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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Machine learning the metastable phase diagram of covalently bonded carbon

Abstract Conventional phase diagram generation involves experimentation to provide an initial estimate of the set of thermodynamically accessible phases and their boundaries, followed by use of phenomenological models to interpolate between the available experimental data points and extrapolate to experimentally inaccessible regions. Such an approach, combined with high throughput first-principles calculations and data-mining techniques, has led to exhaustive thermodynamic databases (e.g. compatible with the CALPHAD method), albeit focused on the reduced set of phases observed at distinct thermodynamic equilibria. In contrast, materials during their synthesis, operation, or processing, may not reach their thermodynamic equilibrium state but, instead, remain trapped in a local (metastable) free energy minimum, which may exhibit desirable properties. Here, we introduce an automated workflow that integrates first-principles physics and atomistic simulations with machine learning (ML), and high-performance computing to allow rapid exploration of the metastable phases to construct “metastable” phase diagrams for materials far-from-equilibrium. Using carbon as a prototypical system, we demonstrate automated metastable phase diagram construction to map hundreds of metastable states ranging from near equilibrium to far-from-equilibrium (400 meV/atom). We incorporate the free energy calculations into a neural-network-based learning of the equations of state that allows for efficient construction of metastable phase diagrams. We use the metastable phase diagram and identify domains of relative stability and synthesizability of metastable materials. High temperature high pressure experiments using a diamond anvil cell on graphite sample coupled with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) confirm our metastable phase predictions. In particular, we identify the previously ambiguous structure of n -diamond as a cubic-analog of diaphite-like lonsdaelite phase.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS2001

Computational Thermodynamic Study to Predict Complex Phase Equilibria in the Nickel-Base Superalloy Rene N6

A previous study by Ritzert et al. on the formation and prediction of topologically closed packed (TCP) phases in the nickel-base superalloy Rene' N6 is re-examined with computational thermodynamics. The experimental data on phase distribution in forty-four alloys with a composition within the patent limits of the nickel-base superalloy Rene' N6 provide a good basis for comparison to and validation of a commercial nickel superalloy database used with ThermoCalc. Volume fraction of the phases and partitioning of the elements are determined for the forty-four alloys in this dataset. The baseline heat treatment of 400 h at 1366 K was used. This composition set is particularly interesting since small composition differences lead to dramatic changes in phase composition. In general the calculated values follow the experimental trends. However, the calculations indicated no TCP phase formation when the experimental measurements gave a volume percent of TCP phase less than 2 percent. When TCP phases were predicted, the calculations under-predict the volume percent of TCP phases by a factor of 2 to 8. The calculated compositions of the gamma and gamma' phases show fair agreement with the measurements. However, the calculated compositions of the P Phase do not agree with those measured. This may be due to inaccuracies in the model parameters for P phase and/or issues with the microprobe analyses of these phases. In addition, phase fraction diagrams and sigma and P phase solvus temperatures are calculated for each of the alloys. These calculations indicate that P phase is the primary TCP phase formed for the alloys considered here at 1366 K. Finally, a series of isopleths are calculated for each of the seven alloying elements. These show the effect of each alloying element on creating TCP phases.

Copland, Evan H.↗
NASA NTRS2021

Physics and Chemistry of Te and HgTe-based Ternary Melts

Historically, the theoretical treatment of the liquid phases has always been more difficult and complicated than that for solid and gas phases. A liquid has no lattice structure as crystalline solids and the atoms/molecules in the liquid can migrate through it relatively rapidly. On the other hand, it is also interacting with many other atoms/molecules so that the simplifications of the kinetic theory of gases cannot be employed. For more complicated liquids, such as the liquids of high ionicity and those containing hydrogen bonds and electric dipoles, the understanding is far from complete. At the same time, accurate information on the physics and chemistry of semiconductor melts is needed for the quantitative descriptions of the process of crystal growth from melt. The pre-crystallization phenomena in the liquid phase are critical because the properties of the grown crystals depend on the state and structure of the melt as well as the thermal history of the melt during solidification process. However, the data on the liquid phase, such as thermophysical properties of semiconductor melts are scarce, especially for the HgTe-based II-VI ternary compound semiconductors because of their high vapor pressure and extreme toxicity. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the melt can provide information about structural transitions of the melt during the solidification process. From a broader point of view, the structure of liquids is much more complicated than the crystalline solids, especially the relaxation behavior through different thermal histories. The theory of hetero-phase fluctuations of liquids is applicable to any many-body systems including condensed-matter physics, field theory, physics of nuclear-matter, cosmology, biology and even sociology. This book summarizes the physics and chemistry from the experimental measurements and theoretical analyses of phase diagram, thermodynamic properties, density, thermal conductivity, viscosity, and electrical conductivity on the binary, pseudo-binary and ternary melts of the most advanced IR-detector material systems of HgCdTe and HgZnTe as well as the analyses of these results. The main objectives of this study are: (1) to provide the phase diagrams and thermodynamic properties of Hg-Cd-Te and Hg-Zn-Te systems through quantitatively fitting the experimental data by assuming an associated solution model for the liquid phase, (2) to experimentally measure the thermophysical properties of the Hg-Cd-Te and Hg-Zn-Te melts, including density, viscosity, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity as functions of temperature and composition and (3) to enhance the fundamental knowledge of hetero-phase fluctuations and relaxation phenomena in the melts and extend our understanding of the solidification process in order to interpret the experimental results of crystal growth so as to improve the melt growth processes of the compound semiconductor. The physics and chemistry of Te and HgTe-based ternary melts were explored through the studies of the structural transformation during melting, the supercooling during solidification, the relaxation phenomena after rapid cooling of the melts and the metal-semiconductor transition in the melts through the analyses of electrical conductivity and Lorenz number. An in-depth study on the thermophysical properties and their time-dependent structural dynamic processes taking place in the vicinity of the solid-liquid phase transition of the narrow homogeneity range HgTe-based ternary semiconductors as well as the analysis of the homogenization process in the melt will also be presented.

Thermophysical properties↗
DOE OSTI2022

Co-Based superalloy morphology evolution: A phase field study based on experimental thermodynamic and kinetic data

Cobalt-based superalloys with two phase $\gamma$/$\gamma '$ microstructures offer great promise as candidates for next-generation high-temperature alloys for applications, such as turbine blades. It is essential to understand the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that influence the microstructural evolution of these alloys in order to optimize the alloy compositions and processing steps with a goal to improve their coarsening, creep and rafting behavior. We are using a continuum phase field approach to study the diffusion process and to predict the equilibrium shapes of Co-Al-W $\gamma '$ precipitates. In order to obtain quantitatively predictive capabilities, we extract chemical free energies for the $\gamma$/$\gamma '$ phases based on CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) thermodynamic data and diffusion mobilities for Co alloys based on CALPHAD kinetic data. We also use experimental or first-principles data for other quantities, such as misfit strain and interface information, for the parameterization of our model. A particular focus of our study is to understand how different energy balances, misfit strain and kinetics affect the coarsening and rafting behavior of $\gamma '$ precipitates, and the sensitivity of the final precipitate shape to materials parameters. Here, we find that the equilibrium shape of the precipitate results from a delicate competition between chemical, interfacial, and elastic energies, and it is very sensitive to changes in model parameters. Here, we examine how modeling input parameters affect the equilibrium shape of precipitates and relate these parameters to experimentally available values.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Phase Stability of Yttrium Titanium Oxide

This proposed study aims at elevating Idaho National Laboratory (INL)’s portfolio in nuclear material research on two major fronts: 1) expanding INL’s material characterization capabilities to provide holistic microstructural and microchemical characterization ranging from atomic scale to millimeter scale, and 2) filling the knowledge gap on the effect of microstructural evolution on material phase stability at extreme conditions resembling those inside nuclear reactors, using Yttrium-Titanium-Oxide (YTO) as a model material. Previous research indicated the kinetics of phase transition of YTO materials varies between bulk samples and powder samples, suggesting that microstructural characteristics such as defect, micro-strain, and crystallite size could play a significant role in phase transition. The effect of crystallite size on the thermodynamics of phase transition has been well documented for other ceramic materials at nanometer crystallite size, with potential impacts from surface and strain energy and defects. In this proposed study, we will perform microstructural (micro-strain, crystallite size, defects, phase) and microchemical (elemental mapping) analyses through in-situ high temperature measurements using X-ray diffraction (XRD; at millimeter scale for powder and bulk samples) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, at nanometer scale and atomic scale for powder and thin foil samples), to provide a comprehensive view of the effect of microstructural and microchemical evolution on phase transition and phase stability of YTO materials. These findings will also establish a roadmap and provide new insights on the phase stability of other materials that are critical to nuclear energy and other renewable energy infrastructure. Besides advancing our understanding of this fundamental material science question, this project will also enable the development of state-of-the-art material characterization capabilities at INL/MFC for microstructural and microchemical analysis at high temperature conditions. The new collaboration between the High-Resolution Materials Characterization group at INL and the Electron Microscopy group at the University of Florida (UF) in this project will open the possibilities for more fruitful and synergetic cutting-edge nuclear material research in the future.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Stabilization of Miscible Aqueous Phases via Diffusion‐Controlled Multifunctional Nanoparticle‐Ligand Complexation

Liquid‐in‐liquid structuring by harnessing miscible aqueous domains can be achieved by inducing thermodynamically defined phase separation using aqueous solutions of incompatible solutes, where immiscibility is dictated by the concentrations of the solutes. For instance, in aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPSs), the interfacial tension between the two different aqueous solutions is so small that it stabilizes the phase‐separated domains, but not their shape, thus falling short of designing tunable, robust structures. Here, we introduce a diffusion‐controlled strategy that enables liquid‐in‐liquid compartmentalization absent a thermodynamically defined interface or bulk liquid‐liquid phase separation using a barrier formed in situ at the initial contact boundary of an aqueous dispersion of multifunctional nanoparticles and a solution of multifunctional ligands in pure water or a water/alcohol mixture. The nanoparticles and ligands are entropically driven to disperse uniformly but interact at the initial contact boundary more rapidly than bulk mixing, forming a layer that establishes a barrier akin to a semi‐permeable membrane and allows the formation of tubular compartments. A wealth of opportunities is enabled by the proposed technique, where examples in separations, soft electronic devices, and ultralight porous electromagnetic shielding materials are shown.

cryogels↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fundamental Effects of Al and Ta on Microstructure and Phase Transformations in the Al–Cr–Mo–Ta–Ti Refractory Complex Concentrated Alloy System

The effect of aluminum and tantalum concentrations on a refractory metal complex concentrated alloy is reported, particularly with respect to their effect on microstructure and phase composition of the alloy in cast and annealed form. Alloys with an equiatomic composition, (AlCrMoTaTi), an aluminum-lean composition (Al 0.75 CrMoTaTi), and a tantalum-lean composition (AlCrMoTa 0.75 Ti) are produced via arc melting. The alloys exhibit multiphase structures, confirmed by X-ray diffraction, microstructural characterization, and thermal analysis. The minor off-equiatomic adjustments of aluminum and tantalum in this alloy system did not drastically alter the prevalence of the Cr–Ta-based Laves phase. Correlations between thermodynamic predictions and observed phase transformations via thermal analysis are improved upon refinement of calculations removing impractical intermediate phases. As a result, experimental findings provide information for the refinement of thermodynamic modeling and deliver additional insight into the optimization of alloy compositions within this five-component system.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Equilipy: a python package for calculating phase equilibria

The CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) approach (Nigel Saunders & Miodownik, 1998) provides predictions for thermodynamically stable phases in multicomponent-multiphase materials across a wide range of temperatures. Consequently, the CALPHAD calculations became an essential tool in materials and process design (Luo, 2015). Such design tasks frequently require navigating a high-dimensional space due to multiple components involved in the system. This increasing complexity demands high-throughput CALPHAD calculations, especially in the rapidly evolving field of alloy design. In response to the need, we developed Equilipy an open-source Python package designed for calculating phase equilibria of multicomponent-multiphase systems. Equilipy is specifically tailored for high-throughput CALPHAD calculations, offering parallel computations across multiple processors and nodes with the given NPT input conditions namely elemental compositions (N), pressure (P), and temperature (T). Equilipy utilizes the program structure and Gibbs energy functions from the Fortran-based program, Thermochimica (Piro et al., 2013), with incorporating a new Gibbs energy minimization algorithm. This algorithm, originally developed by Capitani and Brown in 1987 (Capitani & Brown, 1987), has been revised and implemented to enhance the stability and performance of calculations. The Fortran codes are precompiled and interfaced with Python via F2PY, ensuring high computation speed. Benchmark tests shown in Figure 1 demonstrate that Equilipy’s computation speed is comparable to those of established commercial software, TC-Python and PanPython. This result highlights its efficiency and potential applications in various scientific and industrial fields.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Inverse Thermodynamics: Designing Interactions for Targeted Phase Behavior

The traditional goal of inverse self-assembly is to design interactions that drive particles toward a desired target structure. However, achieving successful self-assembly also requires tuning the thermodynamic conditions under which the structure is stable. In this work, we extend the inverse design paradigm to explicitly address this challenge by developing a framework for inverse thermodynamics, i.e., the design of interaction potentials that realize specific thermodynamic behavior. As a step in this direction, using patchy particle mixtures as a model system, we demonstrate how precise control over both bonding topology and bond energetics enables the programming of targeted phase behavior. In particular, we establish design principles for azeotropic demixing and show how to create mixtures that exhibit azeotropy at any prescribed composition. Our predictions are validated through Gibbs-ensemble simulations [Panagiotopoulos, Mol. Phys. 1987, 61, 813−826]. These results highlight the necessity of coupling structural design with thermodynamic engineering, and provide a blueprint for controlling complex phase behavior in multicomponent systems.

Azeotropes↗
DOE OSTI2021

In situ synchrotron X-ray imaging and mechanical properties characterization of additively manufactured high-entropy alloy composites

Laser beam directed energy deposition has become an increasingly popular advanced manufacturing technique for materials discovery as a result of the in situ alloying capability. In this study, we leverage an additive manufacturing enabled high throughput materials discovery approach to explore the composition space of a graded W x (CoCrFeMnNi) 100–x sample spanning 0 ≤ x ≤ 21 at%. In addition to microstructural and mechanical characterization, synchrotron high speed x-ray computer aided tomography was conducted on a W 20 (CoCrFeMnNi) 80 composition to visualize melting dynamics, powder-laser interactions, and remelting effects of previously consolidated material. Results reveal the formation of the Fe 7 W 6 intermetallic phase at W concentrations> 6 at%, despite the high configurational entropy. Unincorporated W particles also occurred at W concentrations> 10 at% accompanied by a dissolution band of Fe 7 W 6 at the W/matrix interface and hardness values greater than 400 HV. In this work, the primary strengthening mechanism is attributed to the reinforcement of the Fe 7 W 6 and W phases as a metal matrix composite. The in situ high speed x-ray imaging during remelting showed that an additional laser pass did not promote further mixing of the Fe 7 W 6 or W phases suggesting that, despite the dissolution of the W into the Fe 7 W 6 phase being thermodynamically favored, it is kinetically limited by the thickness/diffusivity of the intermetallic phase, and the rapid solidification of the laser-based process.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Revealing Reaction Pathways of Collective Substituted Iron Fluoride Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Metal fluorides present a high redox potential among the conversion-type compounds, which make them specially work as cathode materials of lithium ion batteries. To mitigate the notorious cycling instability of conversion-type materials, substitutions of anion and cation have been proposed but the role of foreign elements in reaction pathway is not fully evaluated. In this work, we explored the lithiation pathway of a rutile-Fe 0.9 Co 0.1 OF cathode with multimodal analysis, including ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray techniques. Our work revealed a prolonged intercalation–extrusion–cation disordering process during phase transformations from the rutile phase to rocksalt phase, which microscopically corresponds to topotactic rearrangement of Fe/Co–O/F octahedra. During this process, the diffusion channels of lithium transformed from 3D to 2D while the corner-sharing octahedron changed to edge-sharing octahedron. DFT calculations indicate that the Co and O cosubstitution of the Fe 0.9 Co 0.1 OF cathode can improve its structural stability by stabilizing the thermodynamic semistable phases and reducing the thermodynamic potentials. We anticipate that our study will inspire further explorations on untraditional intercalation systems for secondary battery applications.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1968

The thermodynamic properties of the wustite phase are studied

Study of the precise location of the wustite phase boundaries and the dependence of the partial pressure of oxygen on the temperature and composition of the solid phase was made. From the pressure of oxygen, the temperature and the composition thermodynamic quantities can be determined.

Ackerman, R. J.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Extended quasilocal Thermodynamics of Schwarzchild–anti de Sitter black holes

Highlights: •A Hamiltonian approach to the quasilocal SAdS Thermodynamics is introduced. •The cosmological constant is considered a function on phase space. •The quasilocal SAdS Thermodynamics is extended. •A new equation of state for the quasilocal SAdS Thermodynamics is constructed. •The role of homogeneity and stability in the SAdS Thermodynamics is studied. -- Abstract: In this work we study a homogeneous and quasilocal Thermodynamics associated to the Schwarzschild–anti de Sitter black hole. The usual thermodynamic description is extended within a Hamiltonian approach with the introduction of the cosmological constant in the thermodynamic phase space. The macroscopic treatment presented is consistent in as much as it respects the laws of black hole Thermodynamics and accepts the introduction of any thermodynamic potential. We are able to construct new equations of state that characterize the Thermodynamics. Novel phenomena can be expected from the proposed setup.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Thermodynamics of Crystallization and Phase-Separation in Melt-Derived Nuclear Waste Forms

This project aimed to gain detailed and fundamental understanding of the stability of glass waste forms to be used for safe and reliable encapsulation of nuclear waste. The focus was to understand thermodynamic and structural properties involved in crystallization and phase separation in melt-derived waste form glasses and glass-ceramics by studying a baseline glass composition with varying additives. This was achieved by combining neutron total scattering, advanced calorimetric measurements, and extensive modeling study. This project harnessed diverse and complementary approaches and expertise from four collaborating interdisciplinary institutions (two universities, one national laboratory, and one UK university partner). Samples were prepared at the national laboratory and exchanged with the two university institutions. The thermodynamic data obtained by various advanced calorimetry techniques were linked to the underlying short-range structure of waste forms measured by state-of-the-art neutron total scattering experiments. An important element of this project was extensive modeling to interpret and fundamentally understand the experimental results.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

Melting point of iron at high pressure: An assessment of uncertainties and effect of electronic temperature

An accurate calculation of the melting point of iron at various pressures in the Earth's core is important for understanding the core structure, geodynamo, and the Earth's history. Previous studies have assessed the melt line of iron at these extreme conditions using various experimental measurement techniques as well as both ab initio and classic molecular dynamics simulations. However, experimental measurements have uncertainties up to several hundred Kelvin, and inconsistencies remain among simulation results. Here in this work, we propose an iterative framework that couples density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics simulations performed using an ensemble of interatomic potentials to assess the effect of electronic temperature on the melting point. We systematically validate the potentials by comparing lattice constants and phonon dispersion curves at 0 K and enthalpy differences between liquid and HCP, FCC, BCC phases of iron close to the melt line at 300 GPa with DFT. Our results show that HCP iron melts at 6144 K (at 300 GPa), BCC phase is thermodynamically unstable, and FCC is metastable at this temperature. The melting points of FCC and BCC phases at 300 GPa are 5858 and 5647 K, respectively.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2025

Examples of X-Ray Characterization Techniques in Energy Storage Research

Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the portable electronics and transportation sectors. Their performance is often critically dependent on the crystal structures of the anode and cathode electrode materials, which must enable the transport and reversible storage of lithium ions into and out of the lattice. Because lithium is a low-Z element, characterization of materials for lithium-ion batteries can be particularly challenging. Regardless, X-ray techniques enable analysis of material structures to better understand how battery materials perform and degrade, particularly when combined with other materials characterization and electrochemical characterization techniques. While X-ray techniques are most often used in battery research for phase identification of crystal structures, X-ray characterization techniques are also used for a wide variety of other purposes. I will discuss several examples from my research with various collaborators on several projects that highlight the impact that X-ray characterization techniques can have on battery research. The first example will focus on low-temperature microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis of vanadium-doped LiFePO4 cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. (1,2) Through a combination of electrochemical and materials characterization, we determined that low temperature synthesis resulted in metastable phases that enabled incorporation of higher dopant levels than resulting from high-temperature synthesis of thermodynamically stable phases. Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction data enabled understanding of how lattice parameters changed with doping levels and synthesis temperature. X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy enabled understanding of the vanadium and iron oxidation states to confirm how vacancies in the structure caused by doping were charge compensated. This was important to understand because the literature suggests doping can improve LiFePO4 electrical conductivity, which improves battery charge and discharge rates. The second example will focus on understanding residual strain in lithium metal anodes. Lithium-ion batteries typically use graphite anodes, but the charge-storage capacity can be theoretically improved ~10x by using lithium metal as the anode material instead. However, lithium anodes suffer from growth of high-aspect-ratio features, such as dendrites, that can pierce nanoporous polymer separators and lead to short circuits and fires. External pressure is commonly applied to cells to enable better morphological control. We hypothesized that applied pressure may promote strain and possibly work hardening during electrochemical cycling, which motivated us to look for evidence of residual strain in lithium metal cycled under applied pressure using X-ray diffraction and sin2(..psi..) analysis. We found that lithium electrodeposited under high pressure exhibited in-plane compressive strain and that that lithium electrodeposited under low pressure did not. (3) The residual strain that accompanies electrodeposition under high pressure may lead to work hardening, which may explain how a soft metal like lithium can puncture separators and why higher pressure does not always decrease short circuits. (4-6) References: 1) Harrison, K. L.; Manthiram, A. Microwave-Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Metastable LiFe1- x (VO) x PO4 Cathodes. Inorganic chemistry 2011, 50(8), 3613-3620. 2) Harrison, K. L.; Bridges, C. A.; Paranthaman, M. P.; Segre, C. U.; Katsoudas, J.; Maroni, V. A.; Idrobo, J. C.; Goodenough, J. B.; Manthiram, A. Temperature Dependence of Aliovalent-Vanadium Doping in LiFePO4 Cathodes. Chemistry of Materials 2013, 25(5), 768-781. 3) Rodriguez, M. A.; Harrison, K. L.; Goriparti, S.; Griego, J. J.; Boyce, B. L.; Perdue, B. R. Use of a Be-Dome Holder for Texture and Strain Characterization of Li Metal Thin Films via Sin2 (..psi..) Methodology. Powder Diffraction 2020, 35(2), 89-97. 4) Jungjohann, K. L.; Gannon, R. N.; Goriparti, S.; Randolph, S. J.; Merrill, L. C.; Johnson, D. C.; Zavadil, K. R.; Harris, S. J.; Harrison, K. L. Cryogenic Laser Ablation Reveals Short-Circuit Mechanism in Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS Energy Letters 2021, 6(6), 2138-2144. 5) Harrison, K. L.; Merrill, L. C.; Long, D. M.; Randolph, S. J.; Goriparti, S.; Christian, J.; Warren, B.; Roberts, S. A.; Harris, S. J.; Perry, D. L. Cryogenic Electron Microscopy Reveals That Applied Pressure Promotes Short Circuits in Li Batteries. Iscience 2021, 24(12). 6) Harrison, K. L.; Goriparti, S.; Merrill, L. C.; Long, D. M.; Warren, B.; Roberts, S. A.; Perdue, B. R.; Casias, Z.; Cuillier, P.; Boyce, B. L. Effects of Applied Interfacial Pressure on Li-Metal Cycling Performance and Morphology in 4 M LiFSI in DME. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 2021, 13(27), 31668-31679.

batteries↗