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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1977

Quantitative remote measurements of pollutants from stationary sources using Raman lidar

The several advantages of Raman lidar for remote measurements of stationary source emissions were quantitatively evaluated using a calibration tank at a distance of 300 m at night. Measurements of approximately 10 to the 3rd ppm SO2 with a 12% accuracy were demonstrated in an observation time of 15 min using a 1.5-J ruby laser at 30 pulses/min, 6-m range resolution, interference filters, photon counting detection, and a 20-cm receiver. Measurement accuracy was checked by measuring known concentrations of SO2 in the tank, by tuning the interference filters through the SO2 Raman line, and by varying the CO2 concentration to very high levels during the SO2 measurements. Evaluation of the seriousness of induced fluorescence from plume aerosols failed due to the inability to simulate the plume aerosols.

Poultney, S. K.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Analysis of differential absorption lidar from the Space Shuttle

A parametric analysis of the Shuttle-borne differential absorption lidar concept for the measurement of atmospheric trace constituent profiles in the nadir viewing mode is presented. The criterion of an optimum constituent optical depth is developed and applied to generate estimates of range resolved measurement errors. These errors emphasize the fundamental limitations for establishing the feasibility of range-resolved differential absorption lidar measurements from Shuttle. With current lidar system technology, atmospheric backscatter density profiles may be adequately determined up to about 60-km altitude at the doubled-ruby wavelength, 3472 A, for a 1-J/pulse laser and a 1-sq m receiver. Potential range-resolved measurements of stratospheric and mesospheric trace constituents by differential absorption from Shuttle altitudes are limited to H2O, CH4, N2O, O3, and CO, species which can be more easily measured by passive limb viewing techniques. Range-resolved water vapor data for the lower troposphere may be obtained with accuracies which would be competitive with those from passive sensors.

Remsberg, E. E.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Measurement of non-Maxwellian electron velocity distributions in a reflex discharge

The results of a ruby laser Thomson scattering study of the space and time-resolved electron velocity distributions in a pulsed Penning discharge in hydrogen are presented. Electron densities were to the order of 10 to the 13th/cu cm and temperatures were roughly 3 eV. This point is just prior to the cessation of the discharge ohmic heating pulse. For magnetic strengths less than 200 G, Maxwellian distributions were found over an energy range six times thermal energy. Temperatures agreed with Langmuir probe data. For fields of 450 G, chaotic plasma potentials were observed to be unstable and the Thomson scattering showed that the electron velocity distributions had central temperatures of 2 eV and wing temperatures of 15-12 eV.

Phipps, C. R., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Experimental measurement and computer analysis of stray radiation in a telescope

A description is presented of an experimental measurement system for the study of the stray radiation performance of a 50-cm aperture astronomical telescope model. The model incorporates a very high performance baffle system. To simulate the space environment of the actual orbiting telescope, the telescope model was placed in a vacuum chamber. The stray radiation source for the experiment was a ruby laser system. A photomultiplier tube was used for the detector. A minicomputer system was used to control the experiment and to gather and process the data. A computer program was used to model the telescope baffle system. Experimentally and analytically determined stray radiation attenuation data are compared.

Hunt, G. H.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Bonding of sapphire to sapphire by eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide

An element comprising sapphire, ruby or blue sapphire can be bonded to another element of such material with a eutectic mixture of aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide. The bonding mixture may be applied in the form of a distilled water slurry or by electron beam vapor deposition. In one embodiment the eutectic is formed in situ by applying a layer of zirconium oxide and then heating the assembly to a temperature above the eutectic temperature and below the melting point of the material from which the elements are formed. The formation of a sapphire rubidium maser cell utilizing eutectic bonding is shown.

Deluca, J. J.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Lidar remote sensing of tropospheric pollutants and trace gases - Programs of NASA Langley Research Center

NASA Langley Research Center is engaged in a number of in-house and contracted programs to develop, evaluate, and apply lidar techniques to remote measurements of pollutant gases, trace molecules, and aerosols. The differential absorption lidar (DIAL) research programs include the development and evaluation of a UV DIAL system for remote measurements of SO2 and O3 concentrations and aerosol dispersion in urban and power-plant stack plumes, a near-IR DIAL system for vertical measurements of water vapor concentrations, and a high-power tunable IR DIAL system which will measure the concentration of gas species that have absorption features in the 1.4- to 4.4-micron wavelength range. The lidar programs which deal with aerosol measurements include the evaluation of a mobile ruby lidar system for use in plume dispersion model verification and the development of a high-spectral-resolution lidar system for measurement of aerosol extinction and backscattering coefficients. System characteristics and measurement sensitivities are discussed, and comparisons are made between simulations and experimental results.

Browell, E. V.↗
NASA NTRS1978

Specific spacecraft evaluation: Special report

Charged and neutral particle transport from an 8 cm mercury ion thruster to the surfaces of the P 80-1 spacecraft and to the Teal Ruby sensor and the ECOM-501 sensor of that spacecraft were investigated. Laboratory measurements and analyses were used to examine line-of-sight and nonline-of sight particle transport modes. The recirculation of Hg(+) ions in the magnetic field of the earth was analyzed for spacecraft velocity and Earth magnetic field vector configurations which are expected to occur in near Earth, circular, high inclination orbits. For these magnetic field and orbit conditions and for expected ion release distribution functions, in both angles and energies, the recirculation/re-interception of ions on spacecraft surfaces was evaluated. The refraction of weakly energetic ions in the electric fields of the thruster plasma plume and in the electric fields between this plasma plume and the material boundaries of the thruster, the thruster sputter shield, and the various spacecraft surfaces were examined. The neutral particle transport modes of interest were identified as sputtered metal atoms from the thruster beam shield. Results, conclusions, and future considerations are presented.

Sellen, J. M., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1980

Application of Raman diagnostics to combustion

The use of laser Raman diagnostic techniques to measure the specie concentrations and their temperatures in combustion flow fields is discussed. The system designed to measure the specie concentrations, which included a ruby laser and a photodiode to trip the laser at the maximum light and heat output of the combustion process, is described and problems encountered in developing the system are reported. Photographs of the combustion process are presented and analyzed detailing the evolution of the combustion in terms of the photodiode and the lack of a noticeable Raman-Stokes signal. The absence of the Raman-Stokes signal is discussed.

Lederman, S.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Evaluation of particle transport for the P80-1 spacecraft

Charged and neutral particle transport from an 8-cm mercury ion thruster to the surfaces of the P80-1 spacecraft, the Teal Ruby sensor and the ECOM-501 sensor was examined. Evaluation of particle transport modes utilized both laboratory measurements and analysis. Line-of-sight particle transport considered deposition of Group II (high energy-high angle mercury charge exchange) ions and neutral mercury on solar array surfaces. Nonline-of-sight transport modes studied were recirculation/reinterception of mercury ions in magnetic fields and refraction of low energy mercury charge exchange (Group IV) ions by local electric fields.

Sellen, J. M., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Sequential-Impulse Generator Uses Fiber-Optics

Light pulse from a ruby or neodymium-glass laser enters miniature optics of repetitive-detonation apparatus. Traveling along a bundle of optical fibers, light strikes laser-sensitive microdetonator and charge explodes. Apparatus then advances next charge in train into position. Possible applications of sequential-impulse generator are in creating shock waves for aerodynamics research and in generating electrical power by magnetohydrodynamics.

Yang, L. C.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Holographic flow visualization at the Langley Expansion Tube

A holographic system used for flow visualization at the Langley Expansion Tube is described. A ruby laser which can be singly or doubly pulsed during the short run time of less than 300 microns is used as the light source. With holography, sensitivity adjustments can be optimized after a run instead of before a run as with conventional flow visualization techniques. This results in an increased reliability of the flow visualization available for the study of real-gas effects on flow about models. Holographic techniques such as single-plate schlieren and shadowgraph, two plate interferometry, double pulse interferometry for perfect infinite-fringe interferograms, and double-pulse interferometry used to examine changes in the flow over a short time period are described and examples presented.

Goad, W. K.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Combined single-pulse holography and time-resolved laser schlieren for flow visualization

A pulsed ruby laser and continuous-wave argon ion laser were used in a combined setup at the Langley Expansion Tube for single pulse holography and time resolved laser schlieren with a common optical axis. The systems can be operated simultaneously for a single run. For a single frame, the pulsed holographic setup offers the options of shadowgraph, Schlieren, and interferometry from the reconstructed hologram as well as the advantage of post-run sensitivity adjustments. For flow establishment studies the time resolved laser Schlieren provides visualization of the flow field every 12.5 microns for up to 80 frames with an exposure time per frame of 5.4 microns.

Burner, A. W.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Radio astronomy

A K-band reflected-wave ruby maser was used on the 64-meter (DSS-43) antenna at the Tidbinbilla Tracking Station, near Canberra, Australia. Spectral line observations were carried out near 22 GHz for water vapor sources and near 24 GHz for ammonia sources. The water vapor observations were made in the direction of known southern OH and H2O maser sources. All of the previously detected water line sources examined were detected. In addition, two new water vapor maser sources were discovered, G301.1+1.1and G308.9+0.1. The spectrum of G301.0+1.1 is presented six ammonia sources were found: G291.3-0.7, G305.4+0.2, G322.2+0.6, G327.3-0.5, G333.6-0.2, and G268.4-0.8. Spectra of two of these sources, G291.3-0.7 (RCW 57) and G305.4+0.2, are presented. Both show clearly the presence of the quadrupole splitting satellite lines that will allow the determination of NH3 optical depths in these clouds.

Shaffer, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Ohmic contacts to GaAs for high-temperature device applications

Ohmic contacts to n-type GaAs were developed for high temperature device applications up to 300 C. Refractory metallizations were used with epitaxial Ge layers to form the contacts: TiW/Ge/GaAs, Ta/Ge/GaAs, Mo/Ge/GaAs, and Ni/Ge/GaAs. Contacts with high dose Si or Se ion implantation of the Ge/GaAs interface were also investigated. The contacts were fabricated on epitaxial GaAs layer grown on N+ or semi-insulating GaAs substrates. Ohmic contact was formed by both thermal annealing (at temperatures up to 700 C) and laser annealing (pulsed Ruby). Examination of the Ge/GaAs interface revealed Ge migration into GaAs to form an N+ doping layer. The specific contact resistances of specimens annealed by both methods are given.

Anderson, W. T., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Monocrystals for the investigation of gravity phenomena

The usefulness for gravity experiments of monocrystals with very high mechanical quality factors is reviewed. Measurements carried on four point mechanical suspensions at liquid helium temperature are reported. Qs of 400 x 10 to the 6th have been measured for the longitudinal mode of sapphire and ruby crystals. A Q of 80 x 10 to the 6th was measured for the bending mode of a silicon crystal.

Richard, J.-P.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A comparison of lidar and balloon-borne particle counter measurements of the stratospheric aerosol 1974-1980

The optical radar measurements considered in the present investigation are those which have been obtained routinely at Hampton, VA (37.1 deg N, 76.3 deg W) since 1974. The dustsonde measurements are those made monthly at Laramie, WY (41.2 deg N, 105 deg W). The extensive data sets acquired with these two instruments during the time period 1974-80 permit a long-term comparison of the two different measurement techniques. The balloon-borne dustsonde pumps ambient air in a well-defined stream through an illuminated chamber where individual aerosol particles scatter light into photodetectors. The optical radar system used in the studies has a ruby laser with a 48-inch Cassegrainian configured telescope mounted on a mobile platform to collect the backscattered laser light. The investigation shows that optical radar measurements, dustsonde measurements, and realistic optical models together give a very consistent picture of stratospheric aerosol behavior.

Swissler, T. J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

A study of model deflection measurement techniques applicable within the national transonic facility

Moire contouring, scanning interferometry, and holographic contouring were examined to determine their practicality and potential to meet performance requirements for a model deflection sensor. The system envisioned is to be nonintrusive, and is to be capable of mapping or contouring the surface of a 1-meter by 1-meter model with a resolution of 50 to 100 points. The available literature was surveyed, and computations and analyses were performed to establish specific performance requirements, as well as the capabilities and limitations of such a sensor within the geometry of the NTF section test section. Of the three systems examined, holographic contouring offers the most promise. Unlike Moire, it is not hampered by limited contour spacing and extraneous fringes. Its transverse resolution can far exceed the limited point sampling resolution of scanning heterodyne interferometry. The availability of the ruby laser as a high power, pulsed, multiple wavelength source makes such a system feasible within the NTF.

Hildebrand, B. P.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A holographic interferometry technique for measuring transonic flow near a rotor blade

A technique that uses holographic interferometry to record the first interferograms of the flow near a hovering transonic rotor blade is presented. A pulsed ruby laser is used to record interferograms of a 2 ft diam field of view near a rotor tip operating at a tip Mach number of 0.90. Several interferograms, recorded along planes perpendicular to the rotor's tip path plane at various azimuth angles around the flow, are presented. These interferograms yield quantitative information about shock structure and location, flow separation, and radiated noise that will help helicopter researchers understand the complexities of the flow around high speed rotor blades and thus improve performance and reduce noise.

Kittleson, J. K.↗