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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2012

Designing Spacecraft and Mission Operations Plans to Meet Flight Crew Radiation Dose Requirements: Why is this an "Epic Challenge" for Long-Term Manned Interplanetary Flight

Outline of presentation: (1) Radiation Shielding Concepts and Performance - Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) (1a) Some general considerations (1b) Galactic Cosmic Rays (2)GCR Shielding I: What material should I use and how much do I need? (2a) GCR shielding materials design and verification (2b) Spacecraft materials point dose cosmic ray shielding performance - hydrogen content and atomic number (2c) Accelerator point dose materials testing (2d) Material ranking and selection guidelines (2e) Development directions and return on investment (point dose metric) (2f) Secondary particle showers in the human body (2f-1) limited return of investment for low-Z, high-hydrogen content materials (3) GCR shielding II: How much will it cost? (3a) Spacecraft design and verification for mission radiation dose to the crew (3b) Habitat volume, shielding areal density, total weight, and launch cost for two habitat volumes (3c) It's All about the Money - Historical NASA budgets and budget limits (4) So, what can I do about all this? (4a) Program Design Architecture Trade Space (4b) The Vehicle Design Trade Space (4c) Some Near Term Recommendations

Koontz, Steven↗
NASA NTRS1992

Recommended approach to software development, revision 3

Guidelines for an organized, disciplined approach to software development that is based on studies conducted by the Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) since 1976 are presented. It describes methods and practices for each phase of a software development life cycle that starts with requirements definition and ends with acceptance testing. For each defined life cycle phase, guidelines for the development process and its management, and for the products produced and their reviews are presented.

Landis, Linda↗
NASA NTRS1991

Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL) Ada performance study report

The goals of the Ada Performance Study are described. The methods used are explained. Guidelines for future Ada development efforts are given. The goals and scope of the study are detailed, and the background of Ada development in the Flight Dynamics Division (FDD) is presented. The organization and overall purpose of each test are discussed. The purpose, methods, and results of each test and analyses of these results are given. Guidelines for future development efforts based on the analysis of results from this study are provided. The approach used on the performance tests is discussed.

Booth, Eric W.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Corrosion Testing of Refractory inContact with Molten Glasses Designed for Waste Vitrification - VSL Touchpoint Matrix Glasses

It is known that the predictive life of the refractory ceramic liner of nuclear waste glass melters is conservative, as demonstrated by performance of these materials such as in the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). The motivation for this task is to maximize the useful life of the melters that will be operated at the Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP), which will in turn minimize procurement and disposal costs and melter outage times, as well as to identify maximum loadings in the waste glass of those species that corrode melter components. This task was initiated jointly with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with the objective to develop a methodology and model to enable more accurate prediction of refractory service life under prototypic conditions from laboratory-scale material corrosion tests. Refractory corrosion is generally reported as physical material loss, measured in units of distance (e.g., inch) or as physical material loss rate, measured in units of distance per time (e.g., inch/day). In post-operational melters, the refractory corrosion is measured directly, sometimes reported as corrosion depth. Crucible tests are used in the laboratory to accelerate the refractory corrosion to facilitate a meaningful measurement in a commensurate amount of time. Crucible tests are particularly useful in understanding refractory corrosion across a large glass composition space, where operational testing would be prohibitive. Some of the critical parameters that are known to influence refractory corrosion by molten glass in a crucible test are temperature, system redox, molten salt phases, glass chemistry, and test duration. The majority of data collected for Monofrax® K-3 (hereafter referred to as K-3) corrosion is from crucible tests, but a small amount comes directly from scaled and production melters. Crucible test data has been collected under varying conditions, whereas data collected from operational melters is relatively fewer and represents conditions specific to the melter campaign. The result is that the published data can be grouped and analyzed in multiple ways, not all of which are readily comparable. The Standard Test Method for Isothermal Corrosion Resistance of Refractories to Molten Glass (ASTM C621) outlines the general guidelines used across industry. That method describes a sealed, static test in which the surface area of the refractory coupon and the volume of glass are fixed. A significant portion of the crucible data pertaining to nuclear waste glasses has been collected in a modified configuration; the most notable differences being the surface area of the refractory coupon to volume of the glass and use of a method for bubbling the melt. To our knowledge, the influence of those parameters on the refractory corrosion has not been quantified. In this work, it was determined that static tests and bubbled tests would be performed. Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) was tasked with setting up and performing static testing while PNNL was tasked with setting up and performing bubbled testing. Initial activities were performed to establish laboratory methods that reproduce data comparable to existing data sets of K-3 refractory corrosion by low activity waste (LAW) and high-level waste (HLW) glass compositions. Later activities were focused on refining the test parameters to establish a standard test practice to be used between Laboratories and collecting additional data to be used in the enhanced waste glass model development. This document serves primarily to convey the refractory loss measurement results from corrosion testing of K-3 refractory with waste glass compositions developed for use in the WTP melters. The data will be used in the enhanced property/composition models being developed for waste glass vitrification and melter operations.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1995

Advanced liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning concept testing

Advanced methods of liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning were studied as part of an effort for increasing reliability and operability while reducing cost of future heavy lift launch vehicles. The most promising conditioning concept evaluated was no-bleed (passive recirculation) followed by low-bleed, helium injection, and use of a recirculation line. Full-scale cryogenic testing was performed with a sloped feedline test article to validate models of behavior of LO2 in the feedline and to prove no-bleed feasibility. Test data are also intended to help generate design guidelines for the development of a main propulsion system feed duct. A design-of-experiments matrix of over 100 tests was developed to test all four propellant conditioning concepts and the impact of design parameters on the concepts. Liquid nitrogen was used as the test fluid. The work for this project was conducted from October 1992 through January 1994 at the hydrogen cold flow facility of the west test area of MSFC. Test data have shown that satisfactory temperatures are being obtained for the no-bleed conditioning concept.

Perry, G. L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Outgassing: Its effects on spacecraft. Vibration damping materials

The correlation of outgassing to the stability of the damping properties of polymer materials to be used in spacecraft structures is discussed. A test series was devised to obtain basic information from off-the-shelf damping materials. The test results could be considered as a guideline toward the application of these materials. Eight materials were selected to form a representative cross section of those polymers having both ready availability as commercial damping materials and desirable properties. A table indicates the temperatures at which peak damping occurs at 1 Hz and the type of beam specimen used in the vacuum exposure tests. These materials as a group cover the temperature range of -85 C to 38 C.

Drake, M. L.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Liquid Oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning concept testing

Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and industry contractors have undertaken activities to develop a simplified liquid oxygen (LO2) propellant conditioning concept for future expendable launch vehicles. The objective of these activities is to reduce operations costs and timelines and to improve safety of these vehicles. The approach followed has been to identify novel concepts through system level studies and demonstrate the feasibility of these concepts through small-scale and full-scale testing. Testing will also provide data for design guidelines and validation of analytical models. Four different concepts are being investigated: no-bleed, low-bleed, use of a recirculation line, and helium (He) bubbling. This investigation is being done under a Joint Institutional Research and Development (JIRAD) program currently in effect between MSFC and General Dynamics Space Systems (GDSS). A full-scale test article, which is a facsimile of a propellant feed duct with an attached section to simulate heat input from a LO2 turbopump, will be tested at the Cold Flow Facility at MSFC's West Test Area. Liquid nitrogen (LN2), which has similar properties to LO2, will be used in place of LO2 for safety and budget reasons. Work to date includes design and fabrication of the test article, design of the test facility and initial fabrication, development of a test matrix and test procedures, initial predictions of test output, and heat leak calibration and heat exchanger tests on the test article. The tests for all propellant conditioning concepts will be conducted in the summer of 1993, with the final report completed by October, 1993.

Perry, Gretchen L. E.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Scalable Asset Discovery, Vulnerability Scanning, and Penetration Testing for Remote Sites and Wireless Spectrums Utilizing an Embedded Linux Plug - PwniPlug and the Raspberry Pi B+ as a Sample Pen Test

All devices attached to the NASA KSC network are subject to security vulnerability scanning and/or penetration testing. In today's changing environment, vulnerable and/or unprotected systems can easily be overlooked. Systems that are not properly managed can become a potential threat to the operational integrity of our systems and networks. This includes all NASA (internal and external) information systems within NASA KSC Internet Protocol (IP) address space, and NASA KSC facilities. The Office of the Chief Information Officer (OCIO) recommends that all NASA Centers and information systems be subject to penetration testing on a regular interval in accordance with the guidelines identified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (ITS-HBK-2810.04-02A) Protecting information and equipment at NASA is an area of increasing concern. In addition to the CPU's on the network; Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems are especially vulnerable because these systems have lacked standards, use embedded controllers with little computational power and informal software, are connected to physical processes, have few operators, and are increasingly also being connected to corporate networks. The scope of work is comprised of several individual components which together build upon previous work by Drew Branch, NASA KSC Intern. The Pwn Plug is the selected COTS (Commercial-Off-The-Shelf) device chosen to test simplification of mandatory IT Security tasks. The device will be utilized to provide services to NASA KSC and enable an assessment of infrastructure soundness and regulatory compliance in an efficient, economical, and business responsive manner. The Pwn Plug is designed as a pen testing appliance which provides a hardware platform that can support commercial penetration testing efforts at significantly reduced costs. The expected outcomes are: 1) External Penetration Testing, 2) Social Engineering, 3) Procedural Documentation, 4) Recommended Remediation Action Plan, 5) System Retest & Remediation Attestation and 6) Final Reports, out briefing and Presentation. Due to physical and material constraints beyond intern and mentor control, the project was redefined as a working pen-test scenario. Limitations of lab availability and tools dictated an academic exercise. This report was developed within the scenario guidelines suggested by the project mentor. The guidelines were to be creative in developing a Pen Test program for a client.

Penetration Testing↗
NASA NTRS2013

Affordable Development and Qualification Strategy for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) is a concept which uses a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant to high temperatures without combustion and can achieve significantly greater specific impulse than chemical engines. NTP has been considered many times for human and cargo missions beyond low earth orbit. A lot of development and technical maturation of NTP components took place during the Rover/NERVA program of the 60's and early 70's. Other NTP programs and studies followed attempting to further mature the NTP concept and identify a champion customer willing to devote the funds and support the development schedule to a demonstration mission. Budgetary constraints require the use of an affordable development and qualification strategy that takes into account all the previous work performed on NTP to construct an existing database, and include lessons learned and past guidelines followed. Current guidelines and standards NASA uses for human rating chemical rocket engines is referenced. The long lead items for NTP development involve the fuel elements of the reactor and ground testing the engine system, subsystem, and components. Other considerations which greatly impact the development plans includes the National Space Policy, National Environmental Policy Act, Presidential Directive/National Security Council Memorandum #25 (Scientific or Technological Experiments with Possible Large-Scale Adverse Environmental Effects and Launch of Nuclear Systems into Space), and Safeguards and Security. Ground testing will utilize non-nuclear test capabilities to help down select components and subsystems before testing in a nuclear environment to save time and cost. Existing test facilities with minor modifications will be considered to the maximum extent practical. New facilities will be designed to meet minimum requirements. Engine and test facility requirements are based on the driving mission requirements with added factors of safety for better assurance and reliability. Emphasis will be placed on small engines, since the smaller the NTP engine, the easier it is to transport, assemble/disassemble, and filter the exhaust during tests. A new ground test concept using underground bore holes (modeled after the underground nuclear test program) to filter the NTP engine exhaust is being considered. The NTP engine system design, development, test, and evaluation plan includes many engine components and subsystems, which are very similar to those used in chemical engines, and can be developed in conjunction with them Other less mature NTP engine components and subsystems (e.g., reactor) will be thoroughly analyzed and tested to acceptable levels recommended by the referenced standards and guidelines. The affordable development strategy also considers a prototype flight test, as a final step in the development process. Preliminary development schedule estimates show that an aggressive development schedule (without much margin) will be required to be flight ready for a 2033 human mission to Mars.

Gerrish, Harold P., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Affordable Development and Qualification Strategy for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion

Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP) is a concept which uses a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant to high temperatures without combustion and can achieve significantly greater specific impulse than chemical engines. NTP has been considered many times for human and cargo missions beyond low earth orbit. A lot of development and technical maturation of NTP components took place during the Rover/NERVA program of the 60's and early 70's. Other NTP programs and studies followed attempting to further mature the NTP concept and identify a champion customer willing to devote the funds and support the development schedule to a demonstration mission. Budgetary constraints require the use of an affordable development and qualification strategy that takes into account all the previous work performed on NTP to construct an existing database, and include lessons learned and past guidelines followed. Current guidelines and standards NASA uses for human rating chemical rocket engines is referenced. The long lead items for NTP development involve the fuel elements of the reactor and ground testing the engine system, subsystem, and components. Other considerations which greatly impact the development plans includes the National Space Policy, National Environmental Policy Act, Presidential Directive/National Security Council Memorandum #25 (Scientific or Technological Experiments with Possible Large-Scale Adverse Environmental Effects and Launch of Nuclear Systems into Space), and Safeguards and Security. Ground testing will utilize non-nuclear test capabilities to help down select components and subsystems before testing in a nuclear environment to save time and cost. Existing test facilities with minor modifications will be considered to the maximum extent practical. New facilities will be designed to meet minimum requirements. Engine and test facility requirements are based on the driving mission requirements with added factors of safety for better assurance and reliability. Emphasis will be placed on small engines, since the smaller the NTP engine, the easier it is to transport, assemble/disassemble, and filter the exhaust during tests. A new ground test concept using underground bore holes (modeled after the underground nuclear test program) to filter the NTP engine exhaust is being considered. The NTP engine system design, development, test, and evaluation plan includes many engine components and subsystems, which are very similar to those used in chemical engines, and can be developed in conjunction with them Other less mature NTP engine components and subsystems (e.g., reactor) will be thoroughly analyzed and tested to acceptable levels recommended by the referenced standards and guidelines. The affordable development strategy also considers a prototype flight test, as a final step in the development process. Preliminary development schedule estimates show that an aggressive development schedule (without much margin) will be required to be flight ready for a 2033 human mission to Mars.

Gerrish, Harold P., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Test and Analysis of Buckling-Critical Stiffened Metallic Launch Vehicle Cylinders

A summary of a NASA design analysis and test program on the buckling of large-scale, integrally-stiffened metallic cylinders is presented. The test article designs were developed based on proposed NASA launch vehicle cylinder designs and span a significant portion of the design space. Various loading conditions were applied to the cylinders and include different combinations of axial compression, bending, and internal pressure loads that simulate typical launch vehicle loading scenarios. The data gathered from this test program is being used to develop and validate new analysis-based knockdown factors and design guidelines for these stiffened metallic cylinders. In this paper, the test article designs and fabrication methods are described along with the test facilities and instrumentation. Selected test and finite element analysis results are presented and compared and are used to illustrate the typical response characteristics of the stiffened metallic cylinders considered. Overall, good qualitative agreement is found, however, several discrepancies in the results were identified across several of the tests. The discrepancies were investigated thoroughly and can be attributed to variations in the as-built skin and stiffener geometry, variations in the measured geometric imperfection, and modeling assumptions associated with the boundary conditions, and loading imperfections. Based on these findings, several refinements were made to the finite element models which significantly improved the correlation between the test and analysis results. These modeling refinements are described and the updated analysis results are presented.

Hilburger, Mark W.↗
DOE OSTI2024

A bending test protocol for characterizing the mechanical performance of flexible photovoltaics

Flexible photovoltaics (PV) represents a promising research field with great potential for wearable, portable, and indoor applications. Significant progress has been made in recent years, with flexible emerging PV reporting power conversion efficiency (PCE) over 24%. Yet, there is a need for a unifying protocol to assess PV performance, compare research results, and evaluate the state- of-the-art achievements in flexible PV. In this paper, a consensus protocol is presented for measuring PCE over 1,000 bending cycles under 1% strain. Moreover, several good practice guidelines are proposed including bending procedures, flexibility testing with and without encapsulation, and ambient conditions during testing (e.g., temperature, humidity, illumination). Notably, the importance of uniform application of bending radius and the testing of parallel and perpendicular orientations of bending axis with respect to the direction of the electric current are emphasized. These recommendations aim to promote consistency in device comparison and allow for better reproducibility.

Fukuda, Kenjiro↗
NASA NTRS2011

Preliminary Computational Analysis of the (HIRENASD) Configuration in Preparation for the Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop

This paper presents preliminary computational aeroelastic analysis results generated in preparation for the first Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop (AePW). These results were produced using FUN3D software developed at NASA Langley and are compared against the experimental data generated during the HIgh REynolds Number Aero- Structural Dynamics (HIRENASD) Project. The HIRENASD wind-tunnel model was tested in the European Transonic Windtunnel in 2006 by Aachen University0s Department of Mechanics with funding from the German Research Foundation. The computational effort discussed here was performed (1) to obtain a preliminary assessment of the ability of the FUN3D code to accurately compute physical quantities experimentally measured on the HIRENASD model and (2) to translate the lessons learned from the FUN3D analysis of HIRENASD into a set of initial guidelines for the first AePW, which includes test cases for the HIRENASD model and its experimental data set. This paper compares the computational and experimental results obtained at Mach 0.8 for a Reynolds number of 7 million based on chord, corresponding to the HIRENASD test conditions No. 132 and No. 159. Aerodynamic loads and static aeroelastic displacements are compared at two levels of the grid resolution. Harmonic perturbation numerical results are compared with the experimental data using the magnitude and phase relationship between pressure coefficients and displacement. A dynamic aeroelastic numerical calculation is presented at one wind-tunnel condition in the form of the time history of the generalized displacements. Additional FUN3D validation results are also presented for the AGARD 445.6 wing data set. This wing was tested in the Transonic Dynamics Tunnel and is commonly used in the preliminary benchmarking of computational aeroelastic software.

Chwalowski, Pawel↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

EVM and Schedule Management

The objective of EVMS surveillance is to ensure that the management control processes that support the performance measurement baseline (PMB) are in place, compliant with the EVMS guidelines, are routinely being used, and provide timely and reliable data. The PMB is a triple constraint where the constraints are schedule, budget and scope. For Surveillance, NASA uses the DCMA EVM Compliance Metrics (DECM) Tests that are aligned with the EIA-748 EVM Standard. Guidelines 6 is Scheduling Work, and DECM has 23 Tests for evaluating if the IMS supports project goals in its planning, statusing and forecasting. This session will focus on the Test Metric that analyzes forecast start/finish dates riding the status date of the IMS for two or more consecutive months as an example of how surveillance works in concert with IMS health checks. It will cover how to run the test to recognize trends and how this test helps ensure that the forecast is credible in support of critical path analysis.

EVM↗
NASA NTRS2011

Single Event Effect (SEE) Test Planning 101

This is a course on SEE Test Plan development. It is an introductory discussion of the items that go into planning an SEE test that should complement the SEE test methodology used. Material will only cover heavy ion SEE testing and not proton, LASER, or other though many of the discussed items may be applicable. While standards and guidelines for how-to perform single event effects (SEE) testing have existed almost since the first cyclotron testing, guidance on the development of SEE test plans has not been as easy to find. In this section of the short course, we attempt to rectify this lack. We consider the approach outlined here as a "living" document: mission specific constraints and new technology related issues always need to be taken into account. We note that we will use the term "test planning" in the context of those items being included in a test plan.

LaBel, Kenneth A.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Long life assurance study for manned spacecraft long life hardware. Volume 5: Long life assurance test and study recommendations

A study was conducted to establish the guidelines to be applied to the selection of equipment for manned spacecraft systems. Recommendations for expansion of the original study are submitted. The subjects considered are: (1) designing to severe dynamic requirements; (2) analysis of in-space failures due to life limitations; (3) accelerated testing of semiconductors; (4) fan life verification; (5) testing of solid tantalum capacitors; (6) testing of teflon valve seats; and (7) electromigration model verification.

Source record↗
DOE OSTI2023

Simulation, Challenge Testing & Validation of Occupancy Recognition & CO 2 Technologies (Final Project Report)

This final report covers the results of the development of testing methods of occupancy sensor systems connected to HVAC controls. This project focused on the development of test methods to evaluate the performance of HVAC-connected occupancy sensor systems, including occupancy presence, occupancy counting, and CO 2 sensor systems in commercial and residential buildings. This included evaluation of the reliability, ease of commissioning, and energy savings potential of these sensor systems. The results of this work help to standardize the methods used to evaluate performance, to enable the ability to compare sensor system performance following the same methods, to understand which sensor systems perform better or worse compared to others. The U.S. building stock’s energy usage can benefit substantially from having building system operations informed by reliable occupancy recognition and CO 2 measurements, however to date, standard methods have not been in place to ensure that sensor systems’ reported performance is uniformly evaluated. The results of this work support the development of a standard or guideline that outlines the developed methods of testing. This project also included the testing of both off-the-shelf and novel SENSOR team-developed low-cost occupancy sensor systems, using the developed methods of testing. The results of this testing helped to inform further development and improvement of new low-cost sensor systems that will benefit from being used in residential and commercial buildings throughout the country.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS1996

Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing Studies

This report discusses the results on analytical models and measurement and simulation of statistical properties from a study of microwave reverberation (mode-stirred) chambers performed at Texas Tech University. Two analytical models of power transfer vs. frequency in a chamber, one for antenna-to-antenna transfer and the other for antenna to D-dot sensor, were experimentally validated in our chamber. Two examples are presented of the measurement and calculation of chamber Q, one for each of the models. Measurements of EM power density validate a theoretical probability distribution on and away from the chamber walls and also yield a distribution with larger standard deviation at frequencies below the range of validity of the theory. Measurements of EM power density at pairs of points which validate a theoretical spatial correlation function on the chamber walls and also yield a correlation function with larger correlation length, R(sub corr), at frequencies below the range of validity of the theory. A numerical simulation, employing a rectangular cavity with a moving wall shows agreement with the measurements. The determination that the lowest frequency at which the theoretical spatial correlation function is valid in our chamber is considerably higher than the lowest frequency recommended by current guidelines for utilizing reverberation chambers in EMC testing. Two suggestions have been made for future studies related to EMC testing.

Trost, Thomas F.↗