Fluoride-volatility processing
Fluidized bed processing of fluorinated irradiated reactor fuels
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Isotropic pyrolytic carbons
Depositing carbon on high-temperature substrate that is kept in motion by vibration produces isotropic pyrolytic graphite or carbon without using fluidized beds.
Shimizu, H.↗
Comparison of experimental and theoretical thermal fatigue lives for five nickel base alloys
The alloys Nimonic 90, IN 100, coated IN 100, B 1900, coated B 1900, MAR M200, and MAR M200DS (directionally solidified) were studied. Maximum temperatures ranged from 770 C to 1120 C (1420 F to 2050 F). Specimen geometries included tapered disks, double-edged wedges, and cambered airfoils. The disks and wedges were heated and cooled in fluidized beds. The airfoil specimens were heated by a Mach 1 natural gas burner and rapid-air-cooled, with and without spanwise loading. Life calculations included two distinct failure modes: conventional low cycle fatigue and cyclic creep. Required material properties were limited to conventional thermal, tensile, and creep rupture data. The complete life calculation system included the calculation of transient temperature distributions, thermal strains, stresses, creep damage, fatigue damage, and cycles to first crack. Calculated lives were within a factor of two for 76 of the 86 data points analyzed. Cyclic creep accounted for 81% of all the calculated damage.
Spera, D. A.↗
Comparison of experimental and theoretical thermal fatigue lives for five nickel-base alloys.
Alloys investigated were Nimonic 90, IN 100, coated IN 100, B 1900, coated B 1900, MAR M200, and MAR M200DS (directionally solidified). Maximum temperatures ranged from 770 to 1120 C. Specimen geometries included tapered disks, double-edged wedges, and cambered airfoils. The disks and wedges were heated and cooled in fluidized beds. The airfoil specimens were heated by a Mach 1 natural gas burner and rapid-air cooled, with and without spanwise loading. Life calculations included two distinct failure modes: conventional low-cycle fatigue and cyclic creep. The complete life calculation system included the calculation of transient temperature distributions, thermal strains, stresses, creep damage, fatigue damage, and finally cycles to first crack. Calculated lives were within a factor of two for 76 of the 86 data points analyzed.
Spera, D. A.↗
Additional thermal fatigue data on nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys, part 1
The fluidized bed technique was used to measure the relative thermal fatigue resistance of twenty-one superalloys. Among the thirty-six variations of composition, solidification method, and surface protection the cycles to cracking differed by two to three orders of magnitude. Some alloys suffered serious weight losses and oxidation. Thermal fatigue data, oxidation, and dimensional changes are reported. The types of superalloys are identified.
Howes, M. A. H.↗
Exploratory study of several advanced nuclear-MHD power plant systems.
In order for efficient multimegawatt closed cycle nuclear-MHD systems to become practical, long-life gas cooled reactors with exit temperatures of about 2500 K or higher must be developed. Four types of nuclear reactors which have the potential of achieving this goal are the NERVA-type solid core reactor, the colloid core (rotating fluidized bed) reactor, the 'light bulb' gas core reactor, and the 'coaxial flow' gas core reactor. Research programs aimed at developing these reactors have progressed rapidly in recent years so that prototype power reactors could be operating by 1980. Three types of power plant systems which use these reactors have been analyzed to determine the operating characteristics, critical parameters and performance of these power plants. Overall thermal efficiencies as high as 80% are projected, using an MHD turbine-compressor cycle with steam bottoming, and slightly lower efficiencies are projected for an MHD motor-compressor cycle.
Williams, J. R.↗
The Satellite Nuclear Power Station - An option for future power generation.
A new concept in nuclear power generation is being explored which essentially eliminates major objections to nuclear power. The Satellite Nuclear Power Station, remotely operated in synchronous orbit, would transmit power safely to the ground by a microwave beam. Fuel reprocessing would take place in space and no radioactive materials would ever be returned to earth. Even the worst possible accident to such a plant should have negligible effect on the earth. An exploratory study of a satellite nuclear power station to provide 10,000 MWe to the earth has shown that the system could weigh about 20 million pounds and cost less than $1000/KWe. An advanced breeder reactor operating with an MHD power cycle could achieve an efficiency of about 50% with a 1100 K radiator temperature. If a hydrogen moderated gas core reactor is used, its breeding ratio of 1.10 would result in a fuel doubling time of a few years. A rotating fluidized bed or NERVA type reactor might also be used. The efficiency of power transmission from synchronous orbit would range from 70% to 80%.
Williams, J. R.↗
Thermal fatigue resistance of NASA WAZ-20 alloy with three commercial coatings
Screening tests using three commercial coatings (Jocoat, HI-15, and RT-1A) on the nickel-base alloy NASA WAZ-20 were performed by cyclic exposure in a Mach 1 burner facility. These tests showed Jocoated WAZ-20 to have the best cracking resistance. The thermal fatigue resistance of Jocoated WAZ-20 in both the random polycrystalline and directionally solidified polycrystalline forms relative to that of other superalloys was then evaluated in a fluidized-bed facility. This investigation showed that Jocoated random polycrystalline WAZ-20 ranked approximately in midrange in thermal fatigue life. The thermal fatigue life of directionally solidified Jocoated WAZ-20 was shorter than that of other directionally solidified alloys but still longer than that of all alloys in the random polycrystalline form.
Bizon, P. T.↗
Hydrogen production from coal
The gasification reactions necessary for the production of hydrogen from montana subbituminous coal are presented. The coal composition is given. The gasifier types mentioned include: suspension (entrained) combustion; fluidized bed; and moving bed. Each gasification process is described. The steam-iron process, raw and product gas compositions, gasifier feed quantities, and process efficiency evaluations are also included.
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Thermal fatigue and oxidation data on TAZ-8A, MAR-M 200, and Udimet 700 superalloys
The fluidized bed technique was used to determine the relative thermal fatigue and oxidation resistance of three superalloys: TAZ-8A, Mar-M 200, and Udimet 700. The alloys TAZ-8A and MAR-M 200 were also tested in the directionally-solidified form. For the 13 combinations of composition, solidification method, surface protection, and specimen geometry, the cycles to cracking varied from 1250 to 15,000. The alloy/coating having the best resistance to thermal fatigue cracking was coated directionally-solidified NASA TAZ-8A. This combination also had excellent oxidation resistance.
Howes, M. A. H.↗
Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 7: Metal vapor Rankine topping-steam bottoming cycles
Adding a metal vapor Rankine topper to a steam cycle was studied as a way to increase the mean temperature at which heat is added to the cycle to raise the efficiency of an electric power plant. Potassium and cesium topping fluids were considered. Pressurized fluidized bed or pressurized (with an integrated low-Btu gasifier) boilers were assumed. Included in the cycles was a pressurizing gas turbine with its associated recuperator, and a gas economizer and feedwater heater. One of the ternary systems studied shows plant efficiency of 42.3% with a plant capitalization of $66.7/kW and a cost of electricity of 8.19 mills/MJ (29.5 mills/kWh).
Deegan, P. B.↗
Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (ECAS), Westinghouse phase 1. Volume 11: Advanced steam systems
A parametric analysis was made of three types of advanced steam power plants that use coal in order to have a comparison of the cost of electricity produced by them a wide range of primary performance variables. Increasing the temperature and pressure of the steam above current industry levels resulted in increased energy costs because the cost of capital increased more than the fuel cost decreased. While the three plant types produced comparable energy cost levels, the pressurized fluidized bed boiler plant produced the lowest energy cost by the small margin of 0.69 mills/MJ (2.5 mills/kWh). It is recommended that this plant be designed in greater detail to determine its cost and performance more accurately than was possible in a broad parametric study and to ascertain problem areas which will require development effort. Also considered are pollution control measures such as scrubbers and separates for particulate emissions from stack gases.
Wolfe, R. W.↗
Evaluation of selected chemical processes for production of low-cost silicon, phase 2
Potential designs for an integrated fluidized-bed reactor/zinc vaporizer/SiCl4 preheater unit are being considered and heat-transfer calculations have been initiated on versions of the zinc vaporizer section. Estimates of the cost of the silicon prepared in the experimental facility have been made for projected capacities of 25, 50, 75, and 100 metric ton of silicon. A 35 percent saving is obtained in going from 25 metric ton/year to the 50 metric ton/year level. This analysis, coupled with the recognition that use of two reactors in the 50 metric ton/year version allows for continued operation (at reduced capacity) with one reactor shut down, has resulted in a recommendation for adoption of an experimental facility capacity of 50 metric ton/year or greater. At this stage, the change to a larger size facility would not increase the design costs appreciably. In the experimental support program, the effects of seed bed particle size and depth were studied, and operation of the miniplant with a new zinc vaporizer was initiated, revealing the need for modification of the latter.
Blocher, J. M., Jr.↗
Compact bypass-flow filter
Annular filter consisting of stacked rings separates particulates from bypass fluid passing through it in radial direction without slowing down main flow across unimpeded flow of fluid through its center. Applications include fluidized bed reactors, equipment for catalyst operations, and water purification.
Swift, W. G.↗
Proceedings of the conference on Coal Feeding Systems
Development of coal feed systems for coal gasification, fluidized bed combustion, and magnetohydrodynamic applications is discussed. Process operations experience, energy conversion efficiency, and environment effects are among the factors considered.
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Development of coal-feeding systems at the Morgantown Energy Research Center
Systems for feeding crushed and pulverized coal into coal conversion reactor vessels are described. Pneumatic methods for feeding pulverized coal, slurry feeders, and coal pumps, methods for steam pickup, and a method for drying a water-coal slurry in a steam fluidized bed subsequent to feeding the coal into a reactor vessel are included.
Hobday, J. M.↗
Continuous high pressure lump coal feeder design study
A continuous lump coal dry feeder was developed for a pressurized fluidized bed combustor. The approach was to adapt the commercially available Fuller-Kinyon pump to feed coal against a pressure differential of 100 psi or more. The pump was modified and tests performed at various pressure differentials, with differently pitched screws, various screw rotational speeds, and various seal lengths and configurations. Successful operation of the modified Fuller-Kinyon pump was generally limited to pressure differentials of 60 psi or less. Although the results are not conclusive, test data and observations were made that indicated that higher pressure differentials could be attained by further modifications of the test setup. In particular, it is recommended that further testing be performed after replacing the 40-horsepower pump motor presently in the test setup with a motor having a significantly high power rating (thereby allowing pump operation with longer seals and at higher pressure differentials than those tested so far).
Fields, S. F.↗
Babcock and Wilcox's experience with two-phase flow mixtures of coal and gas
The performance of pulverized coal injection systems in operation on blast furnaces is described in terms of application to coal gasification, fluidized bed combustion, and magnetohydrodynamics.
Bolumen, A. G.↗