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At least 217 records · Page 12

Shallow three-dimensional structure of the San Jacinto fault zone revealed from ambient noise imaging with a dense seismic array

In this work, we use 1 month of continuous seismic waveforms from a very dense seismic network to image with unprecedented resolution the shallow damage structure of the San Jacinto fault zone across the Clark fault strand. After calculating noise correlations, high apparent velocity arrivals coming from below the array are removed using a frequency–wavenumber filter. This is followed by a double-beamforming analysis on multiple pairs of subarrays to extract phase and group velocity information across the study area. The phase and group velocity dispersion curves are regionalized into phase and group velocity maps at different frequencies, and these maps are inverted using a neighbourhood algorithm to build a 3-D shear wave velocity model around the Clark fault down to ~500 m depth. The model reveals strong lateral variations across the fault strike with pronounced low-velocity zones corresponding to a local sedimentary basin and a fault zone trapping structure. The results complement previous earthquake- and seismic noise-based imaging of the fault zone at greater depth and clarify properties of structural features near the surface.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

Probing Majorana Wave Functions in Kitaev Honeycomb Spin Liquids with Second-Order Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy

Two-dimensional coherent terahertz spectroscopy (2DCS) emerges as a valuable tool to probe the nature, couplings, and lifetimes of excitations in quantum materials. It thus promises to identify unique signatures of spin liquid states in quantum magnets by directly probing properties of their exotic fractionalized excitations. Here, in this study, we calculate the second-order 2DCS of the Kitaev honeycomb model and demonstrate that distinct spin liquid fingerprints appear already in this lowest-order nonlinear response $\chi^{(2)}_{yzx}$⁡($ω_1$, $ω_2$) when using crossed light polarizations. We further relate the off-diagonal 2DCS peaks to the localized nature of the matter Majorana excitations trapped by $\mathbb{Z}_2$ flux excitations and show that 2DCS thus directly probes the inverse participation ratio of Majorana wave functions. By providing experimentally observable features of spin liquid states in the 2D spectrum, our Letter can guide future 2DCS experiments on Kitaev magnets.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Data from: Harvesting effects on wild bee communities in bioenergy grasslands depend on nesting guild

Conversion of annual crops to native perennial grasslands for bioenergy production may help conserve wild bees by enhancing nest and food resources. However, bee response to the disturbance of biomass harvesting may depend on their nesting location, thus their vulnerability to nest destruction, and the response of the forb community on which they forage. Moreover, because bees have long foraging ranges, effects of local harvesting may depend on the amount of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. We performed a large-scale one- and two-year experiment in Michigan and Wisconsin, USA, respectively, to examine how grassland harvesting, landscape context, and study year affect the forb community, above- and belowground-nesting bee species richness, community composition, trap nest emergence, and visitation rate. In Wisconsin, harvesting increased forb richness, cover, and evenness compared to unharvested control sites. Harvesting negatively affected aboveground-nesting bee richness and emergence from trap nests, possibly because of nest destruction during the previous harvest. By contrast, harvesting positively affected belowground-nesting bee richness, possibly because of the greater food resource availability and reduced thatch allowing greater access to nesting sites in the soil. Harvesting also affected bee community composition, reflecting the increase in belowground-nesting species at harvested sites. Despite harvesting effects on forb and bee communities, there was no effect on flower visitation rate, indicating little effect on pollination function. We did not find a harvest by landscape context interaction, which, in combination with the negative harvesting effect on trap nest emergence, suggests that harvesting can affect local population growth rather than simply affecting forager aggregation in different resource environments. For bees, there was no harvest by study year interaction, indicating a consistent response over a short timescale. Similarly, in Michigan, belowground-nesting species also responded positively to harvesting, which was more pronounced in sandier soils that are preferred for nesting. However, other components of the Michigan bee and forb communities were not significantly affected by biomass harvesting. Overall, our study demonstrates that harvesting grasslands can positively affect the 80% of bee species that nest belowground by enhancing nest and/or forage resources, but that conserving aboveground-nesters may require leaving some area unharvested.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Probing Majorana wavefunctions in Kitaev honeycomb spin liquids with second-order two-dimensional spectroscopy

Two-dimensional coherent terahertz spectroscopy (2DCS) emerges as a valuable tool to probe the nature, couplings, and lifetimes of excitations in quantum materials. It thus promises to identify unique signatures of spin liquid states in quantum magnets by directly probing properties of their exotic fractionalized excitations. Here, we calculate the second-order 2DCS of the Kitaev honeycomb model and demonstrate that distinct spin liquid fingerprints appear already in this lowest-order nonlinear response $\chi^{(2)}_{yzx}(\omega_1, \omega_2)$ when using crossed light polarizations. We further relate the off-diagonal 2DCS peaks to the localized nature of the matter Majorana excitations trapped by $\mathbb{Z}_2$ flux excitations and show that 2DCS thus directly probes the inverse participation ratio of Majorana wavefunctions. By providing experimentally observable features of spin liquid states in the 2D spectrum, our work can guide future 2DCS experiments on Kitaev magnets.

Qiang, Yihua↗

The role of ion-scale micro-turbulence in pedestal width of the DIII-D wide-pedestal QH mode

The low-edge rotation, intrinsically ELM-free, and improved confinement wide-pedestal quiescent H-mode (QH-mode), discovered in DIII-D tokamak, has pedestal widths exceeding the EPED-kinetic-ballooning mode (KBM) model scaling typically by at least 25%. Ion-scale ($k_yp_s$ < 1) microturbulence and its role in setting the pedestal structure is investigated using the radially local δ$f$ gyrokinetic code CGYRO. The electromagnetic trapped electron mode (TEM) is unstable at the pedestal top, while plasma beta (β$_e$) is ∼60% below the KBM onset threshold and the electron temperature gradient mode is found to be unstable in the peak gradient region. Nonlinear simulation reveals that the ion-scale turbulence could produce electron energy flux consistent with the flux inferred from power balance at the pedestal top, with a reasonable variation of the local shearing rate; and the local neoclassical transport from NEO is dominant over the simulated turbulent transport in the ion energy flux channel. The simulated ion-scale turbulence produces much lower electron energy flux than inferred from experiment in the pedestal peak gradient region. A correction to the EPED-KBM pedestal width scaling is obtained based on the two-dimensional scan of pedestal top plasma beta (β$_e$) and normalized electron density and temperature scale lengths,${a}$/${L_n}_e$, ${a}$/${L_T}_n$using CGYRO linear simulations. Mode transitions among TEM, micro-tearing mode, ion-temperature gradient mode and KBM, are observed in the 2D scan at the pedestal top. A fixed normalized growth rate for these drift-type modes is taken to determine the pedestal width scaling, which shows good consistency with the QH experimental database on pedestal heights and widths. The onset of KBM instabilities and the local E × B shear suppression criterion set the lower and upper limit for the pedestal width of standard QH-mode, wide-pedestal QH-mode and type-I ELMy H mode. A potentially higher and wider pedestal is expected from the new scaling of pedestal width. This work presents an improved understanding of the ion-scale micro-turbulence of wide-pedestal QH-mode and sheds light on a promising scenario for future reactors, including ITER and beyond.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Cell fusing agent virus (Flavivirus) infection in Aedes aegypti in Texas: seasonality, comparison by trap type, and individual viral loads

Abstract South Texas has experienced local transmission of Zika virus and of other mosquito-borne viruses such as chikungunya virus and dengue virus in the last decades. Using a mosquito surveillance program in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) and San Antonio, TX, from 2016 to 2018, we detected the presence of an insect-specific virus, cell fusing agent virus (CFAV), in the Aedes aegypti mosquito population. We tested 6,326 females and 1,249 males from the LRGV and 659 females from San Antonio for CFAV by RT-PCR using specific primers. Infection rates varied from 0 to 261 per 1,000 mosquitoes in the LRGV and 115 to 208 per 1,000 in San Antonio depending on the month of collection. Infection rates per 1,000 individuals appeared higher in females collected from BG Sentinel 2 traps compared to Autocidal Gravid Ovitraps, but the ratio of the percentage of infected pools did not differ by trap type. The natural viral load in individual males ranged from 1.25 x 10 2 to 5.50 x 10 6 RNA copies and in unfed females from 5.42 x 10 3 to 8.70 x 10 6 RNA copies. Gravid females were found to harbor fewer viral particles than males and unfed females.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Nanoscale Periodic Trapping Sites for Interlayer Excitons Built by Deformable Molecular Crystal on 2D Crystal

The nanoscale moiré pattern formed at 2D transition-metal dichalcogenide crystal (TMDC) heterostructures provides periodic trapping sites for excitons, which is essential for realizing various exotic phases such as artificial exciton lattices, Bose–Einstein condensates, and exciton insulators. At organic molecule/TMDC heterostructures, similar periodic potentials can be formed via other degrees of freedom. Here, we utilize the structure deformability of a 2D molecular crystal as a degree of freedom to create a periodic nanoscale potential that can trap interlayer excitons (IXs). Specifically, two semiconducting molecules, PTCDI and PTCDA, which possess similar band gaps and ionization potentials but form different lattice structures on MoS 2 , are investigated. The PTCDI lattice on MoS 2 is distorted geometrically, which lifts the degeneracy of the two molecules within the crystal’s unit cell. The degeneracy lifting results in a spatial variation of the molecular orbital energy, with an amplitude and periodicity of ~0.2 eV and ~2 nm, respectively. On the other hand, no such energy variation is observed in PTCDA/MoS 2 , where the PTCDA lattice is much less distorted. Furthermore, the periodic variation in molecular orbital energies provides effective trapping sites for IXs. For IXs formed at PTCDI/MoS 2 , rapid spatial localization of the electron in the organic layer toward the interface is observed, which demonstrates the effectiveness of these interfacial IX traps.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Thermodynamic constraints on the textural evolution of eucrite, EET 90020

Basaltic eucrites, which are possibly parts of the Vestan crust, formed as either lava flows or intrusions, and can offer insights into early crust formation. However most eucrites have experienced thermal metamorphism, which exacerbates the challenges of understanding these samples. A variety of petrogenetic models such as, partial melting of a primitive source, fractional crystallization of magmas emplaced in a primitive crust, and/or partial melting of a eucritic source coupled with melt mixing and assimilation have been proposed in order to explain observed petrologic and chemical characteristics of eucrites. EET 90020 is an unbrecciated eucrite that has experienced significant thermal metamorphism, with temperatures of metamorphic equilibration calculated to be ~840-1040°C. Its petrologic history remains contentious, in part due to differences in trace element analyses [10,17, this work], which has led to multiple metamorphic interpretations [8,10-11]. Here, we combined petrologic observations, chemical analyses, and thermodynamic modeling, to interpret micro-domain textures identified in EET 90020 and better constrain its petrologic history. Ultimately, the development of such textures is a direct result of the geologic processes operating on a young Vesta or similar asteroid. Sample description: We identified three textural domains in EET 90020 (Figure 1); (I) A coarse grain domain with granoblastic plagioclase and pyroxene, (II) a medium grain domain with curved grain boundaries between plagioclase and pyroxene, and (III) a fine grain domain dominated by tridymite that fills in interstitial space between spherical plagioclase. Major element chemistry in phases is consistent across domains. Pyroxene have distinctive high Ca lamellae (Wo40.92En28.1Fs31.0) forming from the low-Ca pigeonite host (Wo3.5En33.7Fs62.8). There are small amounts of fayalitic olivine along pyroxene/oxide grain boundaries, where pyroxenes have reacted with ilmenite/chromite clasts. Plagioclase is anorthitic (Avg ~An88), with little variation (An86-92.5). Trace element bulk rock analyses were collected via ICP-MS and individual mineral analyses with LA-ICP-MS (Figure 2). The bulk sample has an observable enrichment in light rare earth elements, with a notable depletion in Eu. Plagioclase is enriched in LREEs, depleted in HREEs, and has a positive Eu anomaly while pyroxene is enriched in HREEs with a negative Eu anomaly. Variations in trace element analyses is likely influenced by the presence of phosphates because are highly enriched in REEs and have a dramatic effect on the bulk domain compositions. Thermodynamic modeling: The software package, Perple_X, was used to calculate mineral phase equilibria over a range of conditions using a Gibbs free energy minimization approach [12]. Models used all major/minor elements except P2O5. Thermodynamic properties from [13] were used to constrain endmember phase stabilities. Activity models were used to describe mixing in phases with solid solution. Isochemical P-T phase diagrams were constructed for the bulk thin section, and the coarse, medium and fine grain domain compositions. Domain compositions were determined using microprobe analyses of phases identified in each domain and observed modal mineral abundancies. Thermodynamically stable pyroxene compositions were extracted from model results and compared to pyroxene compositions collected via EMPA, allowing us to calculate temperatures for metamorphic equilibrium. Results: Results that use the coarse domain composition (Fig. 3a) demonstrate overlap at T ~ 1020°C indicating high T equilibration. There was no overlap for the medium and fine grain domains, or the bulk composition (e.g., Fig. 3b) indicating that these are not equilibrium assemblages. These results were replicated using data from [8,20]. Discussion: The disequilibrium results from the bulk rock, fine grain and medium grain models imply that EET 90020 was modified during and/or after peak metamorphism (open system behavior). However, this is in contrast to the coarse domain where it appears as if equilibrium was maintained. We suggest that this conflict is explained by highly localized equilibrium occurring at millimeter length-scales, which has been observed in terrestrial metamorphism where aqueous fluid infiltrate [14] or melt loss occurs [15]. It is unlikely that aqueous alteration was significant in modifying the bulk composition of EET 90020, because it lacks hydrated minerals. However, the presence of melt is supported by the presence of an abundance of curved grain boundaries and spherical grains in the medium and fine grain domains This contrasts the coarse domain, where grain boundaries are angular. Given the evidence for disequilibrium in the medium and fine grain domains, it would be inappropriate to draw additional conclusions about textural evolution using thermodynamic models of those domains. However, modeling results of the coarse grain domain, where equilibrium was maintained, can provide useful insights into the geologic evolution of EET 90020. We approximate maximum metamorphic temperatures, using the Ca component in pyroxene, at ~1020°C (Fig. 4), which is consistent with previous two-pyroxene thermometry [11]. At this temperature, up to 10 vol % melt can be produced in the coarse grain domain, which is at the boundary of minimum melt needed in order to segregate and form a melt network [16]. Tridymite and plagioclase would be the first minerals to melt out during heating starting ~990°C. This is consistent with the observed melt textures formed by tridymite and plagioclase in the fine grain domain. We suggest that a partial melting model best explains the textural development of EET 90020. Upon heating, melt generated was either trapped, resulting in no net change in the localized rock composition, or migrated, resulting in disequilibrium between pyroxene and the surrounding matrix. A positive Eu anomaly in plagioclase indicates that all of the plagioclase was melted previously. This is consistent with previous studies that have suggested that EET 90020 represents a residual eucrite that experienced partial melting and subsequent melt loss [8]. We speculate that partial melting could have occurred when EET 90020 was heated in the asteroid’s lower crust or adjacent to an intrusion [7]. Future work will study other, texturally heterogeneous samples to see if EET 90020 presents a unique circumstance or whether crustal partial melting was ubiquitous on the eucrite asteroid.

Eucrites↗

Simulation of carbon dioxide injection at the FutureGen2.0 site: Class VI permit model and local sensitivity analysis

Numerical simulation was conducted to evaluate supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) storage in the Mt. Simon sandstone at the FutureGen 2.0 site in Morgan County, Illinois. The simulations illustrate the recent modeling effort conducted to successfully obtain a Class VI permit under the Underground Injection Control Program of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The scCO2 was injected into a highly stratified reservoir, distributed among four lateral wells. Results show that each of the multiple reservoir layers with low permeability traps a fraction of the scCO 2 beneath it so that the injected scCO 2 does not reach the top of the reservoir by the end of the simulation period. Hence, all of the injected scCO 2 is considered to be safely trapped by the stratified structure within the reservoir. A local sensitivity analysis (LSA) was conducted for injectivity and plume size at the end of the 20 year injection period. The LSA indicates that the imposed initial conditions and the hydraulic properties of the injection layer contribute the most to the sensitivity. Overall, the simulation outputs are very sensitive to only a small fraction of the inputs. However, the parameters that are important for controlling CO 2 injectivity are not the same as those controlling the plume area. The three most sensitive inputs for injectivity are the horizontal permeability and the residual aqueous saturation of the injection layer, and the initial fracture-pressure gradient. For the plume area, the most sensitive inputs are the horizontal permeability of the injection layer and the residual aqueous saturation of the two adjacent layers above the injection layer. Furthermore, the advantages of requiring just a single set of simulation results, scalability to the proper parameter errors, and straightforward calculation of the composite sensitivities make the proposed analysis attractive for guiding site characterization, injection well design, estimating AoR uncertainty and, and monitoring network design.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Gating Single Molecules with Counterions

We report atomic-scale gating and visualization of local charge distribution within individual rare-earth-based molecular complexes on a metallic surface. The complexes are formed by a positively charged lanthanum ion coordinated to a (pcam)3 molecule and a negatively charged counterion trapped underneath via electrostatic interactions on a Au(111) surface. Local gating is performed by adding an additional negatively charged counterion to one side of the complex, which results in the redistribution of charges within the complex and a positive shift of the frontier orbitals. This is caused by the internal Stark effect induced by the added counterion. This effect is directly captured using tunneling spectroscopy and spectroscopic mapping at 5 K substrate temperature. The polarizability of the complex is corroborated by density functional theory and analytical calculations based on experimental findings. Furthermore, the influence of charge polarization on nearby complexes is investigated in a cluster purposely assembled using three complexes, which reveals maintaining the charge states as in single complexes. These findings will enable the design of robust charged rare-earth complexes to be tailored for potential solid-state applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Imaging the Meissner effect in hydride superconductors using quantum sensors

By directly altering microscopic interactions, pressure provides a powerful tuning knob for the exploration of condensed phases and geophysical phenomena. Here, the megabar regime represents an interesting frontier, in which recent discoveries include high-temperature superconductors, as well as structural and valence phase transitions. However, at such high pressures, many conventional measurement techniques fail. Here we demonstrate the ability to perform local magnetometry inside a diamond anvil cell with sub-micron spatial resolution at megabar pressures. Our approach uses a shallow layer of nitrogen-vacancy colour centres implanted directly within the anvil; crucially, we choose a crystal cut compatible with the intrinsic symmetries of the nitrogen-vacancy centre to enable functionality at megabar pressures. We apply our technique to characterize a recently discovered hydride superconductor, CeH 9 . By performing simultaneous magnetometry and electrical transport measurements, we observe the dual signatures of superconductivity: diamagnetism characteristic of the Meissner effect and a sharp drop of the resistance to near zero. By locally mapping both the diamagnetic response and flux trapping, we directly image the geometry of superconducting regions, showing marked inhomogeneities at the micron scale. Our work brings quantum sensing to the megabar frontier and enables the closed-loop optimization of superhydride materials synthesis.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

SANE: strategic autonomous non-smooth exploration for multiple optima discovery in multi-modal and non-differentiable black-box functions

Both computational and experimental material discovery bring forth the challenge of exploring multidimensional and multimodal parameter spaces, such as phase diagrams of Hamiltonians with multiple interactions, composition spaces of combinatorial libraries, material structure image spaces, and molecular embedding spaces. Often these systems are black-boxes and time-consuming to evaluate, which resulted in strong interest towards active learning methods such as Bayesian optimization (BO). However, these systems are often noisy which make the black box function severely multi-modal and non-differentiable, where a vanilla BO can get overly focused near a single or faux optimum, deviating from the broader goal of scientific discovery. To address these limitations, here we developed Strategic Autonomous Non-Smooth Exploration (SANE) to facilitate an intelligent Bayesian optimized navigation with a proposed cost-driven probabilistic acquisition function to find multiple global and local optimal regions, avoiding the tendency to becoming trapped in a single optimum. To distinguish between a true and false optimal region due to noisy experimental measurements, a human (domain) knowledge driven dynamic surrogate gate is integrated with SANE. We implemented the gate-SANE into pre-acquired piezoresponse spectroscopy data of a ferroelectric combinatorial library with high noise levels in specific regions, and piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) hyperspectral data. SANE demonstrated better performance than classical BO to facilitate the exploration of multiple optimal regions and thereby prioritized learning with higher coverage of scientific values in autonomous experiments. Our work showcases the potential application of this method to real-world experiments, where such combined strategic and human intervening approaches can be critical to unlocking new discoveries in autonomous research.

Biswas, Arpan [University of Tennessee, Knoxville,↗

Lattice-mediated magnetic order melting in TbMnO 3

Recent ultrafast magnetic-sensitive measurements have revealed a delayed melting of the long-range cycloid spin order in TbMnO 3 following photoexcitation across the fundamental Mott-Hubbard gap. The microscopic mechanism behind this slow transfer of energy from the photoexcited carriers to the spin degrees of freedom is still elusive and not understood. Here, we address this problem by combining spectroscopic ellipsometry, ultrafast broadband optical spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. Upon photoexcitation, we observe the emergence of a complex collective response, which is due to high-energy coherent optical phonons coupled to the out-of-equilibrium charge density. This response precedes the magnetic order melting and is interpreted as the fingerprint of the formation of anti-Jahn-Teller polarons. We propose that the charge localization in a long-lived self-trapped state hinders the emission of magnons and other spin-flip mechanisms, causing the energy transfer from the charge to the spin system to be mediated by the reorganization of the lattice. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the coherent excitation of a phonon mode associated with the ferroelectric phase transition.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Large-scale molecular dynamics simulations of TiN/TiN(001) epitaxial film growth

Large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations of epitaxial TiN/TiN(001) thin film growth at 1200 K are carried out using incident flux ratios N/Ti = 1, 2, and 4. The films are analyzed as a function of composition, island size distribution, island edge orientation, and vacancy formation. Results show that N/Ti = 1 films are globally understoichiometric with dispersed Ti-rich surface regions which serve as traps to nucleate 111-oriented islands, leading to local epitaxial breakdown. Films grown with N/Ti = 2 are approximately stoichiometric and the growth mode is closer to layer-by-layer, while N/Ti = 4 films are stoichiometric with N-rich surfaces. As N/Ti is increased from 1 to 4, island edges are increasingly polar, i.e., 110-oriented, and N-terminated to accommodate the excess N flux, some of which is lost by reflection of incident N atoms. N vacancies are produced in the surface layer during film deposition with N/Ti = 1 due to the formation and subsequent desorption of N{sub 2} molecules composed of a N adatom and a N surface atom, as well as itinerant Ti adatoms pulling up N surface atoms. The N vacancy concentration is significantly reduced as N/Ti is increased to 2; with N/Ti = 4, Ti vacancies dominate. Overall, our results show that an insufficient N/Ti ratio leads to surface roughening via nucleation of small dispersed 111 islands, whereas high N/Ti ratios result in surface roughening due to more rapid upper-layer nucleation and mound formation. The growth mode of N/Ti = 2 films, which have smoother surfaces, is closer to layer-by-layer.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Validating Hydrogen Concentrations Ahead of Crack Tips

Current models for hydrogen embrittlement rely on adjustable parameters to correct for uncertainties in crack tip stress fields and subsequent H 2 -concentrations. Techniques are needed to quantify these concentrations ahead of crack tips in mechanically loaded materials, providing data for model calibration and validation. The goal of this work was to establish advanced analytical techniques to detect and quantitatively measure hydrogen ahead of cracks in stressed solids. Two advanced analytical techniques, kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), were explored to evaluate the feasibility to provide qualitative and quantitative H 2 -concentration fields in geometries designed to be 'loaded' while under observation. The feasibility of the KPFM technique at detecting hydrogen was evaluated using electrochemically precharged hydrogen as well as a mixed hydrogen gas atmosphere. The KPFM technique was able to detect the presence of elevated stress and hydrogen concentrations ahead of a tensile loaded crack tip. The results suggest that KPFM is a viable technique for qualitatively imaging changes in stress and hydrogen concentrations on the scale needed to inform predictive models. KPFM could be used to provide local stress and hydrogen variations associated with hydrogen traps or different phases which require sensitive measurements on the micron scale. NRA provided quantitative measurements of the hydrogen-isotope deuterium ahead of a tensile loaded notch, however, the vacancy formation due to the incident high energy He 3 beam overwhelmed stress-assisted enhancement of deuterium concentrations such that the effect of stress was overshadowed in this analysis. Modeling of the chemo- mechanical hydrogen concentration change was used to verify this observation.

08 HYDROGEN↗

Thermal and suprathermal plasma densities in the outer magnetosphere

Using the low-frequency cutoff of electromagnetic noise trapped in the magnetosphere at frequencies above the local plasma frequency, it is now possible to make very accurate, + or - 1%, electron density measurements in the low density region between the magnetopause and plasmapause. This technique for measuring the total plasma density was used, together with measurements of the suprathermal proton intensities with the LEPEDEA instrumentation on the IMP-6 spacecraft, to determine the thermal proton densities in the region between the plasmapause and magnetopause. Although the thermal protons usually account for a significant fraction, approximately 50%, of the total proton density in this region, in some cases, particularly at the larger radial distances the density of the thermal protons sometimes drops to a very small fraction, 5%, of the total density and nearly all of the plasma consists of suprathermal particles.

Gurnett, D. A.↗

Thermal and suprathermal plasma densities in the outer magnetosphere

By using the low-frequency cutoff of electromagnetic noise trapped in the magnetosphere at frequencies above the local plasma frequency, it is now possible to make very accurate electron density measurements in the low density region between the magnetopause and plasmapause. This technique for measuring the total plasma density has been used, together with measurements of the suprathermal proton intensities with the Lepedea instrumentation on the Imp 6 spacecraft, to determine the thermal proton densities in the region between the plasmapause and magnetopause. Usually, the high-energy tail of the thermal proton distribution is sufficient intense to be detected at low energies within the Lepedea energy range. When the high-energy tail of the thermal distribution can be detected, it is possible to determine the temperature of the thermal protons. The temperature in a typical case is found to be 80,000 K. This high temperature for the thermal protons, which are presumably of ionospheric origin, agrees with earlier Ogo 5 measurements reported by Serbu and Maier (1970).

Gurnett, D. A.↗

Comparison between Liouville's theorem and observed latitudinal distributions of trapped ions in the plasmapause region

The presence of anisotropic plasma distributions, trapped at the Earth's magnetic equator, has consequences for the electric field structure which must exist in equilibrium along the magnetic field line. Data from SCATHA and Dynamics Explorer 1 indicate that the core ion distributions at the magnetic equator can be well described as bi-Maxwellian distributions, with a perpendicular temperature an order of magnitude larger than the parallel temperature. A collisionless model is developed for the variation in plasma parameters, following the forms developed by Whipple (1977). If the core electron anisotropy is low, the resulting electric field of approximately 0.1 microV/m is pointed away from the equator. Under these conditions the self-consistent electric field will not overcome the effects of magnetic trapping. The resulting potential distribution results in a local maximum in total plasma density at the equator. Only when the electron distribution is primarily field-aligned can there be a density minimum at the equator. Comparisons are made between this model and the observed variations in DE 1 plasma parameters with latitude.

Olsen, R. C.↗