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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2021

Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory Building 59 (Raw)

The building management system in Building 59 is monitoring and archiving building-level electricity usage, HVAC and lighting system states (e.g., setpoint, temperature, flow rate, pressure), indoor environmental conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, CO2), on-site weather (air temperature, relative humidity), and especially occupant counts as well as other metrics such as Wi-Fi signal. This dataset could support multiple use cases, such as model predictive control and occupant related demand management. Raw data.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2021

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Building 59

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

Comprehensive characterization of N- and O- glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2 human receptor angiotensin converting enzyme 2

The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created the need for development of new therapeutic strategies. Understanding the mode of viral attachment, entry and replication has become a key aspect of such interventions. The coronavirus surface features a trimeric spike (S) protein that is essential for viral attachment, entry and membrane fusion. The S protein of SARS-CoV-2 binds to human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) for entry. Herein, we describe glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of hACE2 expressed in HEK293 cells. We observed high glycan occupancy (73.2 to 100%) at all seven possible N-glycosylation sites and surprisingly detected one novel O-glycosylation site. To deduce the detailed structure of glycan epitopes on hACE2 that may be involved in viral binding, we have characterized the terminal sialic acid linkages, the presence of bisecting GlcNAc and the pattern of N-glycan fucosylation. We have conducted extensive manual interpretation of each glycopeptide and glycan spectrum, in addition to using bioinformatics tools to validate the hACE2 glycosylation. Our elucidation of the site-specific glycosylation and its terminal orientations on the hACE2 receptor, along with the modeling of hACE2 glycosylation sites can aid in understanding the intriguing virus-receptor interactions and assist in the development of novel therapeutics to prevent viral entry. Here, the relevance of studying the role of ACE2 is further increased due to some recent reports about the varying ACE2 dependent complications with regard to age, sex, race and pre-existing conditions of COVID-19 patients.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2020

2019 Results for Avian Monitoring at the Technical Area 36 Minie Site, Technical Area 39 Point 6, and Technical Area 16 Burn Ground at the Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory biologists in the Environmental Compliance and Protection Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) initiated a multi-year program in 2013 to monitor avifauna (birds) at two open detonation sites and one open burn site on LANL property. Monitoring results from these efforts were compared among years to monitor trends. The objectives of this study were to 1) determine whether LANL operations impact bird species richness, diversity, or abundance 2) evaluate trends in species abundance by feeding guild, and 3) examine occupancy and nest success of secondary-cavity nesting birds using nestboxes. LANL biologists completed the seventh year of this effort in 2019. Three bird point count surveys were completed at each of the treatment sites at the Technical Area (TA) 36 Minie site, the TA-39 point 6, and the TA-16 burn ground between May and July 2019. A total of 853 birds representing 53 species were recorded at the three treatment sites and compared to their associated controls. Occupancy and nest success data from nestboxes at treatment sites were compared with the overall avian nestbox monitoring network. In 2019 the species richness and diversity at the treatment sites were not statistically different from their associated controls. Rarefaction and extrapolation plots for all years through 2018 suggest that over time the species diversity was statistically different between treatments and controls, although the diversity was higher at the treatment sites than the control sites. Avian abundance showed more variability but treatment and controls were trending together year to year. The mean number of granivores, insectivores, and omnivores varies from year to year, but there is not a significant trend at any of the treatment sites. The dominant feeding guild at the treatment sites continues to be insectivores. The overall results from 2019 continue to indicate that operations at the three treatment sites are not negatively affecting bird populations. This long-term monitoring will continue to monitor for any changes over time.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

NASA NTRS1997

Airport Surface Delays and Causes: A Preliminary Analysis

This report summarizes FAA Program Analysis and Operations Research Service (ASD-400)/Lockheed Martin activities and findings related to airport surface delays and causes, in support of NASA Langley Research Center's Terminal Area Productivity (TAP) Program. The activities described in this report were initiated in June 1995. A preliminary report was published on September 30, 1995. The final report incorporates data collection forms filled out by traffic managers, other FAA staff, and an airline for the New York City area, some updates, data previously requested from various sources to support this analysis, and further quantification and documentation than in the preliminary report. This final report is based on data available as of April 12, 1996. This report incorporates data obtained from review and analysis of data bases and literature, discussions/interviews with engineers, air-traffic staff, other FAA technical personnel, and airline staff, site visits, and a survey on surface delays and causes. It includes analysis of delay statistics; preliminary findings and conclusions on surface movement, surface delay sources and causes, runway occupancy time (ROT), and airport characteristics impacting surface operations and delays; and site-specific data on the New York City area airports, which are the focus airports for this report.

Chin, David K.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Insight into the Fast-Rechargeability of a Novel Mo 1.5 W 1.5 Nb 14 O 44 Anode Material for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries

Wadsley–Roth phased niobates are promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, while their inherently low electrical conductivity still limits their rate-capability. Herein, a novel doped Mo 1.5 W 1.5 Nb 14 O 44 (MWNO) material is facilely prepared via an ionothermal-synthesis-assisted doping strategy. The detailed crystal structure of MWNO is characterized by neutron powder diffraction and aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscope, unveiling the full occupation of Mo 6+ -dopant at the t1 tetrahedral site. In half-cells, MWNO exhibits enhanced fast-rechargeability. In this work, the origin of the improved performance is investigated by ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, density functional theory (DFT) computation, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, revealing that bandgap narrowing improves the electrical conductivity of MWNO. Furthermore, operando X-ray diffraction elucidates that MWNO exhibits a typical solid-solution phase conversion-based lithium-ion insertion/extraction mechanism with reversible structural evolution during the electrochemical reaction. The boosted lithium-ion diffusivity of MWNO, due to the Mo 6+ /W 6+ doping effect, is confirmed by a galvanostatic intermittent titration technique and DFT. With the simultaneously enhanced electrical conductivity and lithium-ion diffusivity, MWNO successfully demonstrates its fast-rechargeability and practicality in the LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 -coupled full-cells. Therefore, this work illustrates the potential of ionothermal synthesis in energy storage materials and provides a mechanistic understanding of the doping effect on improving material's electrochemical performance.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2021

Tunable Lithium-Ion Transport in Mixed-Halide Argyrodites Li 6–x PS 5–x ClBr x : An Unusual Compositional Space

Argyrodites, with fast lithium-ion conduction, are promising for applications in rechargeable solid-state lithium-ion batteries. In this article, we report a new compositional space of argyrodite superionic conductors, Li 6– x PS 5– x ClBr x [0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8], with a remarkably high ionic conductivity of 24 mS/cm at 25 °C for Li 5.3 PS 4.3 ClBr 0.7 . In addition, the extremely low lithium migration barrier of 0.155 eV makes Li 5.3 PS 4.3 ClBr 0.7 highly promising for low-temperature operation. Average and local structure analyses reveal that bromination ( x > 0) leads to (i) retention of the parent Li 6 PS 5 Cl structure for a wide range of x in Li 6– x PS 5– x ClBr x (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7), (ii) co-occupancy of Cl – , Br – , and S 2– at 4a/4d sites, and (iii) gradually increased Li + -ion dynamics, eventually yielding a “liquid-like” Li-sublattice with a flattened energy landscape when x approaches 0.7. In addition, the diversity of anion species and Li-deficiency in halogen-rich Li 6– x PS 5– x ClBr x induce hypercoordination and coordination entropy for the Li-sublattice, also leading to enhanced Li + -ion transport in Li 6– x PS 5– x ClBr x . This study demonstrates that mixed-anion framework can help stabilize highly conductive structures in a compositional space otherwise unstable with lower anion diversity.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2026

Structural Phase Transitions in the van der Waals Ferromagnets Fe x Pd y Te 2

Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) magnets are attracting significant attention, both as platforms for studying fundamental magnetic interactions and for the exciting possibility of utilizing them as building blocks in devices and heterostructures, which may lead to new physical phenomena and functionalities. Here, we provide a detailed study of the crystal structure and physical properties of the recently discovered vdW ferromagnet FePd 2 Te 2 . We find this compound has a relatively wide width of formation, and grow single crystals with compositions Fe x Pd y Te 2 where x ranges from 0.9 to 1.1 and y from 1.8 to 2.5, respectively. Temperature-dependent X-ray diffraction and transport measurements reveal that a first-order structural transition occurs in the range of T = 360–420 K, where the critical temperature, modulation wave vector, and corresponding room-temperature crystal structures all depend on chemical composition. Above the transition, the compounds with Pd fraction y > 2 adopt a disordered derivative of the tetragonal FeTe structure, with the Fe layer showing mixed Fe/Pd occupancy and the extra Pd atoms partially occupying interstitial sites. Below 370 K, the structure is incommensurately modulated, likely associated with the complex ordering of Pd/Fe atoms in the metal layers or the interstitial Pd in the vdW gaps. For y < 2, the composition Fe 1.1 Pd 1.8 Te 2 has monoclinic symmetry at room temperature that is consistent with the reported structure of FePd 2 Te 2 . This phase undergoes a structural transition at 420 K for which the high temperature structure is yet to be determined; however, based on the similarities with the y > 2 compounds, we speculate that its T > 420 K structure is also tetragonal. Importantly, the high temperature, symmetry-breaking structural transition observed here provides a likely explanation for the origin of the structural domains previously observed in FePd 2 Te 2 . All compounds investigated in the Fe x Pd y Te 2 series show metallic behavior, with magnetic characterization indicating that they are easy-plane, hard, ferromagnets with T C spanning 98–180 K. Both the critical temperature for the structural transition and the Curie temperature are moderately suppressed with increasing Pd fraction y and corresponding decreasing Fe fraction x, indicating that synthetic control over x and y paves way for the further exploration of these compounds.

crystal structure↗

DOE OSTI2021

Dopant site-dependent luminescence from rare-earth doped dibarium octafluorohafnate Ba 2 HfF 8 nanocubes for radiation detection

Development of new host materials containing heavy elements for radiation detection is highly desirable. In this work, dibarium octafluorohafnate, Ba 2 HfF 8 , doped with rare-earth ions, was synthesized as cube-shaped nanocrystals via a facile hydrothermal method. The host lattice contains two Ba 2+ crystallographic sites, and dopants on these sites exhibit site-dependent photoluminescence (PL), cathodoluminescence (CL) and X-ray excited radioluminescence (RL) characteristics. Single doping contents were optimized as 25 mol% Tb 3+ and 5 mol% Eu 3+ . In Ba 2 HfF 8 :Tb 3+ –Eu 3+ codoped nanocrystals, preferrable occupation of Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ at two different Ba 2+ sites in the host lattice was observed. The nanocubes exhibited enhanced emissions over micron sized particles. In PL, the presence of Tb3+ ions significantly enhanced the emission intensity of Eu 3+ ions due to energy transfer from the Tb 3+ to Eu 3+ ions, while under high-energy irradiation in CL or RL, Tb 3+ emission was intensified. X-ray induced RL with afterglow in seconds was observed. Finally, it was found that the codoped sample showed higher sensitivity than the singly doped sample, indicating that codoping is an effective strategy to develop a scintillator with this host structure for high-energy radiation detection.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗

DOE OSTI2022

A deep redox proteome profiling workflow and its application to skeletal muscle of a Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy model

Perturbation to the redox state accompanies many diseases and its effects are viewed through oxidation of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The thiol groups of protein cysteine residues undergo an array of redox post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are important for regulation of protein and pathway function. To better understand what proteins are redox regulated following a perturbation, it is important to be able to comprehensively profile protein thiol oxidation at the proteome level. Herein, we report a deep redox proteome profiling workflow and demonstrate its application in measuring the changes in thiol oxidation along with global protein expression in skeletal muscle from mdx mice, a model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). In depth coverage of the thiol proteome was achieved with >18,000 Cys sites from 5608 proteins in muscle being quantified. Compared to the control group, mdx mice exhibit markedly increased thiol oxidation, where ~2% shift in the median oxidation occupancy was observed. Further, pathway analysis for the redox data revealed that coagulation system and immune-related pathways were among the most susceptible to increased thiol oxidation in mdx mice, whereas protein abundance changes were more enriched in pathways associated with bioenergetics. This study illustrates the importance of deep redox profiling in gaining greater insight into oxidative stress regulation and pathways/processes that are perturbed in an oxidizing environment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

2024 Results for Avian Monitoring at the Technical Area 36 Minie Site, Technical Area 39 Point 6, Technical Area 16 Burn Ground, and DARHT at Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) biological subject matter experts in the Environmental Protection and Compliance Division initiated a multi-year program in 2013 to monitor avifauna (birds) at two open detonation sites and one open burn site on LANL property. Additional monitoring began in 2017 at a third firing site, the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) Facility. In this annual report, we compare monitoring results from these efforts among years to identify and evaluate firing and open burn site impacts on the local bird community. The objectives of this study are • to determine whether LANL operations impact bird abundance, species richness, or diversity; • to examine occupancy and nest success of secondary-cavity nesting birds that use nest boxes; and • to examine chemical concentrations (such as radionuclides, inorganic elements, and/or organic compounds) in nonviable eggs and deceased nestlings that are collected opportunistically with the upper-level bounds of background concentrations, when available. During May through July 2024, LANL biologists completed multiple avian point count surveys at each of the following treatment sites: • Technical Area (TA) 36 Minie Site, • TA-39 Point 6, • TA-16 Burn Ground, and • DARHT. We recorded a total of 1,088 birds that represented 65 species at the four treatment sites and compared these results with data from their associated control sites. In 2024, abundance and species richness at treatment and control sites continued to trend similarly from year to year, with minor random deviations expected from bird communities. Species richness at firing sites differed little from the previous year’s values. Two new bird species were observed at the firing sites—cedar waxwing (Bombycilla cedrorum) and pinyon jay (Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus). Shannon diversity values at TA-36 Minie Site, TA-39, and DARHT were statistically higher than one or more of their associated controls. Annual species diversity at treatment sites was high in 2024 across all firing sites relative to similar habitat control sites. We also monitored avian nest boxes to compare occupancy and nest success data from nest boxes at treatment sites with the overall avian nest box monitoring network and against a subset of relevant control sites. Nest box success has decreased at both treatment and control sites since monitoring began, suggesting that overlapping climatic factors are responsible for patterns of declining nest success. In 2024, nonviable avian eggs and one nestling were opportunistically collected at Bandelier National Monument, TA-16 Burn Ground, TA-36 Minie, TA-39 Point 6, and DARHT. All egg samples and the one nestling sample were evaluated for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which were detected from all locations, including the control site at Bandelier National Monument. Overall results from 2024 continue to suggest that operations at the four treatment sites are not negatively impacting bird populations. This long-term project will continue to monitor for any changes over time.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

Atomic-Scale Visualization of Surface Segregation and Ordering of Pt in a Dilute Cu(Pt) Alloy under a Hydrogen Atmosphere

Surface segregation is a common phenomenon in alloys exposed to reactive atmospheres, yet the atomic mechanisms underlying surface structure and composition dynamics remain largely unexplored. Using a combination of environmental transmission electron microscopy observations and atomistic modeling, here we report the surface segregation process of Pt atoms in a dilute Pt(Cu) alloy and determine the distribution of Pt atoms at both atomically flat and stepped surfaces of the Pt(Cu) alloy at elevated temperatures and in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. Through directly probing Pt segregation, we find that Pt atoms segregated on the (100) surface exhibit a p(2 × 2) ordering, with ~25% Pt occupancy. In contrast, on the stepped (410) surface, hydrogen adsorption induces Pt segregation, initially occurring at the step edges, which then expands to the terrace sites upon increased hydrogen coverage, resulting in an ordered distribution of segregated Pt atoms with ~22% occupancy. Finally, these observations offer mechanistic insights into the structure and composition dynamics of the topmost atomic layer of the alloy in response to environmental stimuli and hold practical implications for the design and optimization of catalysts based on Pt group metals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

Long-Term field testing of the accuracy and HVAC energy savings potential of occupancy presence sensors in A Single-Family home

The energy-saving potential of occupancy-centric smart thermostats has been extensively explored in simulations but lacked field testing for energy savings quantification and sensor performance assessment in real buildings. This paper presents a long-term field study conducted in a single-family home in Texas, U.S. to evaluate the performance of occupancy-centric controls (OCC) of HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) system in terms of energy savings, sensor accuracy, and impact on electric peak demand. The test site was equipped with a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) smart thermostat and multiple occupancy presence sensors for OCC implementation. Additionally, a sub-metering system was installed to monitor electricity consumption of various end-use equipment, including the HVAC system. A supplementary device was installed to track the ground-truth occupancy for the accuracy evaluation of the occupancy presence sensor. Scenarios of baseline and OCC controls were alternated weekly over the 20-month testing period. The results indicated an effective OCC execution, as evidenced by indoor temperature profiles. During the 2023 cooling season, OCC achieved total energy savings of 1,958 kWh, corresponding to a 17.6% energy savings ratio. Under certain conditions, daily HVAC energy savings reached as high as 17 kWh, with a savings ratio of 35%. Sensor performance showed an overall accuracy of 83.8%, a False Positive Rate (FPR) of 12.8%, and a False Negative Rate (FNR) of 47.4%. A key limitation was the sensor’s inability to detect stationary occupants during sleep, leading to a midnight FNR of nearly 100% and significantly compromising thermal comfort. Additionally, the implementation of OCC resulted in extended periods of high electricity demand on summer afternoons, affecting occupant’s thermal comfort and posing potential challenges to community-level grid operations if OCC were widely adopted. Furthermore, this study addresses a critical research gap by empirically investigating energy-saving potential and occupancy sensor performance in residential buildings. Through a comprehensive field-testing study, the research examines the interrelationship between sensor accuracy, energy savings, and thermal comfort, an area that has received limited attention in the current literature.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Mechanism of Lithium Ion Exchange Into Spinel Manganese Oxide

Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) is an effective absorbent for lithium recovery from brines, characterized by its high adsorption capacity, excellent regeneration performance, and selectivity. Here, this study investigates the mechanisms of material degradation during lithium loading and unloading in LMO, employing a combination of time‐resolved Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Key findings reveal that the A 1g vibrational mode wavenumber shifts from 635 cm −1 at the onset of lithium ion exchange to 656 cm −1 after 12 min, indicating local symmetry loss and manganese (Mn) loss during lithium intercalation. The proposed lithium exchange mechanism involves initial occupation of tetrahedral interstitial voids, followed by migration into interstitial sites between Mn octahedral sites. Computational modeling suggests that the loss of symmetry in MnO cubane‐like groups occurs as lithium migrates, significantly affecting the Raman spectra. Importantly, the study demonstrates that after 100 cycles of lithium/hydrogen loading, a 24% loss in Mn is observed, which correlates with decreased structural stability; however, the structural integrity of LMO is enhanced when subjected to multiple cycles without complete loading. Here, these insights contribute to the understanding of LMO's performance in lithium recovery applications and highlight potential strategies to optimize its use in future technologies.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Structure of a dimeric photosystem II complex from a cyanobacterium acclimated to far-red light

Photosystem II (PSII) is the water-splitting enzyme central to oxygenic photosynthesis. To drive water oxidation, light is harvested by accessory pigments, mostly chlorophyll (Chl) a molecules, which absorb visible light (400–700 nm). Some cyanobacteria facultatively acclimate to shaded environments by altering their photosynthetic machinery to additionally absorb far-red light (FRL, 700–800 nm), a process termed far-red light photoacclimation or FaRLiP. During far-red light photoacclimation, FRL-PSII is assembled with FRL-specific isoforms of the subunits PsbA, PsbB, PsbC, PsbD, and PsbH, and some Chl-binding sites contain Chls d or f instead of the usual Chl a. The structure of an apo-FRL-PSII monomer lacking the FRL-specific PsbH subunit has previously been determined, but visualization of the dimeric complex has remained elusive. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of a dimeric FRL–PSII complex. The site assignments for Chls d and f are consistent with those assigned in the previous apo-FRL-PSII monomeric structure. All sites that bind Chl d or Chl f at high occupancy exhibit a FRL-specific interaction of the formyl moiety of the Chl d or Chl f with the protein environment, which in some cases involves a phenylalanine sidechain. The structure retains the FRL-specific PsbH2 subunit, which appears to alter the energetic landscape of FRL-PSII, redirecting energy transfer from the phycobiliprotein complex to a Chl f molecule bound by PsbB2 that acts as a bridge for energy transfer to the electron transfer chain. Collectively, these observations extend our previous understanding of the structure-function relationship that allows PSII to function using lower energy FRL.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1993

Respiratory Protection Program medical clearance for respirator use

Background on occupational exposure to various inhalents is discussed including on-site hazard control measures, procedures, physiological effects, and interpretation of results for the medical clearance of employee for use of personal respiratory protection devices. The purpose of the Respiratory Protection Program at LeRC is outlined, and the specifics of the Medical Surveillance Program for Respiratory Protection at LeRC are discussed.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2020

An efficient random-sampling method for calculating double occupancy of Gutzwiller wave function in single-band 1D and 2D lattices

In this paper, we report a random sampling method for computing the expectation value of physical quantities based on the Gutzwiler variational wave function. As the first application, we calculated the double occupancy, which is a critical quantity for under- standing the correlation effects in many-body systems, for single-band 1D and 2D lattices. We demonstrated that the random sampling scheme is more efficient than an existing Metropolis Monte-Carlo algorithm. For the 1D Hubbard model with only nearest-neighbor hopping, our results are almost identical to the exact analytic solution. We have also studied systems to which analytic solutions are not available, including the 1D lattices with next-nearest-neighbor hopping and 2D lattices. In addition, constraints on real-space con gurations can be easily implemented in the current scheme to further improve the Gutzwiller wave function. As an example, we calculated the double occupancy for 1D Hubbard model by applying the constraint that all double-occupied sites are paired with an empty site. With enhanced correlation between double-occupied and empty sites, the constraint results in much improved ground-state energy for 1D Hubbard model with strong on-site repulsion.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Modular Multi-family Construction: A Field Study of Energy Code Compliance and Performance through Offsite Prefabrication

Prefabrication in a controlled, factory setting may improve the energy code compliance and energy performance of modular buildings compared to traditional site-built buildings. To test this premise, the work detailed in this DOE-funded commercial field study (EE0009082) compares the energy code compliance of 25 modular and 30 site-built multifamily buildings under construction in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Philadelphia and Seattle representing climate zones 3B, 3C, 4A and 4C respectively. This dataset includes full data on 20 modular and site-built buildings and partial data on 35 modular and site-built buildings that had started prior to or were completed after the 18-month data collection period. This study also compares the post-occupancy energy performance or energy use intensity (EUI) of an additional 23 modular multifamily buildings and 128 site-built multifamily buildings.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗