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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Human Exploration System Test-Bed for Integration and Advancement (HESTIA) Support of Future NASA Deep-Space Missions

The Engineering Directorate at the NASA - Johnson Space Center is outfitting a 20-Foot diameter hypobaric chamber in Building 7 to support future deep-space Environmental Control & Life Support System (ECLSS) research as part of the Human Exploration System Test-bed for Integration and Advancement (HESTIA) Project. This human-rated chamber is the only NASA facility that has the unique experience, chamber geometry, infrastructure, and support systems capable of conducting this research. The chamber was used to support Gemini, Apollo, and SkyLab Missions. More recently, it was used to conduct 30-, 60-, and 90-day human ECLSS closed-loop testing in the 1990s to support the International Space Station and life support technology development. NASA studies show that both planetary surface and deep-space transit crew habitats will be 3-4 story cylindrical structures driven by human occupancy volumetric needs and launch vehicle constraints. The HESTIA facility offers a 3-story, 20-foot diameter habitat consistent with the studies' recommendations. HESTIA operations follow stringent processes by a certified test team that including human testing. Project management, analysis, design, acquisition, fabrication, assembly and certification of facility build-ups are available to support this research. HESTIA offers close proximity to key stakeholders including astronauts, Human Research Program (who direct space human research for the agency), Mission Operations, Safety & Mission Assurance, and Engineering Directorate. The HESTIA chamber can operate at reduced pressure and elevated oxygen environments including those proposed for deep-space exploration. Data acquisition, power, fluids and other facility resources are available to support a wide range of research. Recently completed HESTIA research consisted of unmanned testing of ECLSS technologies. Eventually, the HESTIA research will include humans for extended durations at reduced pressure and elevated oxygen to demonstrate very high reliability of critical ECLSS and other technologies.

Marmolejo, Jose↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Treating gridded geospatial data as point data to simplify analytics

Gridded geospatial remote sensing (satellite) data has traditionally been stored in file-based multidimensional arrays to preserve the locality of data. Measurements from locations that are physically next to each other on earth remain next to each other in the arrays. Maintaining this locality is useful when running calculations like reprojection, but unnecessary for many other calculations. This talk will go through a real world example of a tool redesign at the Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC), showing the advantages of using the data frame model for calculating summary statistics, where measurement proximity is unimportant.

Analysis-ready data↗
NASA NTRS2001

Considerations and Architectures for Inter-Satellite Communications in Distributed Spacecraft Systems

This paper will identify the important characteristics and requirements necessary for inter-satellite communications in distributed spacecraft systems and present analysis results focusing on architectural and protocol comparisons. Emerging spacecraft systems plan to deploy multiple satellites in various "distributed" configurations ranging from close proximity formation flying to widely separated constellations. Distributed spacecraft configurations provide advantages for science exploration and operations since many activities useful for missions may be better served by distributing them between spacecraft. For example, many scientific observations can be enhanced through spatially separated platforms, such as for deep space interferometry. operating multiple distributed spacecraft as a mission requires coordination that may be best provided through inter-satellite communications. For example, several future distributed spacecraft systems envision autonomous operations requiring relative navigational calculations and coordinated attitude and position corrections. To conduct these operations, data must be exchanged between spacecraft. Direct cross-links between satellites provides an efficient and practical method for transferring data and commands. Unlike existing "bent-pipe" relay networks supporting space missions, no standard or widely-used method exists for cross-link communications. Consequently, to support these future missions, the characteristics necessary for inter-satellite communications need to be examined. At first glance, all of the missions look extremely different. Some missions call for tens to hundreds of nano-satellites in constant communications in close proximity to each other. Other missions call for a handful of satellites communicating very slowly over thousands to hundreds of thousands of kilometers. The paper will first classify distributed spacecraft missions to help guide the evaluation and definition of cross-link architectures and approaches. Based on this general classification, the paper will examine general physical layer parameters, such as frequency bands and data rates, necessary to support the missions. The paper will also identify classes of communication architectures that may be employed, ranging from fully distributed to centralized topologies. Numerous factors, such as number of spacecraft, must be evaluated when attempting to pick a communications architecture. Also important is the stability of the formation from a communications standpoint. For example, do all of the spacecraft require equal bandwidth and are spacecraft allowed to enter and leave a formation? The type of science mission being attempted may also heavily influence the communications architecture. In addition, the paper will assess various parameters and characteristics typically associated with the data link layer. The paper will analyze the performance of various multiple access techniques given the operational scenario, requirements, and communication topologies envisioned for missions. This assessment will also include a survey of existing standards and their applicability for distributed spacecraft systems. An important consideration includes the interoperability of the lower layers (physical and data link) examined in this paper with the higher layer protocols(network) envisioned for future space internetworking. Finally, the paper will define a suggested path, including preliminary recommendations, for defining and developing a standard for intersatellite communications based on the classes of distributed spacecraft missions and analysis results.

Edwards, Bernard↗
DOE OSTI2020

Near-Single-Cell Proteomics Profiling of the Proximal Tubular and Glomerulus of the Normal Human Kidney

Molecular assessments at the single-cell level can accelerate biological research by providing detailed assessments of cellular organization and tissue heterogeneity in both disease and health. The human kidney has complex multi-cellular states with varying functionality, much of which can now be completely harnessed with recent technological advances in tissue proteomics at a near single-cell level. We discuss the foundational steps in the first application of this mass spectrometry (MS) based proteomics method for analysis of sub-sections of the normal human kidney, as part of the Kidney Precision Medicine Project (KPMP). Using approximately 30-40 laser captured micro-dissected kidney cells, we identified more than 2500 human proteins, with specificity to the proximal tubular (PT; n=25 proteins) and glomerular (Glom; n=67 proteins) regions of the kidney and their unique metabolic functions. This pilot study provides the roadmap for application of our near-single-cell proteomics workflow for the analysis of other renal micro-compartments, on a larger scale, to unravel perturbations of renal sub-cellular function in the normal kidney as well as different etiologies of acute and chronic kidney disease.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Risk Analysis of a 100 MW Hydrogen Generation Facility near a Nuclear Power Plant

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) are considering flexible plant operations to take advantage of excess thermal and electrical energy. One option for NPPs is to pursue hydrogen production through high temperature electrolysis as an alternate revenue stream to remain economically viable. The intent of this study is to investigate the risk of a 100 MW hydrogen production facility in close proximity to an NPP. Previous analyses have evaluated preliminary designs of a hydrogen production facility in a conservative manner to determine if it is feasible to co-locate the facility within 1 km of an NPP. This analysis specifically evaluates the risk components of a 100 MW hydrogen production facility design, including the likelihood of a leak within the system and the associated consequence to critical NPP targets. This analysis shows that although the likelihood of a leak in an HTEF is not negligible, the consequence to critical NPP targets is not expected to lead to a failure given adequate distance from the plant.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Aliovalent Doping of CeO 2 Improves the Stability of Atomically Dispersed Pt

Atomically dispersed supported catalysts hold considerable promise as catalytic materials. The ability to employ and stabilize them against aggregation in complex process environments remains a key challenge to the elusive goal of 100% atom utilization in catalysis. In this work, using a Gd-doped ceria support for atomically dispersed surface Pt atoms, we establish how the combined effects of aliovalent doping and oxygen vacancy generation provide dynamic mechanisms that serve to enhance the stability of supported single atom configurations. Using correlated, in situ X-ray absorption, photoelectron and vibrational spectroscopies for analysis of the samples on the two types of support (with and without Gd doping), we establish that the Pt atoms locate proximal to Gd dopants, forming a speciation that serves to enhance the thermal stability of Pt atoms against aggregation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Defect-induced phonon-resonant scattering and its influence on thermal transport of irradiated thorium-dioxide

Thermal transport in proton irradiated thorium-dioxide (ThO 2 ) is investigated. Using a combination of experiments and first-principles computational framework, the role of lattice defects on thermal conductivity is analyzed. A resonant-phonon scattering mechanism beyond the traditionally considered Rayleigh scattering is found to significantly influence low-temperature thermal transport in the presence of irradiation-induced point defects. The existence of localized phonon modes associated with irradiation-induced defects is suggested by the inability of the first-principles based thermal conductivity model—which considers only three-phonon interactions and phonon-defects scattering using the Tamura formalism—to predict the experimental results, unless a resonant scattering mechanism is included. The emergence of additional peaks in the Raman spectra in the proximity of phonon-resonant frequency provides further evidence for the existence of localized modes. Coupled with a microstructure evolution model, this analysis enables more accurate analysis for contrasting the contributions of different phonon scattering mechanisms across all irradiation doses and temperatures.

11 - NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS2000

Prediction of Hyper-X Stage Separation Aerodynamics Using CFD

The NASA X-43 "Hyper-X" hypersonic research vehicle will be boosted to a Mach 7 flight test condition mounted on the nose of an Orbital Sciences Pegasus launch vehicle. The separation of the research vehicle from the Pegasus presents some unique aerodynamic problems, for which computational fluid dynamics has played a role in the analysis. This paper describes the use of several CFD methods for investigating the aerodynamics of the research and launch vehicles in close proximity. Specifically addressed are unsteady effects, aerodynamic database extrapolation, and differences between wind tunnel and flight environments.

Buning, Pieter G.↗
NASA NTRS2016

Demonstration of Mars Crosslink Occultation Measurements for Future Small Spacecraft Constellations

Future planetary atmospheric profiling via radio occultations (RO) benefits significantly from increased received signal-to-noise ratio as well as geometrical coverage of links between two or more spacecraft in orbit around a target planet. These can be small spacecraft, possibly dedicated to quality radio-metrics with precision clock reference. Motivated by long-term research investigating the optimum SNR for the science performance, the optimum reference clock stability, the number and combination of wavelengths driving the number of transmitters and antennas, the optimum number and orbital spacecraft configuration, and design modifications to existing radio communication systems that would allow these new science objectives on future missions, three crosslink occultation experiments have been acquired between the Mars Odyssey and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft to probe the Martian atmosphere. While crosslink occultations between Earth orbiting satellites have long been used to profile the Earth’s atmosphere, this represents the first demonstration of crosslink occultation measurements at another planet. These measurements leverage the proximity link telecommunication payloads on each orbiter, which were designed to provide relay communication and navigation services to Mars landers and rovers. Analysis of the observed Doppler shift on each crosslink measurement reveals a clear signature of the Martian atmosphere, primarily the ionosphere. Inversion of the observed Doppler data yields vertical profiles of the Martian refractivity and electron density. The electron density profiles show the presence of two layers with peak densities and peak heights that are consistent with empirical models.

Asmar, Sami↗
NASA NTRS2017

Maneuver Strategy for OSIRIS-REx Proximity Operations

The Origins Spectral Interpretation Resource Identification Security Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) asteroid sample return mission will study and observe asteroid (101955) Bennu (previously known as 1999 RQ36) and subsequently collect and return a sample from the asteroid to Earth for further detailed analysis. After a successful launch in September 2016, the spacecraft will be in cruise phase for two years until arrival at asteroid Bennu in late 2018. At that time, aseries of critical maneuvers will provide an initial characterization of Bennu and the dynamical environment surrounding it, ultimately concluding with a successful capture into orbit about the small asteroid. This paper discusses some of the unique navigation challenges presented by these early operational phases in close proximity to Bennu and shares key observations and results from operational tests that have prepared the operations team and help mitigate the risks posed by these challenges.

Wibben, Daniel R.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Structural Analysis of a Serpentine Superconducting Magnet for the Interaction Region of the Electron Ion Collider

The electron ion collider (EIC) is under design to collide the high energy and highly polarized hadron with electron beams with luminosities up to 10 34 cm −2 s −1 . The superconducting magnet designs at the interaction region (IR) are quite challenging due to the close proximity of the hadron and electron beams. Several serpentine types of superconducting magnets have been designed due to the space restrictions at the IR. Here, to validate the designs in terms of the mechanical strength, structural integrity, as well as the allowed deformations, a detailed structural mechanical analysis for a 12-layer superconducting quadrupole serpentine magnet (Q1BpR) in the rear side hadron beams has been carried out using the finite element method (FEM) considering the pretension stress, shrinking due to cool down, and the electromagnetic force on the conductors. Anisotropy material properties and individual roving tension have been considered. The electro-magnetic (EM) simulations were performed using COMSOL, confirmed with RAT, the structural mechanical analysis were performed using COMSOL by considering the contact elements.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2016

Simulation of Mission Phases

This position with the Simulation and Graphics Branch (ER7) at Johnson Space Center (JSC) provided an introduction to vehicle hardware, mission planning, and simulation design. ER7 supports engineering analysis and flight crew training by providing high-fidelity, real-time graphical simulations in the Systems Engineering Simulator (SES) lab. The primary project assigned by NASA mentor and SES lab manager, Meghan Daley, was to develop a graphical simulation of the rendezvous, proximity operations, and docking (RPOD) phases of flight. The simulation is to include a generic crew/cargo transportation vehicle and a target object in low-Earth orbit (LEO). Various capsule, winged, and lifting body vehicles as well as historical RPOD methods were evaluated during the project analysis phase. JSC core mission to support the International Space Station (ISS), Commercial Crew Program (CCP), and Human Space Flight (HSF) influenced the project specifications. The simulation is characterized as a 30 meter +V Bar and/or -R Bar approach to the target object's docking station. The ISS was selected as the target object and the international Low Impact Docking System (iLIDS) was selected as the docking mechanism. The location of the target object's docking station corresponds with the RPOD methods identified. The simulation design focuses on Guidance, Navigation, and Control (GNC) system architecture models with station keeping and telemetry data processing capabilities. The optical and inertial sensors, reaction control system thrusters, and the docking mechanism selected were based on CCP vehicle manufacturer's current and proposed technologies. A significant amount of independent study and tutorial completion was required for this project. Multiple primary source materials were accessed using the NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS) and reference textbooks were borrowed from the JSC Main Library and International Space Station Library. The Trick Simulation Environment and User Training Materials version 2013.0 release was used to complete the Trick tutorial. Multiple network privilege and repository permission requests were required in order to access previous simulation models. The project was also an introduction to computer programming and the Linux operating system. Basic C++ and Python syntax was used during the completion of the Trick tutorial. Trick's engineering analysis and Monte Carlo simulation capabilities were observed and basic space mission planning procedures were applied in the conceptual design phase. Multiple professional development opportunities were completed in addition to project duties during this internship through the System for Administration, Training, and Education Resources for NASA (SATERN). Topics include: JSC Risk Management Workshop, CCP Risk Management, Basic Radiation Safety Training, X-Ray Radiation Safety, Basic Laser Safety, JSC Export Control, ISS RISE Ambassador, Basic SharePoint 2013, Space Nutrition and Biochemistry, and JSC Personal Protective Equipment. Additionally, this internship afforded the opportunity for formal project presentation and public speaking practice. This was my first experience at a NASA center. After completing this internship I have a much clearer understanding of certain aspects of the agency's processes and procedures, as well as a deeper appreciation from spaceflight simulation design and testing. I will continue to improve my technical skills so that I may have another opportunity to return to NASA and Johnson Space Center.

Carlstrom, Nicholas Mercury↗
NASA NTRS2021

Adaptive-Sweep Algorithm for Spacecraft Carrier Acquisition and Tracking: System Analysis and Implementation

This paper presents an adaptive-sweep algorithm that can be used in conjunction with a Phased-Lock Loop to acquire and track the carrier of a Binary Phase-shift Keying signal with residual carrier. This algorithm is useful in proximity links where no Doppler pre-compensation is available at the transmitter, and allows the receiver to acquire the incoming carrier even if the experienced Doppler shift is several orders of magnitude larger than the PLL bandwidth. Other applications for this algorithm include Multiple Uplink per Antenna at the Deep Space Network, and generation of observables (Doppler shift, Doppler rate, range rate) for in-situ navigation purposes. This paper enhances a previously presented adaptive-sweep algorithm and its performance analysis in two fronts. First, the algorithm now uses the direction function to automatically estimate the required frequency jump to achieve PLL lock. This enables a fully adaptive-sweep scheme in which system implementer does not need to manually select thresholds. On the other hand, we study the system performance in the presence of Additive White Gaussian Noise and derive necessary conditions for the system to operate at low signal-to-noise conditions. This allows us to create design rules that specify all parameters of the algorithm given a set of system-level requirements. To test the performance of the proposed algorithm, we implement it in GNU Radio, an open-source Software-Defined Radio that interfaces with several commercial radio peripherals. We use this implementation to demonstrate carrier lock and quantify system performance under different noise conditions. We also test the algorithm using open-loop recordings of two downlinks between the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and the Deep Space Network. We show that even after large frequency jumps (tens of kHz), the proposed system is able to rapidly reacquire the carrier and continue operation.

Divsalar, Dariush↗
NASA NTRS1981

Radiographic evidence of disuse osteoporosis in the monkey /M. nemestrina/

Radiological techniques were utilized for monitoring progressive changes in compact bone in the tibia of monkeys during experimentally induced osteopenia. Bone mass loss in the tibia during restraint was evaluated from radiographs, from bone mineral analysis, and from images reconstructed from gamma ray computerized tomography. The losses during 6 months of restraint tended to occur predominantly in the proximal tibia and were characterized by subperiosteal bone loss, intracortical striations, and scalloped endosteal surfaces. Bone mineral content in the cross section of the tibia declined 17-21%. In 6 months of recovery, the mineral content of the proximal tibia remained depressed.

Young, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Performance capabilities of a Phase One Automatic Rendezvous and Capture System

This paper presents an analysis of the performance of the existing 'Phase One' AR&C system developed at the C.S. Draper Laboratory for both the rendezvous and proximity operations mission phases. This material has been developed as a result of Draper Laboratory involvement through NASA's Johnson Space Center in the development of the flight proven IGN&C rendezvous systems for Apollo, Skylab, and Shuttle. The development of these systems using Draper computer simulations has required automation of all crew inputs to the IGN&C system and thus provided the unique opportunity to develop and test those system capabilities required for AR&C. This paper expands upon the material in the papers presented by the authors at the NASA Autonomous Rendezvous and Docking Conference held at JSC on August 15-16, 1991.

Kachmar, Peter M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Microstructural Constraints on the Formation of Diamond in Ureilites, the Case from the Kenna Meteorite

The origin of diamonds in ureilitic meteorites, a major family of ultramafic achondrites, has long been debated, with various formation mechanisms inferred, including: 1) shock conversion of preexisting graphite due to a hypervelocity impact on the ureilite parent body; 2) vapor deposition during condensation of the solar nebula; or 3) static transformation in the mantle of a large planetesimal (>1000 km in diameter). The Kenna ureilite is a 10.9 kg stone that was found in Kansas in 1972 and is dominantly composed of olivine and pigeonite (68% and 22% modal abundance, respectively), together with minor metal and carbon-rich regions. Within the carbon-rich domains researchers have identified microdiamonds up to ~10 µm in size. Due to the proximity of the extremely hard microdiamonds with soft graphite and moderately hard silicates, achieving an appropriately flat surface for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis has proved challenging. We have, therefore, employed a Hitachi ArBlade 5000 broad beam Ar ion milling system to prepare a sample with an adequate surface uniformity. The ion milling dramatically improved indexing of the EBSD patterns and facilitated high-resolution microstructural analysis of the carbon-rich domains. The carbon-bearing regions occur as tabular domains between polygonal olivine and pigeonite, and are composed of aggregates of micrometer-scale diamond with intermediate graphite, oxides and metal grains. Within the microdiamonds, {111} twins are abundant, many of which form ragged lamellae consistent with mechanical twinning. The microdiamond assemblages appear to pseudomorph tabular graphite habits, which together with the abundant deformation twins, supports a shock transformation mechanism for microdiamond formation within the Kenna meteorite. To compliment the EBSD microstructural analyses, coordinated laser Raman, focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopy imaging and diffraction data, and NanoSIMS N and C tomographic isotopic imaging will be collected. These data will provide further constraints on the formation of diamonds within ureilites.

Timmons M Erickson↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Coordinated Microstructural and Isotopic Characterization of Diamond Inclusions within the Kenna Ureilite

Introduction: The origin of diamonds in ureilitic meteorites, a major family of ultramafic achondrites, has long been debated, with various formation mechanisms inferred, including: 1) shock conversion of preexisting graphite due to a hypervelocity impact on the ureilite parent body [e.g., 1]; 2) vapor deposition during condensation of the solar nebula [e.g., 2]; or 3) static transformation in the mantle of a large planetesimal (>1000 km in diameter) [e.g., 3]. The Kenna ureilite is a 10.9 kg stone that was found in Kansas in 1972 and is dominantly composed of olivine and pigeonite (68% and 22% modal abundance, respectively), together with minor metal and carbon-rich regions. Within the carbon-rich domains researchers have identified microdiamonds up to ~10 µm in size [4]. Methods: Due to the proximity of the extremely hard microdiamonds with soft graphite and moderately hard silicates, achieving an appropriately flat surface for electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis has proven challenging. We have, therefore, employed a Hitachi ArBlade 5000 broad beam Ar ion milling system to prepare a sample with an adequately uniform surface flatness across the various minerals. The ion milling dramatically im-proved indexing of the EBSD patterns and facilitated high-resolution microstructural analysis of the carbon-rich domains. After microstructural EBSD analyses using an Oxford Symmetry detector we collected coordinated hy-perspectral cathodoluminescence (CL) analyses using a Gatan Monarc system mounted on a JEOL 7900F field emission (FE) scanning electron microscope at NASA Johnson Space Center. A focused ion beam (FIB) foil was extracted from a region of interest and analyzed using a JEOL 2500 FE scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). In situ carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses were collected from diamond-bearing domains using a Cameca NanoSIMS 50L at NASA JSC. Results: The carbon rich regions occur as tabular domains between polygonal olivine and pigeonite, and are composed of aggregates of micrometer-scale diamond with intermediate graphite, oxides and metal grains. Within the microdiamonds, {111} twins are abundant, many of which form ragged lamellae consistent with mechanical twinning. The microdiamond assemblages appear to pseudomorph tabular graphite habits, which together with the abundant deformation twins, support a shock transformation mechanism for microdiamond formation within the Kenna meteorite. Further supporting this observation, the diamond laths show close alignment of <111> and <110> between domains, consistent with a solid-state transformation from graphite along <0001> and <1-210>, respec-tively [5]. A FIB foil was extracted from a region with mechanical twins, and high resolution STEM analyses reveal cross-cutting veins of graphite and oriented kamacite crystals together with additional sets of {111} nano-twins formed in at least three orientations. Isotopic analyses of C and N reveal sector zoning patterns [cf. 3] that are unre-lated to the diamond substructure identified by EBSD yet consistent with hyperspectral CL images. Conclusions: These data provide new constraints on microdiamond formation within ureilites. The microdia-monds exhibit orientation variants defined by aligned <111> and <110> axes consistent with inherited crystallo-graphic orientations from transformation of a single hexagonal graphite parent crystal [5]. Crosscutting the micro-diamonds are veins of graphite and kamacite, together with additional {111} nanotwins. Taken together these data suggest that microdiamonds from ureilites formed from a solid state, diffusionless transformation from graphite, likely associated with a major shock event, which was subject to subsequent reversion either during decompression or a later deformation event. The N and C isotopic sector zoning is unrelated to diamond microstructures and likely reflects inheritance from the parent graphite crystal.

Ureilite↗
NASA NTRS2024

The Active Volcanoes of Kamchatka as Suitable Terrestrial Analogs Within the AVENGERS Initiative: An Opportunity for In-Situ Operational Tests for Future Landing Venus Missions

The next decade will see the return to Venus thanks to a number of missions which have been recently selected and proposed for launch. The Roscosmos Venera-D mission, along with the NASA DAVINCI, NASA VERITAS, ESA EnVision, the ISRO Shukrayaan-1, and the CNSA VOICE missions will open a new era for the exploration of the Earth’s hellish twin planet. The next missions to Venus should be able to shed new light on the science questions such as: a) whether the volcanic activity on this planet is locally constrained, or volcanism acts on a global scale, b) the rate of the present-day volcanic activity, and c) the style of volcanism on Venus, whether it is predominantly effusive, or the occurrence of local episodes of pyroclastic volcanism is also possible. In preparation for the future missions to Venus, the Analogs for VENus’ Geologically Recent Surfaces (AVENGERS) initiative will select and analyze a number of active terrestrial volcanoes as suitable analogs for the identification and analysis of active volcanism on Venus. Among the future missions to Venus, the Roscosmos Venera-D is the only one to be equipped with a lander which will analyze the elemental and mineralogical composition of the surface. As the young topographic rises (areas characterized by recent volcano-tectonic activity) on Venus are being proposed as one of the possible terrain types for the Venera-D landing, it is crucial to look for volcanic areas on Earth where to perform operational tests such as surface drilling and in-situ elemental composition analysis. To this regard, we propose here the analysis of the active volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia as a very suitable analog for the Venera-D mission, as well as for the analysis of surface change detection due to ongoing eruptions. The Kamchatka Peninsula is located on the eastern margin of the Eurasia plate, in proximity of the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone. The volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula are among the most active volcanoes of the world, making them a suitable terrestrial analog in the search for active volcanism on Venus. Moreover, the volcanoes of Kamchatka are characterized by pyroclastic activity. Since the previous Soviet Venera and Vega missions landed over areas which elemental composition was most likely consistent with that of tholeiitic basalts, performing operational tests over areas characterized by pyroclastic activity also offers the unique opportunity to provide us the tools to potentially interpret the diverse output given by landing over portions of the surface of Venus possibly characterized by explosive volcanic products. Finally, the frequent eruptions characterizing the volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula make them also a suitable terrestrial analog for the possible detection of ongoing eruptions on Venus by future missions, which can be achieved by comparing two (or more) radar images of the same volcano (and its surroundings) in two (or more) different moments of time.

Planetary Geology↗