Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “TARGET SIMULATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2010

Super Resolution Image Enhancement for a Flash Lidar: Back Projection Method

In this paper a new image processing technique for flash LIDAR data is presented as a potential tool to enable safe and precise spacecraft landings in future robotic or crewed lunar and planetary missions. Flash LIDARs can generate, in real-time, range data that can be interpreted as a 3-dimensional (3-D) image and transformed into a corresponding digital elevation map (DEM). The NASA Autonomous Landing and Hazard Avoidance (ALHAT) project is capitalizing on this new technology by developing, testing and analyzing flash LIDARs to detect hazardous terrain features such as craters, rocks, and slopes during the descent phase of spacecraft landings. Using a flash LIDAR for this application looks very promising, however through theoretical and simulation analysis the ALHAT team has determined that a single frame, or mosaic, of flash LIDAR data may not be sufficient to build a landing site DEM with acceptable spatial resolution, precision, size, or for a mosaic, in time, to meet current system requirements. One way to overcome this potential limitation is by enhancing the flash LIDAR output images. We propose a new super-resolution algorithm applicable to flash LIDAR range data that will create a DEM with sufficient accuracy, precision and size to meet current ALHAT requirements. The performance of our super-resolution algorithm is analyzed by processing data generated during a series of simulation runs by a high fidelity model of a flash LIDAR imaging a high resolution synthetic lunar elevation map. The flash LIDAR model is attached to a simulated spacecraft by a gimbal that points the LIDAR to a target landing site. For each simulation run, a sequence of flash LIDAR frames is recorded and processed as the spacecraft descends toward the landing site. Each run has a different trajectory profile with varying LIDAR look angles of the terrain. We process the output LIDAR frames using our SR algorithm and the results show that the achieved level of accuracy and precision of the SR generated landing site DEM is more than adequate for detecting hazardous terrain features and identifying safe areas.

Bulyshev, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2024

Initial Demonstration of New Griffin Technologies for Simulating the Running-In Phase of Pebble Bed Reactors

Griffin is a reactor multiphysics modeling application based on MOOSE (Multiphysics Object-Oriented Simulation Environment) and specifically targeting transient modeling of advanced reactors. Griffin has been used recently to model pebble-bed reactors for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research and the Advanced Reactor Technology program. This modeling work has focused thus far on the direct calculation of equilibrium cores. This report documents an initial demonstration of a new running-in simulation capability. The new running-in capability is verified using the existing direct equilibrium core calculation capability. A simplified pebble-bed reactor model is then used to demonstrate the running-in simulation capability. This demonstration shows that Griffin is able to simulate years of operation during the running-in phase efficiently with each depletion step taking only several seconds. Two new technologies are also presented in this report which have been developed in Griffin that will be essential for improved accuracy both of the direct equilibrium core computation and the new running-in simulation capability. The first technology is an online cross section generation capability specifically targeted for pebble-bed reactors. This will improve the accuracy of the depletion calculation as the cross sections are generated at the exact core status. This also avoids the difficult step of pre-generating a separate standalone multigroup cross section set. Secondly, a newly implemented discretization for discontinuous finite element method (DFEM) SN transport in cylindrical (RZ) coordinates, which can be solved efficiently using the existing SN sweep solver, is discussed and some results are shown demonstrating the usefulness of the additional accuracy transport provides over a diffusion approximation.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Simulation and measurement of the dynamic strain response in a prototypical spallation target

The Second Target Station (STS) at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) will address emerging scientific challenges by providing a source of intense cold neutrons to instruments optimized for this source. The STS target will use rotating tungsten blocks and will receive 1.3 GeV proton beam pulses from the SNS accelerator at a repetition rate of 15 Hz. The facility life is planned for 40 years, and each target assembly life is expected to be approximately 10 years. An accurate strain prediction is then critical for fatigue life assessment of STS target blocks because they will be subject to approximately 10 8 beam pulses per lifetime. As an R&D activity, the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Weapons Neutron Research (WNR) Target 2 (Blue Room) facility was used to test the strain response of prototypical target blocks to the thermal shock of a proton pulse. The blue room was well suited for a pulsed proton beam impact test of subscale STS target blocks; the 800 MeV proton energy is approximately 60 % of the 1.3 GeV proton energy expected from the SNS accelerator to the STS. The LANSCE Proton Storage Ring (PSR) and SNS are both short-pulse proton beam sources with nominal pulse widths of 250 ns and 661 ns, respectively, so the energy deposition in the target occurs in <1 μs pulse duration. Strain measurements on the outer surface of three target blocks (bare tungsten, tantalum-clad tungsten, niobium-clad tungsten) were recorded for comparison against neutronics and structural simulations. In conclusion, this experiment and the supporting simulations satisfied the following primary research goals for the STS target.

Dynamic strain response↗
NASA NTRS1994

Three dimensional audio versus head down TCAS displays

The advantage of a head up auditory display was evaluated in an experiment designed to measure and compare the acquisition time for capturing visual targets under two conditions: Standard head down traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) display, and three-dimensional (3-D) audio TCAS presentation. Ten commercial airline crews were tested under full mission simulation conditions at the NASA Ames Crew-Vehicle Systems Research Facility Advanced Concepts Flight Simulator. Scenario software generated targets corresponding to aircraft which activated a 3-D aural advisory or a TCAS advisory. Results showed a significant difference in target acquisition time between the two conditions, favoring the 3-D audio TCAS condition by 500 ms.

Begault, Durand R.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Computational Study on Full-length Human Ku70 with Double Stranded DNA: Dynamics, Interactions and Functional Implications

The Ku70/80 heterodimer is the first repair protein in the initial binding of double-strand break (DSB) ends following DNA damage, and is a component of nonhomologous end joining repair, the primary pathway for DSB repair in mammalian cells. In this study we constructed a full-length human Ku70 structure based on its crystal structure, and performed 20 ns conventional molecular dynamic (CMD) simulations on this protein and several other complexes with short DNA duplexes of different sequences. The trajectories of these simulations indicated that, without the topological support of Ku80, the residues in the bridge and C-terminal arm of Ku70 are more flexible than other experimentally identified domains. We studied the two missing loops in the crystal structure and predicted that they are also very flexible. Simulations revealed that they make an important contribution to the Ku70 interaction with DNA. Dislocation of the previously studied SAP domain was observed in several systems, implying its role in DNA binding. Targeted molecular dynamic (TMD) simulation was also performed for one system with a far-away 14bp DNA duplex. The TMD trajectory and energetic analysis disclosed detailed interactions of the DNA-binding residues during the DNA dislocation, and revealed a possible conformational transition for a DSB end when encountering Ku70 in solution. Compared to experimentally based analysis, this study identified more detailed interactions between DNA and Ku70. Free energy analysis indicated Ku70 alone is able to bind DNA with relatively high affinity, with consistent contributions from various domains of Ku70 in different systems. The functional implications of these domains in the processes of Ku heterodimerization and DNA damage recognition and repair can be characterized in detail based upon this analysis.

Hu, Shaowen↗
NASA NTRS2022

Earth System Model Parameter Adjustment Using a Green's Functions Approach

We demonstrate the practicality and effectiveness of using a Green's functions estimation approach for adjusting uncertain parameters in an Earth system model (ESM). This estimation approach has previously been applied to an intermediate-complexity climate model and to individual ESM components, e.g., ocean, sea ice, or carbon cycle components. Here, the Green's functions approach is applied to a state-of-the-art ESM that comprises a global atmosphere/land configuration of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) coupled to an ocean and sea ice configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm). Horizontal grid spacing is approximately 110 km for GEOS and 37–110 km for MITgcm. In addition to the reference GEOS-MITgcm simulation, we carried out a series of model sensitivity experiments, in which 20 uncertain parameters are perturbed. These “control” parameters can be used to adjust sea ice, microphysics, turbulence, radiation, and surface schemes in the coupled simulation. We defined eight observational targets: sea ice fraction, net surface shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, near-surface temperature, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and ocean temperature and salinity at 300 m. We applied the Green's functions approach to optimize the values of the 20 control parameters so as to minimize a weighted least-squares distance between the model and the eight observational targets. The new experiment with the optimized parameters resulted in a total cost reduction of 9 % relative to a simulation that had already been adjusted using other methods. The optimized experiment attained a balanced cost reduction over most of the observational targets. We also report on results from a set of sensitivity experiments that are not used in the final optimized simulation but helped explore options and guided the optimization process. These experiments include an assessment of sensitivity to the number of control parameters and to the selection of observational targets and weights in the cost function. Based on these sensitivity experiments, we selected a specific definition for the cost function. The sensitivity experiments also revealed a decreasing overall cost as the number of control variables was increased. In summary, we recommend using the Green's functions estimation approach as an additional fine-tuning step in the model development process. The method is not a replacement for modelers' experience in choosing and adjusting sensitive model parameters. Instead, it is an additional practical and effective tool for carrying out final adjustments of uncertain ESM parameters.

Green's Function↗
NASA NTRS2018

Effects of Mitochondrial-Targeted Human Catalase in Skeletal Tissue of Mice Exposed to Simulated Spaceflight

During prolonged spaceflight, astronauts are exposed to both microgravity and space radiation and are at risk forincreased skeletal fragility due to bone loss, Evidence from rodent experiments has established that bothmicrogravity and ionizing radiation can cause bone loss due to increasd of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and decreasedin bone-forming osteoblasts, although the underlying molecular mechanisms for these changes are not fullyunderstood. We hypothesized that excess reactive oxidative species (ROS) produced by conditions that simulatedspaceflight alters the tight balance between osteoclast and osteoblast activities, leading to accelerated skeletalremodeling and culminating in loss of mineralized tissue. To begin to explore this hypothesis, we used the mCATmouse model [1]; these transgenic mice over-express the human catalase gene targeted to mitochondria, which arethe major organelle responsible for cellular production of free radicals. Catalase is an anti-oxidant that catalyzes theconversion of the reactive species, hydrogen peroxide (H202), into water and oxygen. This animal model wasselected as it displays extended lifespan, reduced cardiovascular disease and reduced central nervous systemradiosensitivity, consistent with elevated anti-oxidant activity conferred by the transgene. We reasoned that miceoverexpressing catalase the mitochondria of osteoblast and osteoclast lineage cells would be protected from the boneloss caused by simulated spaceflight.

CATALASE IN SKELETAL TISSUE↗
NASA NTRS2002

Retinal flow is sufficient for steering during observer rotation

How do people control locomotion while their eyes are simultaneously rotating? A previous study found that during simulated rotation, they can perceive a straight path of self-motion from the retinal flow pattern, despite conflicting extraretinal information, on the basis of dense motion parallax and reference objects. Here we report that the same information is sufficient for active control ofjoystick steering. Participants steered toward a target in displays that simulated a pursuit eye movement. Steering was highly inaccurate with a textured ground plane (motion parallax alone), but quite accurate when an array of posts was added (motion parallax plus reference objects). This result is consistent with the theory that instantaneous heading is determined from motion parallax, and the path of self-motion is determined by updating heading relative to environmental objects. Retinal flow is thus sufficient for both perceiving self-motion and controlling self-motion with a joystick; extraretinal and positional information can also contribute, but are not necessary.

Kinesthesis/physiology↗
DOE OSTI2024

A platform for non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic physics research using the buried layer target approach at a kJ level laser facility

Here we present a design and first use of a kJ level laser facility for research of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium atomic physics using the buried layer target method. The target design included a metal layer buried inside a plastic tamper with thicknesses tailored to the expected laser intensities. The target was illuminated from each side by two laser beams with intensities of 0.5–5 × 10 14 W/cm 2 . The advanced diagnostic suite included static and time-resolved imagers and spectrometers with various spectral resolutions. A 3D printed dual elliptically curved spectrometer is presented, and its results are compared to a traditional crystal spectrometer. Experimental results and radiation hydrodynamic simulations demonstrate that the target achieved the desired thermodynamic conditions of n e ≈ 10 21 –10 22 cm -3 and T e ≈ 1–2 keV.

3D printing↗
NASA NTRS1978

Simulator method and apparatus for practicing the mating of an observer-controlled object with a target

A servo controlled target replica, and a surface bearing a computer generated line drawing of an object are individually viewed by separate television cameras allowing a two-dimensional composite of the target replica and the object to be displayed on a monitor simulating what an observer would see through a window in a spacecraft. The target replica is coded along one self coordinate axis in such a way that the distance of an elemental area on the target along the axis is capable of being remotely readout by a television camera. A third television camera responsive to the code reads out this information by which the Z-coordinate, relative to the observer, can be calculated, on-line with the scan, for the contents of each picture element of the scene televised by the target camera.

Polstorff, W. K.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Mars Aqueous Processing System

The goal of the Mars Aqueous Processing System (MAPS) is to establish a flexible process that generates multiple products that are useful for human habitation. Selectively extracting useful components into an aqueous solution, and then sequentially recovering individual constituents, can obtain a suite of refined or semi-refined products. Similarities in the bulk composition (although not necessarily of the mineralogy) of Martian and Lunar soils potentially make MAPS widely applicable. Similar process steps can be conducted on both Mars and Lunar soils while tailoring the reaction extents and recoveries to the specifics of each location. The MAPS closed-loop process selectively extracts, and then recovers, constituents from soils using acids and bases. The emphasis on Mars involves the production of useful materials such as iron, silica, alumina, magnesia, and concrete with recovery of oxygen as a byproduct. On the Moon, similar chemistry is applied with emphasis on oxygen production. This innovation has been demonstrated to produce high-grade materials, such as metallic iron, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, and calcium oxide, from lunar and Martian soil simulants. Most of the target products exhibited purities of 80 to 90 percent or more, allowing direct use for many potential applications. Up to one-fourth of the feed soil mass was converted to metal, metal oxide, and oxygen products. The soil residue contained elevated silica content, allowing for potential additional refining and extraction for recovery of materials needed for photovoltaic, semiconductor, and glass applications. A high-grade iron oxide concentrate derived from lunar soil simulant was used to produce a metallic iron component using a novel, combined hydrogen reduction/metal sintering technique. The part was subsequently machined and found to be structurally sound. The behavior of the lunar-simulant-derived iron product was very similar to that produced using the same methods on a Michigan iron ore concentrate, which demonstrates that lunar-derived material can be used in a manner similar to conventional terrestrial iron. Metallic iron was also produced from the Mars soil simulant. The aluminum and magnesium oxide products produced by MAPS from lunar and Mars soil simulants exhibited excellent thermal stability, and were shown to be capable of use for refractory oxide structural materials, or insulation at temperatures far in excess of what could be achieved using unrefined soils. These materials exhibited the refractory characteristics needed to support iron casting and forming operations, as well as other thermal processing needs. Extraction residue samples contained up to 79 percent silica. Such samples were successfully fused into a glass that exhibited high light transmittance.

Berggren, Mark↗
DOE OSTI2025

Benchmarking Monte Carlo codes for the modelling of low-energy neutron production target reactions

The increasing adoption of accelerator-based neutron sources (ABNS) for applications including neutron capture therapy (NCT) research has highlighted the need for accurate simulation tools. Precise modelling of the neutron production target is crucial to ensure that simulated predictions of neutron beam characteristics used for subsequent beam shaping assembly design are reliable. This work presents a comprehensive benchmarking of four widely-used Monte Carlo codes - Geant4, PHITS, FLUKA (CERN), and MCNP - for modelling low-energy neutron production target reactions. Using their recommended physics models and cross-section libraries, we evaluate each code’s performance in simulating four beam-target reactions: 7 Li(p,n) 7 Be, 9 Be(p,n) 9 B, 9 Be(d,n) 10 B, and C(d,n)N. Predictions of neutron yield, angular distributions, and energy spectra are compared against available thick target experimental data. Results show varying levels of agreement between the codes depending on the reaction type, energy range, and beam characteristics. Geant4, MCNP and PHITS are the overall best performing codes for the simulation of total neutron yield and yield in the forward direction across most reactions. Across energies where experimental benchmarks exist, inter-code discrepancies in total and forward-directed yield are typically 10 to 30%, with larger deviations at near-threshold incident ion energies. PHITS provides the best overall reproduction of experimental spectra, particularly for the 9 Be(p,n) 9 B reaction. Additionally, PHITS demonstrates superior computational performance for most reactions. These findings provide valuable guidance for ABNS design, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each code for the simulation of low-energy neutron production reactions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1991

Observation and numerical simulation of a convective initiation during COHMEX

Under a synoptically undisturbed condition, a dual-peak convective lifecycle was observed with the COoperative Huntsville Meteorological EXperiment (COHMEX) observational network over a 24-hour period. The lifecycle included a multicell storm, which lasted about 6 hours, produced a peak rainrate exceeding 100 mm/hr, and initiated a downstream mesoscale convective system. The 24-hour accumulated rainfall of this event was the largest during the entire COHMEX. The downstream mesoscale convective system, unfortunately, was difficult to investigate quantitatively due to the lack of mesoscale observations. The dataset collected near the time of the multicell storm evolution, including its initiation, was one of the best datasets of COHMEX. In this study, the initiation of this multicell storm is chosen as the target of the numerical simulations.

Song, J. Aaron↗
DOE OSTI2026

Focusing of laser-accelerated ions with spherically curved targets

A theoretical model for laser-accelerated ion focusing from spherically curved targets using a Gaussian self-similar solution is presented. This model describes the evolution of the focal location and focal radius with final ion energy and the initial radial boundary of the ions, the latter being a function of both target geometry and the ion acceleration radius for a given ion energy. The theory is supported by particle-in-cell simulations of a variety of target shapes with varying radii of curvature and target opening angles, as well as variations in the injected electron beam radius and energy spectrum. The theory and simulations suggest that the focal location varies linearly with the radius of curvature, with the square root of the ratio of ion energy to effective electron temperature, and monotonically increases with the energy-dependent ratio of the initial ion radial boundary to the radius of curvature. Considering ponderomotive acceleration, this suggests that the focal length should scale inversely with intensity, $(I_Lλ_L^2)$ −1/4 , suggesting a 10× increase in intensity will reduce the focal distance by ̃1.8× for a given ion energy.

Physics - Plasma physics↗
DOE OSTI2025

Reactive Transport Modeling of Hydrogen Production from Serpentinization of Olivine

Hydrogen production from serpentinization of ultramafic rocks represents a promising natural pathway for generating carbon-free energy, yet its kinetics and controlling factors remain incompletely understood. A key challenge in advancing serpentinization research lies in the heterogeneity of porosity and permeability in rocks, which leads to nonuniform fluid velocity fields, as well as uncertainties in estimating reactive surface area and identifying appropriate mineral reaction equilibria. Additional complexities arise from the role of dissolved SiO 2 , Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ partitioning, and the limited effect of pH variations within the strongly alkaline regime on hydrogen yields. These challenges hinder straightforward extrapolation from laboratory tests to practical applications of hydrogen production from natural rocks. Here, in this work, we address these questions using a simulation-based reactive transport modeling framework calibrated against controlled laboratory experiments reported elsewhere. The model couples geochemical kinetics, multiphase flow, and mineralogical feedbacks, enabling systematic evaluation of how surface area, dissolved silica concentration, Fe redox state, temperature, and pressure govern serpentinization and H2 generation. We find that surface area exerts the strongest control on reaction rates and hydrogen yields, while Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ ratios act as secondary modulators. Elevated dissolved silica concentrations suppress hydrogen production but accelerate serpentine precipitation, whereas increasing pH beyond 12 within the strongly alkaline regime produces only marginal gains. Finally, we demonstrate that integrating targeted experiments with calibrated simulations offers a powerful and efficient approach for predicting hydrogen yields and assessing parameter trade-offs in industrial-scale applications. This integration can substantially reduce the experimental burden while improving predictive capability, thereby enhancing both the mechanistic understanding and the practical feasibility of hydrogen production from serpentinization.

08 HYDROGEN↗
NASA NTRS2022

The TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI). I. Dry Cases—The Fellowship of the GCMs

With the commissioning of powerful, new-generation telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the ground-based Extremely Large Telescopes, the first characterization of a high molecular weight atmosphere around a temperate rocky exoplanet is imminent. Atmospheric simulations and synthetic observables of target exoplanets are essential to prepare and interpret these observations. Here we report the results of the first part of the TRAPPIST-1 Habitable Atmosphere Intercomparison (THAI) project, which compares 3D numerical simulations performed with four state-of-the-art global climate models (ExoCAM, LMD-Generic, ROCKE-3D, Unified Model) for the potentially habitable target TRAPPIST-1e. In this first part, we present the results of dry atmospheric simulations. These simulations serve as a benchmark to test how radiative transfer, subgrid-scale mixing (dry turbulence and convection), and large-scale dynamics impact the climate of TRAPPIST-1e and consequently the transit spectroscopy signature as seen by JWST. To first order, the four models give results in good agreement. The intermodel spread in the global mean surface temperature amounts to 7 K (6 K) for the N2-dominated (CO2-dominated) atmosphere. The radiative fluxes are also remarkably similar (intermodel variations less than 5%), from the surface (1 bar) up to atmospheric pressures ∼5 mbar. Moderate differences between the models appear in the atmospheric circulation pattern (winds) and the (stratospheric) thermal structure. These differences arise between the models from (1) large-scale dynamics, because TRAPPIST-1e lies at the tipping point between two different circulation regimes (fast and Rhines rotators) in which the models can be alternatively trapped, and (2) parameterizations used in the upper atmosphere such as numerical damping.

Martin Turbet↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Data-Driven Method for Synthetic Extreme Weather Generation and Solar Impact Assessment: Preprint

High-resolution, high-fidelity weather datasets are essential for testing and evaluating the resilience of power systems, particularly under extreme weather conditions. However, existing extreme weather datasets are typically derived from historical events that are localized and may lack the spatial and temporal resolution or scenario diversity needed to test largescale power systems. In this work, we propose a synthetic extreme weather simulation approach capable of generating targeted extreme events, such as hurricanes, using publicly available data sources. Preliminary results demonstrate the impact of a simulated Category 1 hurricane on renewable generation and critical infrastructure in California. The work aims to provide a flexible approach for creating multiple types of extreme weather scenarios across different regions, enabling comprehensive system stress testing, training, and resilience assessment.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2025

Numerical investigation of magneto-inertial fusion targets magnetized by dynamic enforcement of helical current flow

Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) targets require premagnetization to reduce thermal conduction losses from the laser-heated fuel to the liner material during implosion. MagLIF targets are typically magnetized by external magnetic field coils which are technologically limited to providing <20 T axial magnetic fields in the fusion fuel. We present a novel target design, AutoMag-D, which employs dynamic enforcement of helical current in the liner, resulting in >20 T axial magnetic field in the fuel region prior to implosion without the need of external magnetic field coils. These self-magnetizing liners are made of helically oriented alternating electrically conductive material and electrically insulating material surrounded by a thin, conductive outer radial layer. As the liner is pulsed with a ∼ 20 MA, ∼ 100 ns rise time drive current from Z, the outer layer of conductive material is shocked and intensely Joule heated, causing it to melt, vaporize, and turn to plasma. This allows the magnetic drive field to diffuse radially inward which dynamically enforces current flow in the helical conduction paths in the liner and produces axial magnetic field in the fuel region prior to implosion of the inner liner surface. AutoMag-D liner designs do not require dielectric breakdown of electrically insulating material (as in traditional auto-magnetizing helical liners) and do not require helical return current geometries (as in dynamic screw pinches). We present results from three-dimensional radiation-magnetohydrodynamic simulations of MagLIF implosions employing AutoMag-D liner designs. Simulated AutoMag-D targets demonstrate improved fuel conditions and thermonuclear yield compared to traditional MagLIF.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗