore suggest that the systematic uncertainties associated with current nonlinear bias models are likely to be subdominant compared to other sources of error for tomographic analyses of upcoming photometric surveys, which bodes well for future galaxy clustering analyses using these high signal-to-noise data.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

LSE-163: Data Products Definition Document

This document describes the data products and processing services to be delivered by the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory whilst performing the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). LSST will deliver three levels of data products and services. Prompt data products are computed and released within 24 hours of observation, and include images, difference images, catalogs of sources and objects detected in difference images, and catalogs of Solar System objects. Their primary purpose is to enable rapid follow-up of time-domain events. Data Release data products are computed during annual processing campaigns, and include well-calibrated single-epoch images, deep coadds, and catalogs of objects, sources, and forced sources, enabling static sky and precision time-domain science. The Science Platform will allow for the creation of User Generated data products and will enable science cases that greatly benefit from co-location of user processing and/or data within the Rubin Observatory Data Access Center. LSST will also devote 10% of observing time to programs with special cadence. Their data products will be created using the same software and hardware as Prompt and Data Release products. All data products will be made available using user-friendly databases and web services.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Planck 2018 results. V. CMB power spectra and likelihoods

We describe the legacy Planck cosmic microwave background (CMB) likelihoods derived from the 2018 data release. The overall approach is similar in spirit to the one retained for the 2013 and 2015 data release, with a hybrid method using different approximations at low ( ℓ < 30) and high ( ℓ ≥ 30) multipoles, implementing several methodological and data-analysis refinements compared to previous releases. With more realistic simulations, and better correction and modelling of systematic effects, we can now make full use of the CMB polarization observed in the High Frequency Instrument (HFI) channels. The low-multipole EE cross-spectra from the 100 GHz and 143 GHz data give a constraint on the ΛCDM reionization optical-depth parameter τ to better than 15% (in combination with the TT low- ℓ data and the high- ℓ temperature and polarization data), tightening constraints on all parameters with posterior distributions correlated with τ . We also update the weaker constraint on τ from the joint TEB likelihood using the Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) channels, which was used in 2015 as part of our baseline analysis. At higher multipoles, the CMB temperature spectrum and likelihood are very similar to previous releases. A better model of the temperature-to-polarization leakage and corrections for the effective calibrations of the polarization channels (i.e., the polarization efficiencies) allow us to make full use of polarization spectra, improving the ΛCDM constraints on the parameters θ MC , ω c , ω b , and H 0 by more than 30%, and n s by more than 20% compared to TT-only constraints. Extensive tests on the robustness of the modelling of the polarization data demonstrate good consistency, with some residual modelling uncertainties. At high multipoles, we are now limited mainly by the accuracy of the polarization efficiency modelling. Using our various tests, simulations, and comparison between different high-multipole likelihood implementations, we estimate the consistency of the results to be better than the 0.5 σ level on the ΛCDM parameters, as well as classical single-parameter extensions for the joint likelihood (to be compared to the 0.3 σ levels we achieved in 2015 for the temperature data alone on ΛCDM only). Minor curiosities already present in the previous releases remain, such as the differences between the best-fit ΛCDM parameters for the ℓ < 800 and ℓ > 800 ranges of the power spectrum, or the preference for more smoothing of the power-spectrum peaks than predicted in ΛCDM fits. These are shown to be driven by the temperature power spectrum and are not significantly modified by the inclusion of the polarization data. Overall, the legacy Planck CMB likelihoods provide a robust tool for constraining the cosmological model and represent a reference for future CMB observations.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Analysis and fringe field scaling of a legacy set of electrostatic deflector aberration formulas [Chapter Seven]

In this work we performed an analysis of the derivation of first and second order analytic aberration formulas by Wollnik (1965) for the case of electrostatic deflectors in the horizontal plane. We found that these aberration formulas are valid for the main field of the deflector; however, they do not account for any fringe field effects. To address this issue, we modified the aberration formulas from Wollnik (1965) for a hard edge fringe field by scaling the particle inclinations at the entrance and exit edges of the deflector. These modified aberration formulas fully agree with electrostatic aberration formulas derived by Valetov and Berz (2020), as well as with differential-algebraic (DA) calculations of electrostatic deflector aberrations using the code COSY INFINITY.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Operations and Recent Upgrades to a Tritium Recycling Facility - 20375

Nuclear Sources and Services Inc. (NSSI) is a waste handling treatment company that has been operating since 1971. In 2000, NSSI began building a 1,000 m{sup 2} (∼10,000 sqft) tritium recycling facility on the Houston, Texas premises to address a growing need in the waste disposal market. Over the years, the capability of the facility grew to address many different waste streams with the goal of recycling > 99.9% of all tritium activity back into the fusion community. This is achieved by maintaining an effluent stack release well below the 150 GBq/year (C Ci/year) operating limit and maintaining all liquid and solid waste disposal below the low-level radioactive release limit of 0.C MBq/kg (10 μCi/kg). The unique processing systems in the facility attracts many challenging contracts. Within the past two years, NSSI has engaged with customers to treat; organic mixed wastes that simultaneously contain tritium and carbon-14, safely extract tritium from large quantities of exit sign lights, and remove tritium from uncharacterised legacy depleted uranium beds from a superfund site. This paper will outline the initial testing, the system upgrades to treat these varied streams, and the progress in processing the feedstocks provided by these projects. (authors)

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