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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2008

Hydrogen Research for Spaceport and Space-Based Applications: Hydrogen Sensors and Systems

The activities presented are a broad based approach to advancing key hydrogen related technologies in areas such as fuel cells, hydrogen production, and distributed sensors for hydrogen-leak detection, laser instrumentation for hydrogen-leak detection, and cryogenic transport and storage. Presented are the results from research projects, education and outreach activities, system and trade studies. The work will aid in advancing the state-of-the-art for several critical technologies related to the implementation of a hydrogen infrastructure. Activities conducted are relevant to a number of propulsion and power systems for terrestrial, aeronautics and aerospace applications. Sensor systems research was focused on hydrogen leak detection and smart sensors with adaptive feedback control for fuel cells. The goal was to integrate multifunction smart sensors, low-power high-efficiency wireless circuits, energy harvesting devices, and power management circuits in one module. Activities were focused on testing and demonstrating sensors in a realistic environment while also bringing them closer to production and commercial viability for eventual use in the actual operating environment.

Anderson, Tim↗
NASA NTRS2009

Prediction of Material Properties of Nanostructured Polymer Composites Using Atomistic Simulations

Atomistic models of epoxy polymers were built in order to assess the effect of structure at the nanometer scale on the resulting bulk properties such as elastic modulus and thermal conductivity. Atomistic models of both bulk polymer and carbon nanotube polymer composites were built. For the bulk models, the effect of moisture content and temperature on the resulting elastic constants was calculated. A relatively consistent decrease in modulus was seen with increasing temperature. The dependence of modulus on moisture content was less consistent. This behavior was seen for two different epoxy systems, one containing a difunctional epoxy molecule and the other a tetrafunctional epoxy molecule. Both epoxy structures were crosslinked with diamine curing agents. Multifunctional properties were calculated with the nanocomposite models. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to estimate the interfacial thermal (Kapitza) resistance between the carbon nanotube and the surrounding epoxy matrix. These estimated values were used in a multiscale model in order to predict the thermal conductivity of a nanocomposite as a function of the nanometer scaled molecular structure.

Hinkley, J.A.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Characterization of Encapsulated Corrosion Inhibitors Containing Microparticles for Environmentally Friendly Smart Coatings

This poster presents the results obtained from experiments designed to evaluate the release properties, as well as the corrosion inhibition effectiveness, of several encapsulated corrosion inhibitors. Microencapsulation has been used in the development of environmentally friendly multifunctional smart coatings. This technique enables the incorporation of autonomous corrosion detection, inhibition and self-healing functionalities into many commercially available coating systems. Select environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors were encapsulated in organic and inorganic pH-sensitive microparticles and their release in basic solutions was studied. The release rate results showed that the encapsulation can be tailored from fast, for immediate corrosion protection, to slow, which will provide continued long-term corrosion protection. The incorporation of several corrosion inhibitor release profiles into a coating provides effective corrosion protection properties. To investigate the corrosion inhibition efficiency of the encapsulated inhibitors, electrochemical techniques were used to obtain corrosion potential, polarization curve and polarization resistance data. These measurements were performed using the free as well as the encapsulated inhibitors singly or in combinations. Results from these electrochemical tests will be compared to those obtained from weight loss and other accelerated corrosion experiments.

Coatings↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multifunctional Heat Pump with Energy Storage Capability

Replacing gas furnaces with heat pumps on a large scale can pose challenges to the electrical grid. It will significantly increase the demand, strain the electrical grid, especially during peak usage times. To ensure that heat pumps contribute to reducing emissions, it's essential to increase the share of renewable energy in the grid. However, the supply of renewable energy is unstable. Large scale of electrification must address the concern of grid resilience to meet necessary heating/cooling demands and shift peak electric load. All these require future heat pumps having energy storage capability. These systems can store excess energy during low-demand periods and release it during high-demand periods, reducing stress on the grid. This paper will introduce an innovative configuration, control, and laboratory investigations of a multifunctional packaged heat pump. In addition to the original indoor and outdoor air coils, the heat pump has a parallel hydronic loop with a brazed plate heat exchanger (BHP). The hydronic loop circulates hot/chilled water to store heating/cooling energy in phase change material (PCM). It is capable of space cooling, space heating, cooling energy storage/defrosting, water heating/heating energy storage with outdoor air source or indoor air source, and cooling/heating energy free discharge. The laboratory studies and breadboard unit are presented. Additionally, building energy simulation demonstrates utility cost reduction potential via charging PCM panels/ceilings during off-peak hours and releasing the energy during peak hours to mitigate the peak power consumption.

Shen, Bo↗
NASA NTRS2008

Spaceborne Processor Array

A Spaceborne Processor Array in Multifunctional Structure (SPAMS) can lower the total mass of the electronic and structural overhead of spacecraft, resulting in reduced launch costs, while increasing the science return through dynamic onboard computing. SPAMS integrates the multifunctional structure (MFS) and the Gilgamesh Memory, Intelligence, and Network Device (MIND) multi-core in-memory computer architecture into a single-system super-architecture. This transforms every inch of a spacecraft into a sharable, interconnected, smart computing element to increase computing performance while simultaneously reducing mass. The MIND in-memory architecture provides a foundation for high-performance, low-power, and fault-tolerant computing. The MIND chip has an internal structure that includes memory, processing, and communication functionality. The Gilgamesh is a scalable system comprising multiple MIND chips interconnected to operate as a single, tightly coupled, parallel computer. The array of MIND components shares a global, virtual name space for program variables and tasks that are allocated at run time to the distributed physical memory and processing resources. Individual processor- memory nodes can be activated or powered down at run time to provide active power management and to configure around faults. A SPAMS system is comprised of a distributed Gilgamesh array built into MFS, interfaces into instrument and communication subsystems, a mass storage interface, and a radiation-hardened flight computer.

Chow, Edward T.↗
NASA NTRS2010

26th Space Simulation Conference Proceedings. Environmental Testing: The Path Forward

Topics covered include: A Multifunctional Space Environment Simulation Facility for Accelerated Spacecraft Materials Testing; Exposure of Spacecraft Surface Coatings in a Simulated GEO Radiation Environment; Gravity-Offloading System for Large-Displacement Ground Testing of Spacecraft Mechanisms; Microscopic Shutters Controlled by cRIO in Sounding Rocket; Application of a Physics-Based Stabilization Criterion to Flight System Thermal Testing; Upgrade of a Thermal Vacuum Chamber for 20 Kelvin Operations; A New Approach to Improve the Uniformity of Solar Simulator; A Perfect Space Simulation Storm; A Planetary Environmental Simulator/Test Facility; Collimation Mirror Segment Refurbishment inside ESA s Large Space; Space Simulation of the CBERS 3 and 4 Satellite Thermal Model in the New Brazilian 6x8m Thermal Vacuum Chamber; The Certification of Environmental Chambers for Testing Flight Hardware; Space Systems Environmental Test Facility Database (SSETFD), Website Development Status; Wallops Flight Facility: Current and Future Test Capabilities for Suborbital and Orbital Projects; Force Limited Vibration Testing of JWST NIRSpec Instrument Using Strain Gages; Investigation of Acoustic Field Uniformity in Direct Field Acoustic Testing; Recent Developments in Direct Field Acoustic Testing; Assembly, Integration and Test Centre in Malaysia: Integration between Building Construction Works and Equipment Installation; Complex Ground Support Equipment for Satellite Thermal Vacuum Test; Effect of Charging Electron Exposure on 1064nm Transmission through Bare Sapphire Optics and SiO2 over HfO2 AR-Coated Sapphire Optics; Environmental Testing Activities and Capabilities for Turkish Space Industry; Integrated Circuit Reliability Simulation in Space Environments; Micrometeoroid Impacts and Optical Scatter in Space Environment; Overcoming Unintended Consequences of Ambient Pressure Thermal Cycling Environmental Tests; Performance and Functionality Improvements to Next Generation Thermal Vacuum Control System; Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project: Three-Dimensional Dynamic Stability Testing and Analysis; Thermal Physical Properties of Thermal Coatings for Spacecraft in Wide Range of Environmental Conditions: Experimental and Theoretical Study; Molecular Contamination Generated in Thermal Vacuum Chambers; Preventing Cross Contamination of Hardware in Thermal Vacuum Chambers; Towards Validation of Particulate Transport Code; Updated Trends in Materials' Outgassing Technology; Electrical Power and Data Acquisition Setup for the CBER 3 and 4 Satellite TBT; Method of Obtaining High Resolution Intrinsic Wire Boom Damping Parameters for Multi-Body Dynamics Simulations; and Thermal Vacuum Testing with Scalable Software Developed In-House.

Packard, Edward A.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Real-Time On-Board Airborne Demonstration of High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS)

The project called High-Speed On-Board Data Processing for Science Instruments (HOPS) has been funded by NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) program since April, 2012. The HOPS team recently completed two flight campaigns during the summer of 2014 on two different aircrafts with two different science instruments. The first flight campaign was in July, 2014 based at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in Hampton, VA on the NASA's HU-25 aircraft. The science instrument that flew with HOPS was Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS) CarbonHawk Experiment Simulator (ACES) funded by NASA's Instrument Incubator Program (IIP). The second campaign was in August, 2014 based at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) in Palmdale, CA on the NASA's DC-8 aircraft. HOPS flew with the Multifunctional Fiber Laser Lidar (MFLL) instrument developed by Excelis Inc. The goal of the campaigns was to perform an end-to-end demonstration of the capabilities of the HOPS prototype system (HOPS COTS) while running the most computationally intensive part of the ASCENDS algorithm real-time on-board. The comparison of the two flight campaigns and the results of the functionality tests of the HOPS COTS are presented in this paper.

Beyon, Jeffrey Y.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Pressure Shell Approach to Integrated Environmental Protection

The next generation of exploration mission human systems will require environmental protection such as radiation protection that is effective and efficient. In order to continue human exploration, habitat systems will require special shells to protect astronauts from hostile environments. The Pressure Shell Approach to integrated environmental (radiation) protection is a multi-layer shell that can be used for multifunctional environmental protection. Self-healing, self-repairing nano technologies and sensors are incorporated into the shell. This shell consists of multiple layers that can be tailored for specific environmental protection needs. Mainly, this innovation focuses on protecting crew from exposure to micrometeorites, thermal, solar flares, and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation. The Pressure Shell Approach consists of a micrometeoroid and secondary ejecta protection layer; a thin, composite shell placed in between two layers that is non-structural; an open cavity layer that can be filled with water, regolith, or polyethylene foam; a thicker composite shell that is a structural load bearing that is placed between two layers; and a bladder coating on the interior composite shell. This multi-layer shell creates an effective radiation protection system. Most of its layers can be designed with the materials necessary for specific environments. In situ materials such as water or regolith can be added to the shell design for supplemental radiation protection.

Kennedy, Kriss J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Investigating the Adhesion Force of Lunar Regolith Particulates on Air Plasma Sprayed Alumina Coatings

Ceramic materials, often used to protect components due to their high strength, and wear resistance, have added benefits of being lightweight and providing multifunctional properties. They are, therefore, significant to provide durability and support during long-duration missions to the moon’s surface for rovers, landers, robotic systems, habitats, and many other components. Materials such as aluminum oxide with high mechanical strength and hardness can help to improve the durability of structures used in space exploration. Devices used for space exploration require the use of materials with the ability to withstand exposure to extreme environments. Lunar regolith is a constituent with the ability to adhere electrostatically and damage the components used to perform these missions due to adhesion of lunar dust projectiles that can cause delamination on surfaces, which may not be physically visible. The particulates of lunar dust are classified as corrosive material, leading to the degradation of structures. Aluminum oxide presents excellent resistance to different types of wear due to its high strength and hardness. Air plasma sprayed (APS) aluminum oxide coatings have demonstrated the potential to protect the surface to which they are applied. However, the parameters of roughness and porosity of the coatings need to be considered to establish if they can protect the components from extreme environments. Considering the electrostatic forces that the components are exposed to, the adhesion between the lunar regolith and the surface of the components needs to be investigated. In this work, the adhesion forces of lunar dust simulants with an average size of 30 𝜇m are investigated considering the roughness of the surface of the APS aluminum oxide. The centrifugal technique utilized here offers the advantage of establishing the adhesion force between particles with different shapes on smooth or rough surfaces. The simulants were deposited on the surface of APS aluminum oxide using an aerosolization technique to achieve a monolayer coating in three different locations across the specimen to determine the increments in adhesion force at the centrifuge. The roughness of the APS aluminum oxide was determined to be 2.257 𝜇m. The specimen was tested under an incremental centrifugal speed from 100 rpm to 3000 rpm for 20 seconds. Low magnification microscopy images were collected to cover a larger surface area of the test coating. The adhesion force was measured considering the distance from the centrifugal axis and the rotational speed. Due to the coating roughness, and the distance from the centrifugal axis, the results demonstrated a larger adhesion force in locations closer to the centrifugal axis. Smaller particles were entrapped within the roughness of the coating, and a stronger adhesion force was measured. In order to continue designing wear-resistant coating for structural protection in space missions, press-on experiments using a centrifuge will be performed. Future experiments will allow us to determine the design parameters for APS aluminum oxide coating to protect the structures from harsh space environments.

Perla Latorre-Suarez↗
DOE OSTI2026

Covalent adaptable networks for electrolyte–binder integration in recyclable lithium metal batteries

Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are considered a promising next-generation energy storage technology due to their exceptionally high energy density. However, the development of solid polymer electrolytes and cathode binders for LMBs faces critical challenges, including interfacial instability, poor recyclability, and growing environmental concerns. In particular, current systems often rely on non-recyclable components featuring permanently crosslinked networks and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), which cause battery waste and environmental harm. Herein, we introduce a multifunctional covalent adaptable network (CAN) platform based on thermally reversible Diels–Alder (DA) chemistry, designed for dual functionality as a CAN-based electrolyte (CAE) and a CAN-based cathode binder. The CAE achieves high ionic conductivity and strong storage modulus (1.4 mS cm −1 and ∼ 10 5 Pa at room temperature, respectively) and enables stable long-term cycling in symmetric Li||Li cells for over 2000 h with low overpotential. When it is applied as a cathode binder in LiFePO 4 (LFP) composite electrodes (C-LFP), the CAN matrix significantly reduces interfacial resistance and enhances discharge capacity compared to conventional PVDF-based systems. Thermal treatment induces self-healing at the cathode–electrolyte interface, further improving contact and yielding a discharge capacity of 150 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C. Moreover, the dynamic CAN architecture allows efficient recovery and reuse of lithium salts from spent electrolytes through retro-DA reactions under mild conditions (∼80 °C), establishing a low-energy, cost-effective recycling pathway. In conclusion, this work presents a scalable and sustainable strategy for high-performance LMBs by integrating recyclability, interfacial healing, and PFAS-free design, offering a holistic solution aligned with circular economy principles and next-generation battery demands.

Diels–Alder↗
NASA NTRS2011

A Multifunctional Coating for Autonomous Corrosion Control

Nearly all metals and their alloys are subject to corrosion that causes them to lose their structural integrity or other critical functionality. Protective coatings are the most commonly used method of corrosion control. However, progressively stricter environmental regulations have resulted in the ban of many commercially available corrosion protective coatings due to the harmful effects of their solvents or corrosion inhibitors. This work concerns the development of a multifunctional smart coating for the autonomous control of corrosion. This coating is being developed to have the inherent ability to detect the chemical changes associated with the onset of corrosion and respond autonomously to indicate it and control it. The multi-functionality of the coating is based on microencapsulation technology specifically designed for corrosion control applications. This design has, in addition to all the advantages of existing microcapsulation designs, the corrosion controlled release function that triggers the delivery of corrosion indicators and inhibitors on demand, only when and where needed. Microencapsulation of self-healing agents for autonomous repair of mechanical damage to the coating is also being pursued. Corrosion indicators, corrosion inhibitors, as well as self-healing agents, have been encapsulated and dispersed into several paint systems to test the corrosion detection, inhibition, and self-healing properties of the coating. Key words: Corrosion, coating, autonomous corrosion control, corrosion indication, corrosion inhibition, self-healing coating, smart coating, multifunctional coating, microencapsulation.

Calle, Luz M.↗
DOE OSTI2024

Multifunctional nitrile additives for inducing pseudo-concentration gel-polymer electrolyte: Enabling stable high-voltage lithium metal batteries

High-voltage lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are promising for next-generation high-energy storage systems. Unfortunately, their implementation has been severely plagued by the interfacial instability between the high-voltage cathodes/lithium metal (LM) anodes and electrolytes. To tackle these challenges, a novel nitrile additive, 1,4-dicyanobenzene (DCB) (Synonyms: terephthalonitrile), is added to the in situ polymerized pentaerythritol tetraacrylate-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE). The DCB additive, as demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally, plays a crucial role in altering the Li+ coordinated solvation structure within the GPE. This alteration leads to the formation of a pseudo-concentrated electrolyte with a tightly packed Li+ cluster, expanding the electrochemical stability window of the electrolyte. Moreover, the DCB-included GPE significantly improves its compatibility with both LM anode and high-voltage cathode, attributed to the modified solvation structure and the generated LiF-rich electrolyte/electrode interphases. Accordingly, the GPE enables stable cyclic performance of LMBs based on a 4.9 V LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 cathode at a low relative negative/positive ratio of 4, achieving a high reversible capacity of 123.8 mAh g -1 with a capacity retention of 87.7% over 500 cycles at 0.5 C. This work provides new insights into enhancing the cyclability of high-voltage LMBs via the synergistic effect of additives and GPE.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticles as All-in-One Nanoplatforms

Polymer-grafted nanoparticles (PGNPs) represent a versatile class of hybrid nanomaterials, in which nanoparticle cores and tethered polymer coronas are integrated into structurally programmable building blocks. Rapid advances in nanoparticle surface functionalization and surface-initiated polymerization have enabled increasingly precise control over the nanoparticle core composition and brush architecture, greatly expanding the accessible structural and functional landscape of PGNPs. This review summarizes recent progress in the modular design and structural regulation of PGNPs, with an emphasis on nanoparticle platforms and associated surface functionalization strategies, polymer brush synthesis and architectural control, and the structure−property relationships that govern PGNP behavior. Emerging applications are further highlighted, including additive manufacturing, self-healing materials, membrane-based gas separations, and battery-related systems, where PGNPs provide unique opportunities to couple nanoscale interfacial design with macroscopic performance. Finally, future opportunities are discussed for extending PGNP concepts to increasingly complex, multifunctional, and application-oriented hybrid materials.

functional nanocomposites↗
NASA NTRS1992

User services in the TDRS II era

The next generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRS II) will provide a new level of telemetry, tracking and command services to user spacecraft. In addition to the S-band and Ku-band services, which have made the Space Network concept a reality, a new multifrequency dual-polarization high data rate Ka-band service will also be provided. The S-band multiple-access system will have a larger number of phased array elements, on-board beam forming, and a receive capability equivalent to a single-access antenna. A multifunctional intersatellite link, capable of relaying between TDRS IIs and providing an additional single-access service, is also planned. Enhancements, which include an improved location capability for both the TDRS II and user satellite, a navigation beacon, and a real-time emergency command capability will also be part of the TDRS II. The TDRS II will be three-axis stabilized sufficiently to provide these services to users either on the ground, in low earth orbit, or out to geosynchronous orbit.

Comberiate, Anthony B.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Toward Fully Soft and Multifunctional Shape Sensing via Optical Waveguide Arrays

For soft bodies, surface deformation and pressure provide proprioceptive and exteroceptive information, including body configuration, body compliance, and external forces. We develop a sheet sensor with a fully soft sensing surface that provides surface shape reconstruction using optical waveguide arrays. The waveguides are fabricated to achieve a tunable linear response to bi‐directional bending curvature, and the waveguide arrays are configured to differentiate between ambiguous shapes. We characterize the waveguide performance, relating curvature sensitivity to the core's surface roughness. Synergy of waveguide responses reduces the number of sensing elements required and achieves damage resilience. Using waveguide sensitivity to pressure, we also demonstrate feasibility for exteroception. We demonstrate the multifunctional sensing capability by wrapping the sheet around an upper arm, showcasing joint motion and external force sensing. Integrated into or applied onto surfaces of robotic or living systems, this design can be implemented in applications such as virtual reality, teleoperation, physical therapy, and soft robotics.

Yu, Qifan [Department of Mechanical Engineering Ma↗
DOE OSTI2024

Smart Adaptive Structures for an Ocean Wave Energy Converter

Ocean wave energy converters face significant challenges including cost-effectiveness, minimizing maintenance requirements, and withstanding extreme conditions. However, by utilizing smart materials, these converters could overcome these challenges. Such energy harvesters could use dielectric elastomer generators to convert ocean wave energy into electricity through their dynamic straining. Conversely, by applying electricity to these generators, they become actuators - dielectric elastomer actuators - thereby enabling them to alter their stiffness and adapt to the ever-changing ocean energy environments. Such active adaptation could enhance the converter's ability to: reach resonance with ocean waves and protect itself from dangerous waves. This study utilizes numerical analyses through the COMSOL software framework to evaluate the potential energy that could be harvested by a conceptual ocean wave energy converter based upon dielectric elastomer generators/actuators. The converter is composed of an external hull (that is a hollow cylinder), an inertial mass (that is a hollow cylinder and concentric with the hull), and 'spokes' - made of dielectric elastomer generators/actuators - that connect the hull to the inertial mass. Results of the numerical analyses include those outcomes arising from the conceptual converter being simulated via a sinusoidal motion analogous to ocean waves. That motion, therefore, causes relative motion between the converter's hull and inertial mass thereby dynamically stretching the corresponding connecting elastomers. The stretching of the elastomers enables them to 'gain elastic strain energy' and is, therefore, considered to be the theoretical limit of possible electrical energy conversion for the dielectric elastomer generator/actuator spokes. Additionally, the elastomer material properties of the spokes were altered to simulate the actuation of those same elastomers; with overall strain energy being subsequently investigated. Ultimately this is a preliminary study exploring the ability of such smart materials - electricity-generating and self-actuating elastomers - to actively adapt an ocean wave energy converter's structure to address and overcome the aforementioned challenges.

active materials↗
NASA NTRS1982

Some piloting experiences with multifunction isometric side-arm controllers in a helicopter

The installation of two side-arm mounted, isometric controllers in the NAE Airborne Simulator, a modified, variable stability Bell 205 A is described, as is the development of various control systems for use with them. The results of two experiments are presented indicating both the feasibility and acceptability of such systems for a wide variety of tasks in a conventional single rotor helicopter, with a minimum of stability augmentation. Areas of future research are indicated.

Morgan, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Frontal Polymerization in Microgravity: Bubble Behavior and Convection on the KC-135 Aircraft

Frontal polymerization is a mode of converting monomer into polymer via a localized exothermic reaction zone that propagates through the coupling of thermal diffusion and Arrhenius reaction kinetics. Frontal polymerization was discovered in Russia by Chechilo and Enikolopyan in 1972. The macrokinetics and dynamics of frontal polymerization have been examined in detail and applications for materials synthesis considered. Large temperature and concentration gradients that occur in the front lead to large density gradients. A schematic is presented for a liquid monomer, usually a monoacrylate, being converted to a liquid (thermoplastic) polymer. The velocity can be controlled by the initiator concentration but is on the order of a cm/min. If the liquid monomer is multifunctional, then a solid (thermoset) polymer is formed. Convection can occur with all types of monomers if the front propagates up a tube. Bowden et al. studied liquid/solid systems. McCaughey et al. studied liquid polymer systems. Descending fronts in thermoplastic systems are also susceptible to the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.

Pojman, John A.↗