Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Spectrum Interference”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1988

Multifrequency passive microwave observation of saline ice grown in a tank

Microwave radiometers observed artificial sea ice formation. During initial ice growth, interference fringe effects can occur both from changing ice thickness and snow or frost which may prove useful in interpreting layer thicknesses. A simulation of multiyear ice was attempted by allowing the ice to desalinate, but the resulting emissivity spectrum was more characteristic of lake ice. A multiyearlike spectrum was obtained when rubble was deposited on the ice surface.

Grenfell, T. C.↗
NASA NTRS2001

D/H Toward BD+28 4211: First FUSE Results

The atomic deuterium-to-hydrogen abundance ratio has been evaluated for the sight line toward the hot O subdwarf BD+28(sup circ) 4211. High signal-to-noise ratio (S/N is approx. 100) observations covering the wavelength range 905 to 1187 angstroms at a wavelength resolving power of lambda/Delta/lambda at approx. 20,000 were obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite. BD+28(sup circ) 4211 is approx. 00 pc away with a total H I column density of approx. 10(exp 19)/sq cm, much higher than is typically found in the local interstellar medium (ISM). The deuterium column density was measured by analyzing several D I Lyman series transitions (Lyman delta, C, epsilon, eta, theta, iota with curve of growth and profile fitting techniques, after determining which lines were free of interference from other interstellar species and narrow stellar features. The neutral hydrogen column density was measured by an analysis of the Lyman-alpha profile using HST/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) spectra. The stellar spectrum of BD+28(sup circ) 4211 was modelled to assist in determining the sensitivity of H I (Ly-alpha) and D I to the continuum placement and to identify stellar transitions. The D I and H I column densities, their uncertainties, and potential sources of systematic error will be presented. This work is based on data obtained for the FUSE Guaranteed Time Team by the NASA-CNES-CSA FUSE mission operated by the Johns Hopkins University. Financial support to U. S. participants has been provided in part by NASA contract NAS5-32985.

Sonneborne, George↗
NASA NTRS2012

Root Raised Cosine (RRC) Filters and Pulse Shaping in Communication Systems

This presentation briefly discusses application of the Root Raised Cosine (RRC) pulse shaping in the space telecommunication. Use of the RRC filtering (i.e., pulse shaping) is adopted in commercial communications, such as cellular technology, and used extensively. However, its use in space communication is still relatively new. This will possibly change as the crowding of the frequency spectrum used in the space communication becomes a problem. The two conflicting requirements in telecommunication are the demand for high data rates per channel (or user) and need for more channels, i.e., more users. Theoretically as the channel bandwidth is increased to provide higher data rates the number of channels allocated in a fixed spectrum must be reduced. Tackling these two conflicting requirements at the same time led to the development of the RRC filters. More channels with wider bandwidth might be tightly packed in the frequency spectrum achieving the desired goals. A link model with the RRC filters has been developed and simulated. Using 90% power Bandwidth (BW) measurement definition showed that the RRC filtering might improve spectrum efficiency by more than 75%. Furthermore using the matching RRC filters both in the transmitter and receiver provides the improved Bit Error Rate (BER) performance. In this presentation the theory of three related concepts, namely pulse shaping, Inter Symbol Interference (ISI), and Bandwidth (BW) will be touched upon. Additionally the concept of the RRC filtering and some facts about the RRC filters will be presented

Cubukcu, Erkin↗
NASA NTRS2005

Molecular Rayleigh Scattering Diagnostic for Measurement of High Frequency Temperature Fluctuations

A novel technique for measurement of high frequency temperature fluctuations in unseeded gas flows using molecular Rayleigh scattering is investigated. The spectrum of laser light scattered from molecules in a gas flow is resolved using a Fabry-Perot interferometer. The width of the spectral peak is broadened by thermal motion of the molecules and hence is related to gas temperature. The interference fringe pattern containing spectral information is divided into four concentric regions using a series of mirrors angled with respect to one another. Light from each of these regions is directed towards photomultiplier tubes and sampled at 10 kHz using photon counting electronics. Monitoring the relative change in intensity within each region allows measurement of gas temperature. Independently monitoring the total scattered intensity provides a measure of gas density. This technique also has the potential to simultaneously measure a single component of flow velocity by monitoring the spectral peak location. Measurements of gas temperature and density are demonstrated using a low speed heated air jet surrounded by an unheated air co-flow. Mean values of temperature and density are shown for radial scans across the jet flow at a fixed axial distance from the jet exit plane. Power spectra of temperature and density fluctuations at several locations in the jet are also shown. The instantaneous measurements have fairly high uncertainty; however, long data records provide highly accurate statistically quantities, which include power spectra. Mean temperatures are compared with thermocouple measurements as well as the temperatures derived from independent density measurements. The accuracy for mean temperature measurements was +/- 7 K.

Mielke, Amy F.↗
NASA NTRS2017

UAS Satellite Earth Station Emission Limits for Terrestrial System Interference Protection

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) will have a major impact on future aviation. Medium and large UA operating at altitudes above 3000 feet will require access to non-segregated, that is, controlled airspace. In order for unmanned aircraft to be integrated into the airspace and operate with other commercial aircraft, a very reliable command and control (C2, a. k. a. control and non-payload communications, (CNPC)) link is required. For operations covering large distances or over remote locations, a beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) CNPC link would need to be implemented through satellite. Significant progress has taken place on several fronts to advance the integration of UAS into controlled airspace, including the recent completion of Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for terrestrial line-of-sight (LOS) UAS command and control (C2) links. The development of MOPS for beyond line-of-sight C2 satellite communication links is underway. Meanwhile the allocation of spectrum for UAS C2 by the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) has also progressed. Spectrum for LOS C2 was allocated at the 2012 World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC-12), and for BLOS C2 an allocation was made at WRC-15, under WRC-15 Resolution 155. Resolution 155, however, does not come into effect until several other actions have been completed. One of these required actions is the identification of a power flux density (pfd) limit on the emissions of UAS Ku-Band satellite communications transmitters reaching the ground. The pfd limit is intended to protect terrestrial systems from harmful interference. WRC-19 is expected to finalize the pfd limit. In preparation for WRC-19, analyses of the required pfd limit are on-going, and supporting activities such as propagation modeling are also planned. This paper provides the status of these activities.

radiofrequency spectrum↗
NASA NTRS2016

Analysis of Terrestrial Interference Protection from UAS CNPC Satellite Transmitters

Unmanned aircraft (UA) are projected to have a major impact on future aviation. Larger UA operating at altitudes above 3000 feet will require at least occasional access to non-segregated, that is, controlled airspace. In order for unmanned aircraft to be integrated into the airspace and operate with other commercial aircraft, a very reliable command and control (a. k. a. control and non-payload communications, (CNPC)) link is required. For operations covering large distances or over remote locations, a beyond-line-of-sight (BLOS) CNPC link implemented through a satellite will almost always be required. Protected aviation spectrum (aeronautical mobile satellite (route) service, or AMS(R)S) would normally be used for such a safety-critical link, however studies have shown that currently available aviation safety satellite spectrum is inadequate to support the projected BLOS CNPC link bandwidth requirements. To address this inadequacy, the 2015 World Radio communication Conference studied the possible use of the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) to provide CNPC, including possible allocations in Ku-Band and Ka-Band, under Agenda Item (AI) 1.5. Although UA CNPC satellite links in these bands were shown to meet operational availability and continuity requirements, a serious complication exists in that there are also terrestrial service allocations in these bands, in particular, Fixed Service (FS) point-to-point and point-to-multipoint microwave digital links. During the WRC-15 study cycle, much opposition to AI 1.5 was generated based on fears that UA CNPC satellite transmitters in these bands would impose unacceptable levels of interference to the FS receivers. NASA analyzed the possible interference from the UA transmitters based on probable UA transmission and FS receiver characteristics, and UA traffic distributions and densities to determine conditions under which UA could operate without imposing unacceptable interference levels to the FS. Ultimately, UA power flux density transmission limits were proposed as a way to insure protection of FS receivers and further studies were prepared on the various proposals. This paper presents the results of these studies and discusses possible implications on future UA BLOS operations.

aircraft communications↗
NASA NTRS1984

Observations of Low-degree Modes from the Solar Maximum Mission (extended Abstract)

Mean frequencies, amplitudes, and linewidths for the solar 5 min p mode oscillations of degree 0, 1, and 2 have been obtained from approx. 280 days of SMM-ACRIM total irradiance data. The frequencies are in good agreement with measurements obtained from velocity data. The amplitudes of the modes lie along a well defined envelope of power vs. frequency, which peaks at 3.1 mHz and has a width of 0.7 mHz (FWHM). The r.m.s. amplitude of the highest peak in the spectrum (n=21, l=1) is approx. 3 ppm of the total flux. The linewidths of the narrowest l=O modes are approx. 1 micro Hz (FWHM). A broad continuum of power caused both by solar surface granulation and by instrumental noise interferes with the analysis of 5 min modes. The continuum spectral power in a 1 micro Hz band near 3 mHz corresponds to an apparent r.m.s. variation of approx. 0.5 parts per million of the mean solar flux.

Woodard, M.↗
NASA NTRS2009

NASA Tech Briefs, April 2009

Topics covered include: Direct-Solve Image-Based Wavefront Sensing; Use of UV Sources for Detection and Identification of Explosives; Using Fluorescent Viruses for Detecting Bacteria in Water; Gradiometer Using Middle Loops as Sensing Elements in a Low-Field SQUID MRI System; Volcano Monitor: Autonomous Triggering of In-Situ Sensors; Wireless Fluid-Level Sensors for Harsh Environments; Interference-Detection Module in a Digital Radar Receiver; Modal Vibration Analysis of Large Castings; Structural/Radiation-Shielding Epoxies; Integrated Multilayer Insulation; Apparatus for Screening Multiple Oxygen-Reduction Catalysts; Determining Aliasing in Isolated Signal Conditioning Modules; Composite Bipolar Plate for Unitized Fuel Cell/Electrolyzer Systems; Spectrum Analyzers Incorporating Tunable WGM Resonators; Quantum-Well Thermophotovoltaic Cells; Bounded-Angle Iterative Decoding of LDPC Codes; Conversion from Tree to Graph Representation of Requirements; Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Optimal Storage System; and Anaerobic Digestion in a Flooded Densified Leachbed.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2018

Recent Advances in SMAP RFI Processing

The measurements made by the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission are affected by the presence of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in the protected 1400-1427 MHz band. In SMAP data processing, the main protection against RFI is a sophisticated RFI detection algorithm which flags sub-samples in time and frequency that are contaminated by RFI and removes them before estimating the brightness temperature. This contribution presents two additional approaches that have been developed to address the RFI concern in SMAP. The first consists in locating sources of RFI; once located, it becomes possible to report RFI sources to spectrum management authorities, which can lead to less RFI being experienced by SMAP in the future. The second is a new RFI detection method that is based on detecting outliers in the spatial distribution of measured antenna temperatures.

Radio Frequency Interference↗
NASA NTRS2010

The Impact of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) on VLBI2010

A significant motivation for the development of a next generation system for geodetic VLBI was to address growing problems related to RFI. In this regard, the broadband 2-14 GHz frequency range proposed for VLBI2010 has advantages and disadvantages. It has the advantage of flexible allocation of band frequencies and hence the ability to avoid areas of the spectrum where RFI is worst. However, the receiver is at the same time vulnerable to saturation from RFI anywhere in the full 2-14 GHz range. The impacts of RFI on the VLBI2010 analog signal path, the sampler, and the digital signal processing are discussed. In addition, a number of specific RFI examples in the 2-14 GHz range are presented.

Petrachenko, William↗
NASA NTRS1992

Search for infrared absorption lines of atmospheric chlorine monoxide (ClO)

A search for features of the ClO (1-0) vibration-rotation band has been conducted based on a 5000 signal-to-rms noise ratio IR spectrum derived by coadding 39 high-quality 0.0053/cm resolution solar spectra recorded with the McMath Fourier transform spectrometer on Kitt Peak. Evidence for absorption has been found at the locations of several of the stronger ClO P-branch lines with minimal interference. Detailed results are presented for the P(8.5) and P(7.5) 2Pi3/2-2Pi3/2 lines of Cl-35O at 833.2974 and 834.6249/cm, respectively. If ClO is present in the stratosphere at the concentrations indicated by other methods, our analysis indicates that modest improvements in signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution would permit a definitive detection of ClO in IR ground-based spectra.

Rinsland, Curtis P.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Noise and interference study for satellite lightning sensor

The use of radio frequency techniques for the detection and monitoring of terrestrial thunderstorms from space are discussed. Three major points are assessed: (1) lightning and noise source characteristics; (2) propagation effects imposed by the atmosphere and ionosphere; and (3) the electromagnetic environment in near space within which lightning RF signatures must be detected. A composite frequency spectrum of the peak of amplitude from lightning flashes is developed. Propagation effects (ionospheric cutoff, refraction, absorption, dispersion and scintillation) are considered to modify the lightning spectrum to the geosynchronous case. It is suggested that in comparing the modified spectrum with interfering noise source spectra RF lightning pulses on frequencies up to a few GHz are detectable above the natural noise environment in near space.

Herman, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Spontaneous radiation from relativistic electrons in a tapered undulator

The spectrum, angular distribution, polarization, and coherence properties of the radiation emitted by relativistic electrons undulating through a quasiperiodic tapered magnetic field are studied. Tapering the wavelength and/or field strength along the undulator's axis has the effect of spreading the spectral line to higher frequencies; interference over this broader spectral range results in a more complex line shape. The angular dependence, on the other hand, is not affected by the amount of taper. The polarization of the radiation in the forward direction is determined by the transverse polarization of the undulator, but the polarization changes off axis. The radiation patterns predicted here are distinct from those of untapered undulators and their detection is now feasible. They will provide useful diagnostics of electron trajectories and threshold behavior in free-electron-laser oscillators using tapered undulators.

Bosco, P.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Radio frequency interference survey over the 1.0-10.4 GHz frequency range at the Goldstone-Venus Development Station

The results of a low sensitivity Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) survey carried out at the Venus Station of the Goldstone Communications Complex are reported. The data cover the spectral range from 1 GHz to 10.4 GHz with a 10-kHz instantaneous bandwidth. Frequency and power levels were observed using a sweep-frequency spectrum analyzer connected to a 1-m diameter antenna pointed at zenith. The survey was conducted from February 16, 1987 through February 24, 1987.

Gulkis, S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

The provision of spectrum for feeder links of non-geostationary mobile satellites

The possibility of sharing spectrum in the 30/20 GHz band between geostationary fixed-satellite systems and feeder-links of low-earth orbit (LEO) mobile-satellite systems is addressed, taking into account that International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Radio Regulation 2613 would be a factor in such sharing. Interference into each network in both the uplink at 30 GHz and the downlink at 20 GHz is considered. It is determined that if sharing were to take place the mobile-satellite may have to cease transmission often for intervals up to 10 seconds, may have to use high-gain tracking antennas on its spacecraft, and may find it an advantage to use code-division multiple access. An alternate solution suggested is to designate a band 50 to 100 MHz wide at 28 and 18 GHz to be used primarily for feeder links to LEO systems.

Bowen, Robert R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

An FDMA system concept for 30/20 GHz high capacity domestic satellite service

The paper summarizes a feasibility study of a multibeam FDMA satellite system operating in the 30/20 GHz band. The system must accommodate a very high volume of traffic within the restrictions of a 5 kW solar cell array and a 2.5 GHz bandwidth. Multibeam satellite operation reduces the DC power demand and allows reuse of the available bandwidth. Interferences among the beams are brought to acceptable levels by appropriate frequency assignments. A transponder design is presented; it is greatly simplified by the application of a regional concept. System analysis shows that MSK modulation is appropriate for a high-capacity system because it conserves the frequency spectrum. Rain attenuation, a serious problem in this frequency band, is combatted with sufficient power margins and with coding. Link budgets, cost analysis, and weight and power calculations are also discussed. A satellite-routed FDMA system compares favorably in performance and cost with a satellite-switched TDMA system.

Berk, G.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Compact solar radiation simulator for the 400 to 1800 nm spectral region

A solar radiation simulator operating over the extended spectral range from 400 to 1800 nm is described. A source of Lambertian radiation over an extended spectral range similar to the extraterrestrial solar spectrum was required to test and calibrate the solar flux radiometer flown on the Pioneer-Venus mission. Available units did not feature the Lambertian target nor the extended spectral range. A source was designed and built using a tungsten-halogen lamp and a xenon arc, along with interference and absorption filters, and a BaSO4-coated integrating sphere. Readily available parts were used wherever possible. The spectral radiance of the test area and the calibration method are presented. The source can also be used with a quasi-collimated output beam of moderate uniformity.

Palmer, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Aircraft Drag Reduction

This paper reviews aerodynamic drag reduction for friction, wave and vortex drag associated with supersonic cruise aircraft and suggests approaches and research directions which cover the spectrum from possibly significant to revolutionary. Various synergisms are also included, especially in regard to suction laminar flow control and flow separation control at cruise. The former may also enable improved low speed, high lift systems, lift to drag ratio for subsonic cruise, reduced parasitic viscous drag for favorable interference wave drag reduction approaches, and turbulent skin friction reduction via slot injection. Flow separation control at cruise proffers opportunities for increased leading edge thrust, increased lift increment from upper surface, increased fuselage lift/camber for wave drag due to lift reduction, improved performance of various favorable interference wave drag reduction schemes, as well as possibly better low speed, high-schemes and wing cruise performance. More speculative approaches include multi-stage aircraft, thrust vectoring for lift augmentation, as well as trim, and a number of conceptual wave and vortex drag reduction schemes.

D M Bushnell↗