Implications of the meteoroid environment on the design of spacecraft.
Meteoroid protection system designs for optimum orbital space laboratories and manned interplanetary spacecraft
METEOROID PROTECTION↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Human-factors aspects of orbital operations
Human factors requirements for manned space laboratory orbital operations
Vogeley, A. W.↗
Review of Physiological Measurement Techniques for Applicability to Space Flight Conditions
Physiological measurement techniques reviewed for applicability to conditions of manned space laboratory
Fraser, T. M.↗
Life detection techniques.
Extraterrestrial life detection experiments integrated into single multipurpose space laboratory, including chemical analyses, metabolism identification, observation for molecular and/or cellular growth and replication
Young, R. S.↗
Future manned tests using regenerative life support systems
Integrated regenerative life support manned tests for space laboratory design and development
Jackson, J. K.↗
Definition study for an extended manned test of a regenerative life support system
A program was defined which consists of extended ground-based manned tests of regenerative life support systems. The tests are to evaluate prototypes of advanced life support systems under operational, integrated conditions, thus providing data for the design of efficient environmental control and life support systems for use in long-duration space missions. The requirements are defined for test operations to provide a simulation of an orbiting space laboratory. The features of Phase A and B programs are described. These tests use proven backup equipment to ensure successful evaluation of the advanced subsystems. A pre-tests all-systems checkout period is provided to minimize equipment problems during extended testing and to familiarize all crew and operating staff members with test equipment and procedures.
Source record↗
Life sciences payload definition and integration study, task C and D. Volume 4: Preliminary equipment item specification catalog
A specification catalog to define the equipment to be used for conducting life sciences experiments in a space laboratory is presented. The specification sheets list the purpose of the equipment item, and any specific technical requirements which can be identified. The status of similar hardware for ground use is stated with comments regarding modifications required to achieve spaceflight qualified hardware. Pertinent sketches, commercial catalog sheets, or drawings of the applicable equipment are included.
Source record↗
Study on the effect of contamination on the performance of X-ray telescopes
Modifications were made to the X-ray reflectometer located at the Space Sciences Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center. One was an automatic drive for the Large Micrometer Head. This system, interfaced with the Hewlett Packard Computer System, is used to record data and provides the X-ray reflectometer with an automated data-taking capability. Using this system, a complete scatter curve can be obtained automatically. Previously, it was necessary to manually reset the system after recording for each data point in the scatter curve. The second modification provided an externally controlled electrical drive to move the microfocus X-ray source along its axis. With this modification, one can translate the X-ray source while it is operating to locate the position providing maximum count rate.
Neal, W. R.↗
Electromagnetic containerless processing requirements and recommended facility concept and capabilities for space lab
Containerless melting, reaction, and solidification experiments and processes which potentially can lead to new understanding of material science and production of new or improved materials in the weightless space environment are reviewed in terms of planning for spacelab. Most of the experiments and processes discussed are amenable to the employment of electromagnetic position control and electromagnetic induction or electron beam heating and melting. The spectrum of relevant properties of materials, which determine requirements for a space laboratory electromagnetic containerless processing facility are reviewed. Appropriate distributions and associated coil structures are analyzed and compared on the basis of efficiency, for providing the functions of position sensing, control, and induction heating. Several coil systems are found capable of providing these functions. Exchangeable modular coils in appropriate sizes are recommended to achieve the maximum power efficiencies, for a wide range of specimen sizes and resistivities, in order to conserve total facility power.
Frost, R. T.↗
Acoustic chamber for weightless positioning
The objective of this work is to perfect and extend the acoustic position technique that was developed at JPL for use in the future Space Processing Laboratory in Space. The main effort is centered on design of a position device for processing of molten materials. Namely, a resonator has the capability of positioning in an extreme temperature gradient and a frequency servo loop to maintain it there as the temperature varies.
Wang, T. G.↗
An equivalent energy for the outgassing of space materials
Materials for space applications must have low outgassing rates at normal operating temperatures, and the outgassing products should include a minimum of condensables at the temperatures of nearby surfaces. A screening method, developed several years ago and used at many space laboratories, consists of holding a material sample at 398 K (125 C) for 24 hours and measuring its percentage total mass loss (TML) and the percentage volatile condensable mass (VCM) accreted on a 298-K (25-C) collector. In general, the material is acceptable if the TML is less than 1 percent and the VCM is less than 0.1 percent. An analysis of the test and its results is presented.
Scialdone, J. J.↗
Use of TV in space science activities - Some considerations
Advantages in the use of TV on board satellites as the primary data-recording system in a manned space laboratory when certain types of experiments are flown are indicated. Real-time or near-real-time validation, elimination of film weight, improved depth of field and low-light sensitivity, and better adaptability to computer and electronic processing of data are spelled out as advantages of TV over photographic techniques, say, in fluid dynamics experiments, and weightlessness studies.
Bannister, T. C.↗
Io's surface and the histories of the Galilean satellites
Similarities and differences among the Galilean satellites are discussed. A hypothesis is offered that the surface of Io is largely covered by 'evaporite' salts produced by defluidization of Io's interior, migration of salt-saturated solutions to Io's surface, and subsequent H2O loss to space. Laboratory reflectance studies show that evaporites constitute a good match to Io's spectrum in the infrared, in contrast to ices or frosts, the presence of which is not considered likely in view of the absence of near IR ice bands in Io's surface spectrum. Likely coloring agents in the blue include elemental sulfur, which may be produced from sulfates by proton irradiation or other processes, and F-centers produced by irradiation with magnetospheric protons. Preferential irradiation of material in the polar regions may account for Io's peculiar dark polar caps.
Fanale, F. P.↗
Advanced spacecraft thermal control techniques
The problems of rejecting large amounts of heat from spacecraft were studied. Shuttle Space Laboratory heat rejection uses 1 kW for pumps and fans for every 5 kW (thermal) heat rejection. This is rather inefficient, and for future programs more efficient methods were examined. Two advanced systems were studied and compared to the present pumped-loop system. The advanced concepts are the air-cooled semipassive system, which features rejection of a large percentage of the load through the outer skin, and the heat pipe system, which incorporates heat pipes for every thermal control function.
Fritz, C. H.↗
An investigation of the motion of small particles as related to the formulation of zero gravity experiments
The nature of Brownian motion and historical theoretical investigations of the phenomemon are reviewed. The feasibility of using a laser anemometer to perform small particle experiments in an orbiting space laboratory was investigated using latex particles suspended in water in a plastic container. The optical equipment and the particle Doppler analysis processor are described. The values of the standard deviation obtained for the latex particle motion experiment were significantly large compared to corresponding velocity, therefore, their accuracy was suspect and no attempt was made to draw meaningful conclusions from the results.
Sastry, V. S.↗
Study and evaluation of impulse mass spectrometers for ion analysis in the D and E regions of the ionosphere
Theoretical and numerical analyses were made of planar, cylindrical and spherical electrode time-of-flight mass spectrometers in order to optimize their operating conditions. A numerical analysis of potential barrier gating in time-of-flight spectrometers was also made. The results were used in the design of several small mass spectrometers. These were constructed and tested in a laboratory space simulator. Detailed experimental studies of a miniature cylindrical electrode time of flight mass spectrometer and of a miniature hemispherical electrode time of flight mass spectrometer were made. The extremely high sensitivity of these instruments and their ability to operate at D region pressures with an open source make them ideal instruments for D region ion composition measurements.
Kendall, B. R.↗
Scientific management and implementation of the geophysical fluid flow cell for Spacelab missions
Scientific support for the spherical convection experiment to be flown on Spacelab 3 was developed. This experiment takes advantage of the zero gravity environment of the orbiting space laboratory to conduct fundamental fluid flow studies concerned with thermally driven motions inside a rotating spherical shell with radial gravity. Such a system is a laboratory analog of large scale atmospheric and solar circulations. The radial body force necessary to model gravity correctly is obtained by using dielectric polarization forces in a radially varying electric field to produce radial accelerations proportional to temperature. This experiment will answer fundamental questions concerned with establishing the preferred modes of large scale motion in planetary and stellar atmospheres.
Hart, J.↗
The motion of bubbles inside drops in containerless processing
A theoretical model of thermocapillary bubble motion inside a drop, located in a space laboratory, due to an arbitrary axisymmetric temperature distribution on the drop surface was constructed. Typical results for the stream function and temperature fields as well as the migration velocity of the bubble were obtained in the quasistatic limit. The motion of bubbles in a rotating body of liquid was studied experimentally, and an approximate theoretical model was developed. Comparison of the experimental observations of the bubble trajectories and centering times with theoretical predictions lends qualified support to the theory.
Shankar, N.↗