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At least 217 records · Page 12

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DOE OSTI2010

Optical switches based on CdS single nanowire

CdS nanowires have been synthesized by a composite-hydroxide-mediated approach. The characterization of the nanowire with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy indicated a single-crystalline hexagonal structure growing along [21-bar 1-bar 0] direction with length up to 100 {mu}m. The UV-visible reflection spectrum demonstrated a band gap of 2.36 eV. A strong light emission centered at 543 nm was observed under different excitation wavelengths of 300, 320, 360 and 400 nm, which was further confirmed by a bright fluorescent imaging of a single CdS nanowire. The photocurrent response based on a single CdS nanowire showed distinct optical switch under the intermittent illumination of white light. The rise and decay time were less than 1.0 and 0.2 s, respectively, indicating high crystallization with fewer trap centers in the CdS nanowires. It is possible that the undesirable trapping effects on grain-boundaries for photoconductors could be avoided thanks to the single-crystalline nature of the CdS nanowires.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2014

The site occupation and valence of Mn ions in the crystal lattice of Sr{sub 4}Al{sub 14}O{sub 25} and its deep red emission for high color-rendering white light-emitting diodes

Highlights: • Different valences of Mn ions in Sr{sub 4}Al{sub 14}O{sub 25} were identified using XANES and EPR. • Red luminescence was attributed to Mn{sup 4+} occupying the center of AlO{sub 6} octahedron. • The Mn{sup 3+} incorporated in the center of AlO{sub 4} tetrahedron was non-luminescent. • The bond-valence theory was used to analyze the effective valences of cations. • A white LED device with CRI up to Ra 93.23 was packaged by using the red phosphor. - Abstract: The synthesis and component of red phosphor, Sr{sub 4}Al{sub 14}O{sub 25}: Mn, were optimized for application in white light-emitting diodes. The microstructure and morphology were investigated by the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Different valences of Mn ions in Sr{sub 4}Al{sub 14}O{sub 25} were discriminated using the electron paramagnetic resonance and X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy techniques. The bond-valence theory was used to analyze the effective valences of Sr{sup 2+} and Al{sup 3+} in Sr{sub 4}Al{sub 14}O{sub 25}. As a result, the strong covalence of Al{sup 3+} in the AlO{sub 4} tetrahedron other than in the AlO{sub 6} octahedron is disclosed. The deep red emission is attributed to Mn{sup 4+} occupying the center of AlO{sub 6} octahedron. The mechanism of energy transfer is mainly through dipole–dipole interaction, revealed by the analyses of critical distance and concentration quench. A high color rendering white LED prototype with color-rendering index up to Ra 93.23 packaged by using the red phosphor demonstrates its applicability.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Plasmon 3D Electron Tomography and Local Electric-Field Enhancement of Engineered Plasmonic Nanoantennas

Plasmonic nano-antennas are pushing the limits of optical imaging resolution capabilities in near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM). Accordingly, these techniques are driving the basic understanding of photonic and optoelectronic nanoscale devices with applications in sensing, energy conversion, solid-state lighting and information technology. Imaging the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at the nanoscale is a key to understanding the optical responses of a given tip geometry in order to engineer better plasmonic nano-antennas for near-field experiments. In recent years the advancement of focused ion beam technology provides the ability to directly modify plasmonic structures with nanometer resolution. Also, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is an established technique allowing imaging of LSPR. Specifically, the combination of these two techniques provides spectrally sensitive two-dimensional (2D) imaging information to better visualize and understand LSPR on the nanometer scale. This can be combined with electron tomography to provide the three-dimensional LSPR distribution. Here in this paper we demonstrate the fabrication of Au nano-pyramids using helium ion microscopy, and analyze the LSPR in 3D reconstructions produced by total variation (TV)-norm minimization of a set of 2D STEM-EELS maps. Additionally, a boundary element simulation method was used to verify the experimentally observed nanopyramid LSPR modes. Finally, we show that the point-spread-functions (PSF) of LSPR mode hot spots in nanopyramids differ to local electric-field enhancement under optical excitation making direct comparison to NSOM experimental resolution difficult. Furthermore, the STEM-EELS results show how LSPR modes are influenced by the tip characteristics, which can inform the development of new nano-antenna designs.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1998

Operation of the Prototype Holographic Atmospheric Scanner for Environmental Remote Sensing (PHASERS)

This study represents the first successful employment of the Holographic Optical Telescope and Scanner (HOTS) technology to make atmospheric backscattering measurements in a scanning mode. In several independent attempts the system successfully detected the return signal from atmospheric structures as they moved across the field-of-view (FOV) of the rotating Holographic Optical Element (HOE). Future plans include the addition of a narrow band filter and the necessary optics for day-time measurements, along with additional automation of the system and its data handling. In part, due to the success of this demonstration of the HOTS technology a new class of light weight scanning telescopes for lidar remote sensing from air and space craft platforms are under development and being tested for additional applications.

Guerra, David V.↗

DOE OSTI2015

Synthesis, characterization and hydrophilic properties of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} composite film

Highlights: • ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} composite films have been successfully prepared via a sol–gel method. • It was deposited on glass slides through dip coating process. • 7% ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} film exhibits a superhydrophilic property with a contact angle 0°. • The self-cleaning glasses also display antifogging property. - Abstract: ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} composite films have been successfully prepared via a sol–gel method and deposited on glass slides through dip coating process. The hydrophilicity of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} composite films was investigated by the contact angles measurements under different conditions, including heat treatment temperature, molar ratios of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} to TiO{sub 2} and coating layers. The results revealed that the 7 mol% ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}-TiO{sub 2} composite film exhibits an excellent superhydrophilic performance with a contact angle 0°. Compared with normal glass, the self-cleaning glasses also display antifogging property. The transmittance of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} composite films was characterized by UV–vis spectra in details. Coating layers and different molar percents of ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4} all have impact on the light transmittance. Moreover, the structure and morphology of the ZnFe{sub 2}O{sub 4}–TiO{sub 2} sample were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Probing Light Atoms at Subnanometer Resolution: Realization of Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope Holography

Atomic resolution imaging of light elements in electron-transparent materials has long been a challenge. Biomolecular materials, for example, are rapidly altered by incident electrons. We demonstrate a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) technique, called STEM holography, capable of efficient structural analysis of beam-sensitive nanomaterials. STEM holography measures the absolute phase and amplitude of electrons passed through a specimen via interference with a vacuum reference wave. We use an amplitude-dividing nanofabricated grating to prepare multiple beams focused at the sample. We configure the postspecimen microscope imaging system to overlap the beams, forming an interference pattern. We record and analyze the pattern at each 2D-raster-scan-position, reconstructing the complex object wave. As a demonstration, we image gold nanoparticles on an amorphous carbon substrate at 2.4 Å resolution. In conclusion STEM holography offers higher contrast of the carbon while maintaining gold atomic lattice resolution compared to high angle annular dark field STEM.

4D-STEM↗

DOE OSTI2022

Stressing Halide Perovskites with Light and Electric Fields

Understanding the light and electric field-induced effects underlying the local changes in optoelectronic properties in lead halide perovskites is crucial to establish a detailed structure–function relationship. Here, in this study, we use single-molecule absorption scanning tunneling microscopy (SMA-STM) to probe the local surface inhomogeneity of a mixed A-site cation/mixed halide perovskite under pulsed 532 nm photoexcitation to gain insight into the varying grain-to-grain absorption behavior at the nanoscale and reduction in the electronic bandgap under illumination. To correlate the observed changes in the absorption signal to structural ones, we utilize synchrotron X-ray STM (SX-STM) where we find that photoexcitation induces changes in the X-ray absorption spectral signatures. Lastly, using pump–probe time-resolved wide-angle X-ray scattering, we show the presence of nonthermal lattice deformations upon photoexcitation which indicate that the excited photocarriers distort the perovskite lattice, corroborating the local electronic changes observed by our STM measurements.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2014

Enhanced optical power of GaN-based light-emitting diode with compound photonic crystals by multiple-exposure nanosphere-lens lithography

The light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with single, twin, triple, and quadruple photonic crystals (PCs) on p-GaN are fabricated by multiple-exposure nanosphere-lens lithography (MENLL) process utilizing the focusing behavior of polystyrene spheres. Such a technique is easy and economical for use in fabricating compound nano-patterns. The optimized tilted angle is decided to be 26.6° through mathematic calculation to try to avoid the overlay of patterns. The results of scanning electron microscopy and simulations reveal that the pattern produced by MENLL is a combination of multiple ovals. Compared to planar-LED, the light output power of LEDs with single, twin, triple, and quadruple PCs is increased by 14.78%, 36.03%, 53.68%, and 44.85% under a drive current 350 mA, respectively. Furthermore, all PC-structures result in no degradation of the electrical properties. The stimulated results indicate that the highest light extraction efficiency of LED with the clover-shape triple PC is due to the largest scattering effect on propagation of light from GaN into air.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2018

A Mg2+-Ge4+ substituting strategy for optimizing color rendering index and luminescence of YAG: Ce3+ phosphors for white LEDs

Highlights: • Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ion pairs can partially substitute the Al{sup 3+} ions of YAG successfully. With the substitution, the garnet crystal structure remains unchanged. • With increasing Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ions concentrations, the emission spectra show a progressive red-shift, from 528 to 552 nm (about 24 nm). • In white LEDs, with increasing Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ions concentrations, the CCT decreased gradually from 6798 to 3261 K and the CRI increased from 76.5 to 89.3. - Abstract: Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ions substituted YAG: Ce{sup 3+} phosphors (Y{sub 3}Al{sub 5-2x}Mg{sub x}Ge{sub x}O{sub 12}: Ce{sup 3+}) were prepared by high temperature solid state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning election microscope (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and so on were used to characterize the samples. The effects of Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} concentrations on the morphology, structure, luminescence properties, fluorescence lifetime and white LED performance of YAG: Ce{sup 3+} phosphors were studied in detail. The results indicate that Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ion pairs can partially substitute the Al{sup 3+} ions of YAG successfully. With the substitution, the garnet crystal structure remains unchanged. However the emission spectra show a progressive red-shift, from 528 to 552 nm (about 24 nm). The lifetime decreased rapidly from 84 to 26 ns. In particular, the correlated color temperature (CCT) decreases gradually from 6798 to 3261 K and the color rendering index (CRI) increases from 76.5 to 89.3 with the increasing of the incorporation content of Mg{sup 2+}-Ge{sup 4+} ion pairs.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

DOE OSTI2026

Structural Conservation of the A 1 Binding Site in Photosystem I across Cyanobacteria and Green Algae

Time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) difference spectroscopy was used to obtain (A 1 − − A 1 ) FTIR difference spectra from photosystem I (PSI) samples isolated from eight phylogenetically diverse cyanobacterial strains and one green alga, totaling 13 PSI preparations. These included samples from cells grown under farred light and PSI in monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric states. Spectral profiles were shown to be independent of oligomeric state. Remarkably, all (A 1 − − A 1 ) FTIR difference spectra exhibited high similarity, underscoring the robustness of the technique and indicating minimal experimental variability. This congruence reveals a highly conserved environment for the phylloquinone cofactor at the A 1 binding site across diverse taxa. Conserved bands associated with the A 0 pigment further suggest structural continuity from A 0 to A 1 . To leverage this consistency, we constructed a composite (A 1 − − A 1 ) FTIR difference spectrum by averaging all 13 spectra. This composite spectrum provides enhanced resolution, enabling unambiguous identification of previously unresolved bands. The fact that a highly resolved composite spectrum can be obtained by averaging demonstrates the similarity in the spectra from the different types of samples. Band assignments were refined using prior studies, yielding an improved spectral framework for future investigations of PSI electron transfer cofactors.

Charge transfer↗

DOE OSTI2020

Reversible inhibition and reactivation of electron transfer in photosystem I

In photosystem I (PSI) complexes at room temperature light induced electron transfer can proceed down multiple protein-cofactor branches, and the process can be an order of magnitude faster on one branch compared to the other. One factor that might contribute to this branch asymmetry is a tryptophan amino acid at position 673 on the psaB protein. This amino acid is located between two of the pigments involved in electron transfer on the psaB protein branch. The corresponding residue on the psaA protein branch is a glycine amino acid. Microsecond time-resolved step-scan FTIR difference spectroscopy at 77 K has been used to study isolated PSI complexes from wild type and a mutant where the tryptophan residue was changed to phenylalanine. Photoaccumulated FTIR difference spectra indicate changes in the protein structure upon mutation. In the mutant we also find that the electron transfer processes is inhibited following long periods of repetitive flash illumination at room temperature. This is due to double protonation of the pigment involved in electron transfer. However, we show that we can restore electron transfer functionality by incubating the light-treated mutant PSI samples in the presence of newly added (not protonated) pigment.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2016

Near white light emitting ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} nanocrystals: Sol–gel synthesis and luminescence studies

Highlights: • ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} spinel synthesized using sol–gel method. • Characterized by XRD, SEM and PL spectroscopy. • Investigations of emission, excitation and lifetime properties. • Evaluation of defect centers and trap parameters of the system. • Evaluation of CIE indices of near white light emitting phosphor. - Abstract: ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} nanoparticles were synthesized using citrate sol–gel method and characterized systematically using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Emission spectrum of pure ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4} shows intense violet blue emission under ultra violet irradiation. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results; it was attributed to presence of singly ionized oxygen vacancy centres in ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}. On doping Dy{sup 3+} in ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}, complete host–dopant energy transfer does not take place. Local structural investigation and lifetime measurements reveal that dysprosium ion is distributed between both Zn{sup 2+} and Al{sup 3+} sites. Near white light from ZnAl{sub 2}O{sub 4}:Dy{sup 3+} is attributed to combined host and dopant luminescence. The trap parameters such as activation energy (E) and frequency factor (s) for TSL glow peak 165 °C were determined using different heating rate method. Thermally stimulated emission showed the presence of oxygen related defect centre.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1987

Large-scale structure of the sun's corona from radio observations using the Clark Lake Radioheliograph

Meterwave maps of the solar corona made with the Clark Lake Radioheliograph at 30.9, 50, and 73.8 MHz for one solar rotation are presented. They are compared and contrasted with optical data: 10,830 A maps, white-light coronagraph images (SOLWIND and Mauna Loa K coronameter), and forbidden line scans. Most of the sources in the radio maps persist for two days or more, and appear to rotate approximately with the solar rate. A coronal hole seen against the disk at all three frequencies shows interesting similarities and significant differences with the optical signatures of the hole. Elongated features of the 50 MHz corona correspond rather well to the azimuthal position of white light streamers seen in SOLWIND images. Synoptic charts made from the radio maps show overall similarities to synoptic charts constructed from (limb) coronagraph data. Some of the differences may result from the different weightings given by the radio and optical data to density and temperature, or by the different sensitivities to nonradial geometries. It is shown that the combined use of meter wave and optical images provides considerable new insights into the three-dimensional structure of the low to middle corona.

Kundu, M. R.↗

DOE OSTI2011

Experimental verification of the Kruskal-Shafranov stability limit in line-tied partial-toroidal plasmas

The stability properties of partial-toroidal flux ropes are studied in detail in the laboratory, motivated by ubiquitous arched magnetic structures found on the solar surface. The flux ropes studied here are magnetized arc discharges formed between two electrodes in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) [Yamada et al., Phys. Plasmas 4, 1936 (1997)]. The three dimensional evolution of these flux ropes is monitored by a fast visible light framing camera, while their magnetic structure is measured by a variety of internal magnetic probes. The flux ropes are consistently observed to undergo large-scale oscillations as a result of an external kink instability. Using detailed scans of the plasma current, the guide field strength, and the length of the flux rope, we show that the threshold for kink stability is governed by the Kruskal-Shafranov limit for a flux rope that is held fixed at both ends (i.e., q{sub a} = 1).

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2014

Fabrication and long-wavelength characterization of neat and chemically modified graphene

Graphene, a single- or several layer-thick carbon, attracts significant research activity because of its exceptional material properties. Graphene is a promising material for optoelectronic applications. Neat graphene demonstrates potential as a material for long wavelength photodetectors working at elevated temperatures. Chemical modification of graphene opens up many new applications of this material in electronics, in new composite materials, and in new catalysts for different chemical processes. Chemical vapor deposition-grown large-area graphene can be successfully modified with the creation of benzyne attachments. The investigation of microwave properties is an important part of graphene research. Two variants of near-field long wavelength microscopy were found efficient with graphene. Measurements with a probe formed by an electrically open end of a 4 GHz half-lambda parallel-strip transmission line resonator allow the implementation of an electrodynamic model of graphene microwave impedance. The results of near-field scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) RF microscopy of graphite and graphene at 200 MHz shed light on mechanisms of AC graphene response: screening currents induced in graphene by an external RF magnetic field tend to localize near structural defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2011

Experimental Verification of the Kruskal-Shafranov Stability Limit in Line-Tied Partial Toroidal Plasmas

The stability properties of partial toroidal flux ropes are studied in detail in the laboratory, motivated by ubiquitous arched magnetic structures found on the solar surface. The flux ropes studied here are magnetized arc discharges formed between two electrodes in the Magnetic Reconnection Experiment (MRX) [Yamada et al., Phys. Plasmas, 4, 1936 (1997)]. The three dimensional evolution of these flux ropes is monitored by a fast visible light framing camera, while their magnetic structure is measured by a variety of internal magnetic probes. The flux ropes are consistently observed to undergo large-scale oscillations as a result of an external kink instability. Using detailed scans of the plasma current, the guide field strength, and the length of the flux rope, we show that the threshold for kink stability is governed by the Kruskal-Shafranov limit for a flux rope that is held fixed at both ends (i.e., qa = 1).

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

Data for: Subsurface Interface Structure Controlling Local Electronic Properties of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001)

Recently realized high-mobility semiconducting epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide, provided an important step towards integration of the graphene-based system into active components in post-silicon micro- and nano-electronics. However, the exact atomic-scale structure and the complex bonding configurations of the first epitaxial graphene carbon layer remain an open problem. Our recent report has shed new light on understanding this interface, where the external transverse electric field-dependent dynamic switching behavior of the Cbuffer-SiC bonds was observed. Here, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM and STS), we present the direct evidence of silicon (Si) vacancies at the interface and provide their distribution at the topmost reconstructed SiC(0001) layer. Experimental STM and density functional theory modeling data were used in the preparation of figures in a published article in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters. Files related to the figures and supplementary materials in the article are present in this dataset in .txt format.

Condensed matter imaging↗

DOE OSTI2025

Data for: Subsurface Interface Structure Controlling Local Electronic Properties of Epitaxial Graphene on SiC(0001)

Condensed matter imaging↗