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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Profiles from Satellites and Aircraft

A future hyperspectral resolution remote imaging and sounding system, called the GIFTS (Geostationary Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer), is described. An airborne system, which produces the type of hyperspectral resolution sounding data to be achieved with the GIFTS, has been flown on high altitude aircraft. Results from simulations and from the airborne measurements are presented to demonstrate the revolutionary remote sounding capabilities to be realized with future satellite hyperspectral remote imaging/sounding systems.

Smith, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Hyperspectral modeling for extracting aerosols from aircraft/satellite data

Sensitivity studies using the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) bands are currently under investigation. The objective of this research is to develop improved algorithms for the determination of aerosol type (e.g., presently described by S(sub 12). Preliminary computer calculations were made using LOWTRAN 7, which is the most advanced atmospheric code of the Air Force Geophysics Laboratory. LOWTRAN 7 permits the calculation of atmospheric transmission and absorption caused by aerosols and molecules along a non-homogeneous path for a variety of aerosol models. The calculations used the Navy Aerosol Model (NAM), which was constructed for the marine environment using a three component size distribution model. Calculations of the total transmittance (L(sub T)), the path radiance (L(sub P)), and the reflected radiance (L(sub r)) were made as a function of wavelength (lambda) from 0.4 to 2.4 microns for each of the 224 10 nm wide AVIRIS bands. These calculations were made for various types of atmospheres for the troposphere (0-2 km).

Hickman, G. Daniel↗
NASA NTRS2002

Spectral Data Reduction via Wavelet Decomposition

The greatest advantage gained from hyperspectral imagery is that narrow spectral features can be used to give more information about materials than was previously possible with broad-band multispectral imagery. For many applications, the new larger data volumes from such hyperspectral sensors, however, present a challenge for traditional processing techniques. For example, the actual identification of each ground surface pixel by its corresponding reflecting spectral signature is still one of the most difficult challenges in the exploitation of this advanced technology, because of the immense volume of data collected. Therefore, conventional classification methods require a preprocessing step of dimension reduction to conquer the so-called "curse of dimensionality." Spectral data reduction using wavelet decomposition could be useful, as it does not only reduce the data volume, but also preserves the distinctions between spectral signatures. This characteristic is related to the intrinsic property of wavelet transforms that preserves high- and low-frequency features during the signal decomposition, therefore preserving peaks and valleys found in typical spectra. When comparing to the most widespread dimension reduction technique, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and looking at the same level of compression rate, we show that Wavelet Reduction yields better classification accuracy, for hyperspectral data processed with a conventional supervised classification such as a maximum likelihood method.

Kaewpijit, S.↗
NASA NTRS2013

International Space Station Instmments Collect Imagery of Natural Disasters

A new focus for utilization of the International Space Station (ISS) is conducting basic and applied research that directly benefits Earth's citizenry. In the Earth Sciences, one such activity is collecting remotely sensed imagery of disaster areas and making those data immediately available through the USGS Hazards Data Distribution System, especially in response to activations of the International Charter for Space and Major Disasters (known informally as the "International Disaster Charter", or IDC). The ISS, together with other NASA orbital sensor assets, responds to IDC activations following notification by the USGS. Most of the activations are due to natural hazard events, including large floods, impacts of tropical systems, major fires, and volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Through the ISS Program Science Office, we coordinate with ISS instrument teams for image acquisition using several imaging systems. As of 1 August 2013, we have successfully contributed imagery data in support of 14 Disaster Charter Activations, including regions in both Haiti and the east coast of the US impacted by Hurricane Sandy; flooding events in Russia, Mozambique, India, Germany and western Africa; and forest fires in Algeria and Ecuador. ISS‐based sensors contributing data include the Hyperspectral Imager for the Coastal Ocean (HICO), the ISERV (ISS SERVIR Environmental Research and Visualization System) Pathfinder camera mounted in the US Window Observational Research Facility (WORF), the ISS Agricultural Camera (ISSAC), formerly operating from the WORF, and high resolution handheld camera photography collected by crew members (Crew Earth Observations). When orbital parameters and operations support data collection, ISS‐based imagery adds to the resources available to disaster response teams and contributes to the publicdomain record of these events for later analyses.

Evans, C. A.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Earth Orbiter 1 (EO-1): Wideband Advanced Recorder and Processor (WARP)

An overview of the Earth Orbitor 1 (EO1) Wideband Advanced Recorder and Processor (WARP) is presented in viewgraph form. The WARP is a spacecraft component that receives, stores, and processes high rate science data and its associated ancillary data from multispectral detectors, hyperspectral detectors, and an atmospheric corrector, and then transmits the data via an X-band or S-band transmitter to the ground station. The WARP project goals are: (1) Pathfinder for next generation LANDSAT mission; (2) Flight prove architectures and technologies; and (3) Identify future technology needs.

Smith, Terry↗
NASA NTRS2007

Initial Results from the MRO Crism Hyperspectral Imaging Spectrometer for the Columbia Hills in Gusev Crater on Mars

Initial results from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) instrument are reported for the Columbia Hills region in Gusev Crater, Mars. The imaged region (data product FRT00003192_07) includes the surface traversed by the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) Spirit. CRISM hyperspectral data (approx. 0.4 to 2.6 micrometers) are compared with multispectral data (approx. 0.4 to 1.0 micrometers) obtained by Spirit's Panoramic Camera (Pancam) instrument.

Morris, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Hyperspectral Sun Photometer for Atmospheric Characterization and Vicarious Calibrations

A hyperspectral sun photometer and associated methods have been developed and demonstrated. Accurate sun photometer calibration is critical to properly measure the solar irradiance and characterize the atmosphere. Traditional sun photometer calibration requires solar observations over several hours. In contrast, the procedures for operating this photometer entail less data acquisition time and embody a more direct approach to calibration. The scientific value of the measurement data produced by this instrument is not adversely affected by atmospheric instability. In addition, this instrument yields hyperspectral data covering a large spectral range (350-2,500 nm) not available from most traditional sun photometers. The hyperspectral sun photometer components include (1) a commercially available spectroradiometer that has been laboratory-calibrated and (2) a commercially available reflectance standard panel that exhibits nearly Lambertian 99% reflectance. The spectroradiometer is positioned above, and aimed downward at, the panel. The procedure for operating this instrument calls for a series of measurements: one in which the panel is fully illuminated by the sun, one in which a shade is positioned between the panel and the sun, and two in which the shade is positioned to cast a shadow to either side of the panel. The total sequence of measurements can be performed in less than a minute. From these measurements, the total radiance, the diffuse radiance, and the direct solar radiance are calculated. The direct solar irradiance is calculated from the direct solar radiance and the known reflectance factor of the panel as a function of the solar zenith angle. Atmospheric characteristics are estimated from the optical depth at various wavelengths calculated from (1) the direct solar irradiance obtained as described above, (2) the air mass along a column from the measurement position to the Sun, and (3) the top-of-atmosphere solar irradiance. The instrumentation used to implement the sun photometer is the same as that used to characterize targets used in radiometric vicarious calibrations. Utilizing this type of sun photometer thus reduces the amount of instrumentation and labor required to perform these studies.

Pagnutti, Mary↗
NASA NTRS2023

Calibration of the SNPP and NOAA 20 VIIRS Sensors for Continuity of the MODIS Climate Data Records

Accurate long-term sensor calibration and periodic re-processing to ensure consistency and continuity of atmospheric, land and ocean geophysical retrievals from space within the mission period and across different missions is a major requirement of climate data records. In this work, we applied the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC)-based vicarious calibration technique over Libya-4 desert site to perform calibration analysis of Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and NOAA-20 satellites. For both VIIRS sensors we characterized residual linear calibration trends and cross-calibrated both sensors to MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua regarded as a calibration standard. The relative spectral response (RSR) differences were accounted for using the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Earth Sensing Imaging Spectrometer (DESIS) hyperspectral surface reflectance data. Our results agree with independent vicarious calibration results of both the MODIS/VIIRS Characterization Support Team as well as the CERES Imager and Geostationary Calibration Group within estimated uncertainty of 1–2%. Analysis of MAIAC geophysical products with the new calibration shows a high level of agreement of MAIAC aerosol, surface reflectance and NDVI records between MODIS and VIIRS. Excluding high aerosol optical depth (AOD), all three sensors agree in AOD with mean difference (MD) less than 0.01 and residual mean squared difference rmsd ∼ 0.04. Spectral geometrically normalized surface reflectance agrees within rmsd of 0.003–0.005 in the visible and 0.01–0.012 at longer wavelengths. The residual surface reflectance differences are fully explained by differences in spectral filter functions. Finally, difference in NDVI is characterized by rmsd ∼ 0.02 and MD less than 0.003 for NDVI based on VIIRS imagery bands I1/I2 and less than 0.01 for NDVI based on VIIRS radiometric bands M5/M7. In practical sense, these numbers indicate consistency and continuity in MAIAC records ensuring the smooth transition from MODIS to VIIRS.

MAIAC↗
NASA NTRS2010

Synergy of VSWIR and LiDAR for Ecosystem Structure, Biomass, and Canopy Diversity

This slide presentation reviews the use of Visible ShortWave InfraRed (VSWIR) Imaging Spectrometer and LiDAR to study ecosystem structure, biomass and canopy diversity. It is shown that the biophysical data from LiDAR and biochemical information from hyperspectral remote sensing provides complementary data for: (1) describing spatial patterns of vegetation and biodiversity, (2) characterizing relationships between ecosystem form and function, and (3) detecting natural and human induced change that affects the biogeochemical cycles.

Cook, Bruce D.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Has NO(2) in Metropolitan Areas Returned to Pre-COVID-19 Levels as Measured by OMI Satellite Data?

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are primarily emitted through the combustion of fossil fuels, such as automobiles and power plants. NOx can contribute to chemical reactions that produce ozone and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution. Using tropospheric vertical column density (TVCD) NO2 data from satellite hyperspectral instruments, such as the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on board NASA’s EOS Aura satellite, one can monitor changes in NO2 pollution during “black-swan” events, such as mobility restrictions during COVID-19 lockdowns. Our OMI team has created the Global Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Home Page (https://so2.gsfc.nasa.gov/no2/no2_index.html ) where we display NO2 TVCD time series, animated maps, and COVID-specific NO2 anomalies comparing to a pre-COVID five-year average for 317 cities and regions around the world. During the pandemic as a result of the widespread lockdowns, many areas saw low NO2 anomalies superimposed on the natural weather related NO2 changes, such as seasonal NO2 cycle. Has NO2 levels returned to pre-Covid-19 levels in large metropolitan areas? We analyze NO2 time series from March through September for the years 2020-2023 using as a reference the average NO2 from 2015-2019 for those months. We will present data from selected cities that represent all countries.

Keith D Evans↗
NASA NTRS2013

Development of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Capability For the Early Detection and Monitoring of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the Great Lakes

Hyperspectral imagers have significant capability for detecting and classifying waterborne constituents. One particularly appropriate application of such instruments in the Great Lakes is to detect and monitor the development of potentially Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs). Two generations of small hyperspectral imagers have been built and tested for aircraft based monitoring of harmful algal blooms. In this paper a discussion of the two instruments as well as field studies conducted using these instruments will be presented. During the second field study, in situ reflectance data was obtained from the Research Vessel Lake Guardian in conjunction with reflectance data obtained with the hyperspectral imager from overflights of the same locations. A comparison of these two data sets shows that the airborne hyperspectral imager closely matches measurements obtained from instruments on the lake surface and thus positively supports its utilization for detecting and monitoring HABs.

Lekki, John↗
NASA NTRS2010

A History of NASA Remote Sensing Contributions to Archaeology

During its long history of developing and deploying remote sensing instruments, NASA has provided a scientific data that have benefitted a variety of scientific applications among them archaeology. Multispectral and hyperspectral instrument mounted on orbiting and suborbital platforms have provided new and important information for the discovery, delineation and analysis of archaeological sites worldwide. Since the early 1970s, several of the ten NASA centers have collaborated with archaeologists to refine and validate the use of active and passive remote sensing for archeological use. The Stennis Space Center (SSC), located in Mississippi USA has been the NASA leader in archeological research. Together with colleagues from Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), SSC scientists have provided the archaeological community with useful images and sophisticated processing that have pushed the technological frontiers of archaeological research and applications. Successful projects include identifying prehistoric roads in Chaco canyon, identifying sites from the Lewis and Clark Corps of Discovery exploration and assessing prehistoric settlement patterns in southeast Louisiana. The Scientific Data Purchase (SDP) stimulated commercial companies to collect archaeological data. At present, NASA formally solicits "space archaeology" proposals through its Earth Science Directorate and continues to assist archaeologists and cultural resource managers in doing their work more efficiently and effectively. This paper focuses on passive remote sensing and does not consider the significant contributions made by NASA active sensors. Hyperspectral data offers new opportunities for future archeological discoveries.

Giardino, Marco J.↗
NASA NTRS2018

Commercial Off-The-Shelf GPU Qualification for Space Applications

With increased sensor data rates, and limited downlink capability, NASA missions have increased demands for onboard processing for applications ranging from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data reduction to hyperspectral image processing and recognition, and even artificial intelligence (AI). Graphics Processor Units (GPUs) offer an attractive processing architecture for many of the applications due to their massive parallelism. As no radiation hardened GPU devices currently exist, any near term GPU-based onboard processors must use commercially available devices. To address this need NASA GSFC is collaborating with Cubic Aerospace Incorporated to, (a) characterize the capability of GPUs to meet the demands of a candidate onboard processing application, thereby demonstrating their ability to improve mission performance, reduce spacecraft SWaP, and potentially enable new missions, and (b) evaluate the radiation tolerance of capable COTS GPU devices to determine their suitability for spaceflight applications and understand any mitigations that are needed. A candidate onboard processing image has been prototyped and evaluated on a commercial GPU board and has demonstrated significantly increased processing throughput. Radiation tests for commercial GPU devices are planned for early fiscal year 2019.

Onboard processing↗
NASA NTRS2018

Impact of Assimilating AIRS Cloud-Cleared Radiances on Atmospheric Dynamics and Polar Low Representation at High Latitudes

This study explores the sensitivity of planetary boundary layer height and related atmospheric dynamics to the assimilation of cloud-cleared AIRS (Atmospheric Infrared Sounder) radiances in the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS, version 5) data assimilation and forecast system during the boreal fall 2014 season using observing system experiments (OSEs). Examined here are comparisons between the current, operational approach of assimilating AIRS clear-sky radiances against the assimilation of cloud-cleared radiances (CCR). In polar regions, assimilation of AIRS CCRs is particularly beneficial because of the sparsity of conventional observations and the prevalence of extended low-level stratus cloud cover, which limit the ingestion of clear-sky data. Assimilation of hyperspectral infrared information from AIRS over the Arctic region slightly modifies the lower midtropospheric temperature structure, which in turn contributes to adjustments in geopotential height, affecting the baroclinic instability properties over the entire hemisphere and explaining the overall improvement in global forecast skill. In addition, it is shown that the assimilation of CCRs benefits the representation of convectively-driven small-scale cyclones at high latitudes in the same way as previously noted for tropical cyclones. Specifically, assimilation of CCRs create a temperature dipole over the top of meteorologically active and strongly convective systems such as polar, arctic, and antarctic lows, which helps constrain the analyzed representation of their scale and vertical structure.

Mcgrath-Spangler, E. L.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Development and Airborne Demonstration of the Concurrent Artificially-Intelligent Spectrometry and Adaptive Lidar System: Advancing Lidar Capabilities for the STV Observing System

We report on the design, build and planned airborne demonstration of a spaceflight-prototype Concurrent Artificially-intelligent Spectrometry and Adaptive Lidar System (CASALS). The CASALS lidar is an Adaptive Wavelength Scanning Lidar (AWSL) operating in push broom mode. The demonstration has three major goals: advance the Technical Readiness Level of the AWSL hardware, validate its measurement performance and mature algorithms and methods needed for the Surface Topography and Vegetation (STV) observing system. AWSL acquires parallel tracks of surface heights by rapidly steering a laser beam across a swath. A 1040nm-centered laser is tuned across 30nm and carved into 2-ns pulses, the pulse energy is fiber amplified and the pulses are dispersed cross-track using a non-mechanical wavelength-to-angle grating. For the spaceflight system the beam will be pointable to 1200 10m footprints across a 7km swath. For the airborne demonstration there will be 256 0.7m footprints across a 110m swath. In both cases the footprints overlap across- and along-track for uniform target illumination. For the airborne demonstration a steering mirror will increase the accessible swath width to 4km. At the receiver, solar radiation is filtered with a narrow-slit grating-spectrometer and the footprints are imaged onto a linear-mode, photon-sensitive HgCdTe APD-array. The received pulses are time-division-multiplexed to a few high-speed analog-to-digital converters to record waveforms. Spaceflight and airborne CASALS are designed to nominally detect 20 photons per pulse and, by averaging 27 overlapping footprints, achieve 2cm flat target range precision and high-quality vegetation structure waveforms The AWSL will be flown in the summer of 2024, along with a Headwall VNIR-SWIR hyperspectral sensor imaging a 4km wide swath, at NEON eddy covariance flux towers in the U.S. mid-Atlantic where high resolution hyperspectral and lidar data, acquired annually, are available for validation.

Guangning Yang↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Next Frontier for Remote Sensing of Freshwater HABS: Utilizing Imaging Spectroscopy Data to Identify Cyanobacteria Bloom Types

Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and their associated toxicity are a concern for inland waters. Due to the extensive spatial coverage and frequent data availability of satellite-based sensors, multi-spectral remote sensing tools have demonstrated utility for monitoring, understanding, and managing these blooms. The next frontier is utilizing high spectral resolution imaging spectroscopy data, such as from NASA’s upcoming PACE, GLIMR, and SBG missions planned for this decade, which allow for the development of more sophisticated cyanobacteria detection algorithms. We evaluate the performance of cyanobacteria genera differentiation algorithms using precursor datasets in support of these upcoming hyperspectral missions. In situ measurements of lake optical, biological, chemical, and physical properties are used to characterize cyanobacteria blooms in hypereutrophic Clear Lake, CA, USA, which supports large, diverse algal and cyanobacteria populations. Data collection occurred during 12 field events in 2021-2022 across all seasons. Three field events were conducted concurrently with hyperspectral data acquisitions from the DESIS sensor on the International Space Station. The results of this study will support the development of future tools utilizing satellite-based imaging spectroscopy data to identify the cyanobacteria genera present in a bloom, and thus the potential for cyanotoxin production. This outcome – the ability to quickly characterize a cyanobacteria bloom at a low cost – will have enormous benefits for public health.

remote sensing↗
NASA NTRS2009

Use of NASA Satellite Data in Aiding Mississippi Barrier Island Restoration Projects

This presentation discusses a NASA Stennis Space Center project in which NASA-supported satellite and aerial data is being used to aid state and federal agencies in restoring the Mississippi barrier islands. Led by the Applied Science and Technology Project Office (ASTPO), this project will produce geospatial information products from multiple NASA-supported data sources, including Landsat, ASTER, and MODIS satellite data as well as ATLAS multispectral, CAMS multispectral, AVIRIS hyperspectral, EAARL, and other aerial data. Project objectives include the development and testing of a regional sediment transport model and the monitoring of barrier island restoration efforts through remote sensing. Barrier islands provide invaluable benefits to the State of Mississippi, including buffering the mainland from storm surge impacts, providing habitats for valuable wildlife and fisheries habitat, offering accessible recreational opportunities, and preserving natural environments for educating the public about coastal ecosystems and cultural resources. Unfortunately, these highly valued natural areas are prone to damage from hurricanes. For example, Hurricane Camille in 1969 split Ship Island into East and West Ship Island. Hurricane Georges in 1998 caused additional land loss for the two Ship Islands. More recently, Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina, Rita, Gustav, and Ike impacted the Mississippi barrier islands. In particular, Hurricane Katrina caused major damage to island vegetation and landforms, killing island forest overstories, overwashing entire islands, and causing widespread erosion. In response, multiple state and federal agencies are working to restore damaged components of these barrier islands. Much of this work is being implemented through federally funded Coastal Impact Assessment and Mississippi Coastal Improvement programs. One restoration component involves the reestablishment of the island footprints to that in 1969. Our project will employ NASA remote sensing data and products to support these federally funded efforts on multiple fronts. Landsat and ASTER data is being analyzed to assess changes in barrier island land cover over the last 35 years. ASTER, SRTM, and EAARL terrain products and other NASA airborne imagery are being applied in assessing changes in barrier island geomorphology and geospatial extent. MODIS data is being examined as a tool for sediment transport modeling by supplying geospatial data that quantifies in-water sediment concentrations. MODIS satellite data is being assessed for monitoring changes in the spatial extent of individual barrier islands. Results thus far indicate that NASA data products are useful in assessing barrier island conditions and changes. This value is enhanced with additional historical geospatial data, commercial high resolution satellite data, other non-NASA aerial imagery, and field survey data. The project s products are relevant to the Gulf of Mexico Alliance priority issues, including coastal habitat conservation, restoration and coastal community resilience. Such products will be available to state and federal agencies involved with coastal restoration. Potential end-users of these products include the National Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Protection Agency, Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality, and Mississippi Department of Marine Resources.

Giardino, Marco↗