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At least 217 records · Page 12

Iron oxide bands in the visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids

High resolution reflectance spectra of primitive asteroids (C, P, and D class and associated subclasses) have commonly revealed an absorption feature centered at 0.7 microns attributed to an Fe(2+)-Fe(3+) charge transfer transition in iron oxides and/or oxidized iron in phyllosilicates. A smaller feature identified at 0.43 microns has been attributed to an Fe(3+) spin-forbidden transition in iron oxides. In the spectra of the two main-belt primitive asteroids 368 Haidea (D) and 877 Walkure (F), weak absorption features which were centered near the location of 0.60-0.65 microns and 0.80-0.90 microns prompted a search for features at these wavelengths and an attempt to identify their origin(s). The CCD reflectance spectra obtained between 1982-1992 were reviewed for similar absorption features located near these wavelengths. The spectra of asteroids in which these absorption features have been identified are shown. These spectra are plotted in order of increasing heliocentric distance. No division of the asteroids by class has been attempted here (although the absence of these features in the anhydrous S-class asteroids, many of which have presumably undergone full heating and differentiation should be noted). For this study, each spectrum was treated as a continuum with discrete absorption features superimposed on it. For each object, a linear least squares fit to the data points defined a simple linear continuum. The linear continuum was then divided into each spectrum, thus removing the sloped continuum and permitting the intercomparison of residual spectral features.

Jarvis, Kandy S.↗

Bright soil units on Mars determined from ISM imaging spectrometer data

The lithology of bright Martian soil provides evidence for chemical and physical processes that have modified the planet's surface. Data from the ISM imaging spectrometer, which observed much of the equatorial region at a spatial resolution of approximately 22 km, cover the NIR wavelength range critical to ascertaining the presence and abundance of Fe-containing phases, hydroxylated silicates, and H2O in the bright soil. ISM data previously have revealed spatial variations in depth of the 3.0-microns H2O absorption suggesting differences in water content, a weak absorption at 2.2 microns indicative of metal-OH in phyllosilicate, and variations in the 1-micron Fe absorption indicative of differences in Fe mineralogy. This paper summarizes first results of a systematic investigation of spectral heterogeneity in bright soils observed by ISM. At least seven 'units' with distinctive properties were discriminated. Comparison of their spatial distributions with Viking data shows that they generally correspond with previously recognized morphologic, color, and thermal features. These correspondences and the units' spectral attributes provide evidence for lithologic differences between the soils in different geologic settings.

Murchie, Scott↗

Comparison of visible and near-infrared reflectance spectra of CM2 carbonaceous chondrites and primitive asteroids

Spectra of primitive asteroids (defined as C, P, and D classes and associated subclasses) were compared to the limited number of spectra of CM2 carbonaceous chondrites. An absorption feature located at 0.7 microns attributed to an Fe(+2) - Fe(+3) charge transfer absorption in iron oxides in phyllosilicates is apparent in some of the CM2 carbonaceous chondrite spectra and many of the asteroid spectra. Sawyer found a correlation between the area of the 0.7 micron feature and the mean semimajor axis of the asteroids. Spectra of a larger sample of carbonaceous chondrites, including 7 CM2 chondrites, covering a spectral interval of 0.30-2.5 microns were recently obtained using the Relab instrument at Brown University. These spectra were compared with spectrophotometric asteroid observations in a separate abstract. Those spectra of CM2 chondrites were isolated into the UV, visible and near-infrared spectral regions in order to compare them with high-quality narrowband reflectance spectra.

Vilas, F.↗

Alteration and formation of rims on the CM parent body

All types of coarse-grained components in CM chondrites are surrounded by fine-grained dust coatings, but the origin of these rims is not yet clear. Although a strictly nebular origin seems likely for rims in the relatively unaltered type 3 chondrites, the rims in CM chondrites are dominated by secondary alteration phases. It has been argued that either the coarse-grained cores accreted altered rim materials while still in the nebula or that alteration of primary rim phases occurred on the CM parent body. To constrain the origin of alteration phases in rim material, we have analyzed the textures and mineral associations from 10 CM chondritic falls by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the secondary phases in CM chondritic rims were produced by parent body fluid-rock interactions which redefined some primary rim textures and may have produced, in some cases, both coarse-grained components and the rims that surround them. Textural features demonstrate the interactive exchange of alteration fluids between rims, matrix, and chondrules on the CM parent body. For example, most matrix-rim contacts are gradational, suggesting the synchronous alteration of both components. Several observations suggest the possibility of in situ rim production. For example, tochilinite and phyllosilicates commonly form rims around matrix carbonates, which are generally believed to have precipitated from alteration fluids on the CM parent body. This suggests that the rims surrounding matrix carbonates may also have been produced by alteration processes. Partially replaced chondrule olivines bear a striking resemblance to many rimmed olivines in the matrix which suggests, by analogy, that site-specific precipitation of S-bearing phases may also be responsible for the occurrence of many tochilinite-rich rims around isolated matrix olivines. Non-silicate rims precipitate around olivines of any composition, but the process is most effective for fayalitic olivines. Most of the remaining olivines in CM chondrites are relatively Mg-rich, which suggests that the precipitation of S-bearing rims on olivines may not have been an important process in the aqueous alteration of CM chondrites. We conclude that: (1) precursor rim materials in CM chondrites were subjected to pervasive aqueous alteration on the CM parent body; and (2) textures and mineral associations observed in CM chondrites also suggest the possibility of in situ rim production.

Browning, Lauren B.↗

A proposition for the classification of carbonaceous chondritic micrometeorites

Classification of interplanetary dust particles (IDP's) should be unambiguous and, if possible, provide an opportunity to interrelate these ultrafine IDP's with the matrices of undifferentiated meteorites. I prefer a scheme of chemical groupings and petrologic classes that is based on primary IDP properties that can be determined without prejudice by individual investigators. For IDP's of 2-50 microns these properties are bulk elemental chemistry, morphology, shape, and optical properties. The two major chemical groups are readily determined by energy dispersive spectroscopic analysis using the scanning or analytical electron microscope. Refinement of chondritic IDP classification is possible using the dominant mineral species, e.g. olivine, pyroxene, and layer silicates, and is readily inferred from FTIR, and automated chemical analysis. Petrographic analysis of phyllosilicate-rich IDP's will identify smectite-rich and serpentine-rich particles. Chondritic IDP's are also classified according to morphology, viz., CP and CF IDP's are aggregate particles that differ significantly in porosity, while the dense CS IDP's have a smooth surface. The CP IDP's are characterized by an anhydrous silicate mineralogy, but small amounts of layer silicates may be present. Distinction between the CP and CF IDP's is somewhat ambiguous, but the unique CP IDP's are fluffy, or porous, ultrafine-grained aggregates. The CP IDP's, which may contain silicate whiskers, are the most carbon-rich extraterrestrial material presently known. The CF IDP's are much less porous that CP IDP's. Using particle type definitions, CP IDP's in the NASA JSC Cosmic Dust Catalogs are approx. 15 percent of all IDP's that include nonchondritic spheres. Most aggregate particles are of the CF type.

Rietmeijer, Frans J. M.↗

Carbonates in the Kaidun chondrite

Kaidun is a remarkable chondrite breccia fall containing lithic clasts that span a wide range of chondrite groups including C and E chondrites, as well as having clasts with characteristics not yet found in existing chondrite samples. The dominant lithology in Kaidun appears to be CR chondritic, consonant with recent O isotope data. The carbonates in Kaidun are presented as one mineralogical basis for comparing it to the other hydrated chondrites and to better understand its relative alteration history. The four polished thin sections of Kaidun studied contained a variety of lithologies that we classified into four groups -- CR, E, CM-like, and dark inclusions (DIs). DIs contain sulfide and magnetite morphologies that superficially resemble CI chondrites, and some of the previously reported CI lithologies in Kaidun may be what we term DIs. Carbonates were found in all lithologies studied. Carbonates in Kaidun are similar in composition to those in CR chondrites. Some of the DIs in Kaidun, previously characterized as CI, have carbonates similar to those in CR chondrites and are unlike those in CI or CM chondrites. Most carbonates in Kaidun and CR chondrites are calcites, some of which formed at temperatures above 250 C. Dolomite is less common and some may be metastable. Alteration temperatures in the Renazzo CR chondrite were estimated to be approximately 300 C, based on O isotope fractionation between phyllosilicates and magnetite. Temperatures of up to 450 C were proposed for the alteration of a CR-like dark inclusion in Kaidun, based on the presence of hydrothermal pentlandite veins. The alteration temperatures for Kaidun and the other CR chondrites are considerably higher than those suggested for CI or CM parent bodies.

Weisberg, M. K.↗

CM chondrites exhibit the complete petrologic range from type 2 to 1

Recognition and characterization of the different CM lithologies as components in all meteorites could reveal details of the nature and chronology of alteration and brecciation events on hydrous asteroids. The CM chondrites are of particular interest, as they are the most common carbonaceous chondrites and are found as clasts within other types of meteorites, which suggests that the CM parent asteroids are (or were) widespread in the sections of the asteroid belt providing samples to Earth. Some CM2s, including EET 90047, ALH 83100, and Y 82042, are more 'extensively' altered, and are distinguished by a high proportion of Mg-rich phyllosilicates and Ca-Mg carbonates, frequently in rounded aggregates, and near absence of olivine or pyroxene. 'Completely' altered CMs, called CM1s, essentially lack olivine or pyroxene; these include EET 83334, ALH 88045, and the CM1 clasts in Kaidun. Cold Bokkeveld and EET 84034, both highly brecciated CMs, consist of both extensively and completely altered lithologies. We describe how these lithologies further cosntrain physicochemical conditions on hydrous asteroids. We conclude that CM chondrites exhibit the petrologic range 2 through 1, and that progressive alteration on the parent hydrous asteroid(s) was accompanied by significant increases in temperature (to a peak of approximately 450 C), fO2, water-rock ratio, and (locally) degree of chemical leaching, all well beyond the conditions recorded by CM2s.

Zolensky, M. E.↗

Carbonaceous chondrite clasts in the howardites Bholghati and EET87513

Twenty-two carbonaceous chondrite clasts from the two howardites Bholghati and EET87513 were analyzed. Clast N from EET87513 is a fragment classified as CM2 material on the basis of texture, bulk composition, mineralogy, and bulk O isotopic composition. Carbonaceous chondrite clasts from Bholghati, for which less data are available because of their small size, can be divided into two petrologic types: C1 and C2. C1 clasts are composed of opaque matrix with rare coarse-grained silicates as individual mineral fragments; textures resemble CI meteorites and some dark inclusions from CR meteorites. Opaque matrix is predominantly composed of flaky saponite; unlike typical CI and CR meteorites, serpentine is absent in the samples we analyzed. C2 clasts contain chondrules, aggregates, and individual fragments of coarse-grained silicates in an opaque matrix principally composed of saponite and anhydrous ferromagnesian silicates with flaky textures similar to phyllosilicates. These anhydrous ferromagnesian silicates are interpreted as the product of heating of pre-existing serpentine. The carbonaceous chondrite clasts we have studied from these two howardites are, with one notable exception (clast N from EET87513), mineralogically distinct from typical carbonaceous chondrites. However, these clasts have very close affinities to carbonaceous chondrites and have also experienced thermal metamorphism and aqueous alteration, but to different degrees.

Buchanan, P. C.↗

Spectroscopy of Mars form 2.04 to 2.44 micron during the 1993 opposition: Absolute calibration and atmospheric vs mineralogic origin of narrow absorption features

We present moderate-resolution (lambda/delta lambda = 300 to 370) reflectance spectral of Mars from 2.04 to 2.44 microns that were obtained at United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) during the 1993 opposition. Seven narrow absorption features were detected and found to have a Mars origin. By comparison with solar and Mars atmospheric spectra, five of these features were attributed all or in part to Mars atmospheric CO2 or CO (2.052 +/- 0.003, 2.114 +/- 0.002, 2.150 +/- 0.003, 2.331 +/- 0.001, and 2.357 +/- 0.002 microns). Two of the bands (2.331 +/- 0.001 and 2.357 +/- 0.002 micron) appear to have widths and depths that are consistent with additional, nonatmospheric absorptions, although a solar contribution cannot be entirely ruled out. Two other weak bands centered at 2.278 +/- 0.002 and 2.296 +/- 0.002 microns may be at least partially mineralogic in origin. The data provide no conclusive identification of the mineralogy responsible for these absorption features. However, examination of terrestrial spectral libraries and previous mineralogy responsible for these absorption features. However, examination of terrestrial spectral libraires and previous moderate spectral resolution mineral studies indicates that the most likely origin of these features is either (bi)carbonate or (bi)sulfate anions in framework silicates of (Fe, Mg)-OH bonds in sheet silicates. If the bands are caused by phyllosilicate minerals, then an explanation must be found for the extremely narrow widths of the cation-OH features in the Mars spectra as compared to terrestrial minerals.

Bell, James F., III↗

Spatial Variations in the Spectral Properties of Bright Regions on Mars

Much of the surface of Mars is covered by material that is bright and reddish at visible wavelengths and which is interpreted as chemically altered soil. High spatial resolution data from the ISM near-infrared imaging spectrometer on the Phobos 2 spacecraft have provided new information about the composition and compositional heterogeneity of this soil. Most bright soil exhibits a weak, narrow absorption feature near 2.2 micron, suggesting the presence of poorly crystalline phyllosilicate. The strength of the 3.0-micron H2O absorption exhibits spatially coherent variations, with stronger absorptions occurring in specific geologic units. These variations may result from differences in the content of molecular water in soils developed on different deposits. Additionally, the position and shape of the 0.9-micron Fe(3+) absorption indicate hematite to be present in bright soils covering many areas, including Tharsis. However, other large areas covered by bright soil, including much of Arabia, exhibit a deeper absorption at a longer wavelength, suggesting occurrence of ferric minerals other than hematite. These spectral heterogeneities indicate that bright martian soil is compositionally diverse and not completely homogenized by eolian activity. The compositional differences may result from different histories of chemical alteration of parent materials and their resulting soils, possibly including local effects of liquid water.

Murchie, Scott↗

Workshop on Parent-Body and Nebular Modification of Chondritic Materials

Topics considered include: thermal Metamorphosed Antarctic CM and CI Carbonaceous Chondrites in Japanese Collections, and Transformation Processes of Phyllosilicates; use of Oxygen Isotopes to Constrain the Nebular and Asteroidal Modification of Chondritic Materials; effect of Revised Nebular Water Distribution on Enstatite Chondrite Formation; interstellar Hydroxyls in Meteoritic Chondrules: Implications for the Origin of Water in the Inner Solar System; theoretical Models and Experimental Studies of Gas-Grain Chemistry in the Solar Nebula; chemical Alteration of Chondrules on Parent Bodies; thermal Quenching of Silicate Grains in Protostellar Sources; an Experimental Study of Magnetite Formation in the Solar Nebula; the Kaidun Meteorite: Evidence for Pre- and Postaccretionary Aqueous Alteration; a Transmission Electron Microscope Study of the Matrix Mineralogy of the Leoville CV3 (Reduced-Group) Carbonaceous Chondrite: Nebular and Parent-Body Features; rubidium-Strontium Isotopic Systematic of Chondrules from the Antarctic CV Chondrites Yamato 86751 and Yamato 86009: Additional Evidence for Late Parent-Body Modification; oxygen-Fugacity Indicators in Carbonaceous Chondrites: Parent-Body Alteration or High-Temperature Nebular Oxidation; thermodynamic Modeling of Aqueous Alteration in CV Chondrites; asteroidal Modification of C and O Chondrites: Myths and Models; oxygen Fugacity in the Solar Nebular; and the History of Metal and Sulfides in Chondrites.

Zolensky, M. E.↗

Petrology of Impact-Melt Rocks at the Chicxulub Multiring Basin, Yucatan, Mexico

Compositions and textures of melt rocks from the upper part of the Chicxulub structure are typical of melt rocks at other large terrestrial impact structures. Apart from variably elevated iridium concentrations (less than 1.5 to 13.5 +/- 0.9 ppb) indicating nonuniform dissemination of a meteoritic component, bulk rock and phenocryst compositions imply that these melt rocks were derived exclusively from continental crust and platform-sediment target lithologies. Modest differences in bulk chemistry among samples from wells located approximately 40 km apart suggest minor variations in relative contributions of these target lithologies to the melts. Subtle variations in the compositions of early-formed pyroxene and plagioclase also support minor primary differences in chemistry between the melts. Evidence for pervasive hydrothermal alteration of the porous mesostasis includes albite, K-feldspar, quartz, epidote, chlorite, and other phyllosilicates, as well as siderophile element-enriched sulfides, suggesting the possibility that Chicxulub, like Sudbury, may host important ore deposits.

Schuraytz, Benjamin C.↗

The Weathering of Antarctic Meteorites: Climatic Controls on Weathering Rates and Implications for Meteorite Accumulation

Weathering of meteorites includes a variety of chemical and mineralogical changes, including conversion of metal to iron oxides, or rust. Other changes include the devitrification of glass, especially in fusion crust. On a longer time scale, major minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and feldspar are partially or wholly converted to various phyllosilicates. The degree of weathering of meteorite finds is often noted using a qualitative system based on visual inspection of hand specimens. Several quantitative weathering classification systems have been proposed or are currently under development. Wlotzka has proposed a classification system based on mineralogical changes observed in polished sections and Mossbauer properties of meteorite powders have also been used. In the current paper, we discuss induced thermoluminescence (TL) as an indicator of degree of weathering of individual meteorites. The quantitative measures of weathering, including induced TL, suffer from one major flaw, namely that their results only apply to small portions of the meteorite.

Benoit, P. H.↗

Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Evolved Gas Analysis of Hydromagnesite

Volatile-bearing minerals (e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides, phyllosilicates, carbonates and sulfates) may be important phases on the surface of Mars. In order to characterize these phases the Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA) flying on the Mars'98 lander will perform analyses on surface samples from Mars. Hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2.4H2O] is considered a good standard mineral to examine as a Mars soil analog component because it evolves both H2O and CO2 at temperatures between 0 and 600 C. Our aim here is to interpret the DSC signature of hydromagnesite under ambient pressure and 20 sccm N2 flow in the range 25 to 600 C. The DSC curve for hydromagnesite under the above conditions consists of three endothermic peaks at temperatures 296, 426, and 548 and one sharp exotherm at 511 C. X-ray analysis of the sample at different stop temperatures suggested that the exotherm corresponded with the formation of crystalline magnesite. The first endotherm was due to dehydration of hydromagnesite, and then the second one was due to the decomposition of carbonate, immediately followed by the formation of magnesite (exotherm) and its decomposition to periclase (last endotherm). Evolution of water and CO2 were consistent with the observed enthalpy changes. A library of such DSC-evolved gas curves for putative Martian minerals are currently being acquired in order to facilitate the interpretation of results obtained by a robotic lander.

Lauer, H. V., Jr.↗

Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyses at Reduced Pressures: A Mineral Database for the Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA)

Volatile-bearing minerals (e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides, phyllosilicates, carbonates, and sulfates) may be important phases on the surface of Mars. The Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA), which was part of the Mars Polar Lander payload, was to detect and identify volatile-bearing phases in the Martian regolith. The TEGA instrument is composed of a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) interfaced with an evolved gas analyzer (EGA). The EGA consists of a Herriott cell of a tunable-diode laser (TDL) spectrometer that determines CO, and H2O abundances. The sample chamber in TEGA operates at about 100 mbar (-76 torr) with a N2 carrier gas flow of 0.4 sccm. Essentially no information exists on the effects of reduced pressure on the thermal properties of volatile-bearing minerals. Here we present a database for the thermal behavior of volatile-bearing phases under reduced pressure conditions.

Lauer, H. V., Jr.↗

J6 Himalia: New Compositional Evidence and Interpretations for the Origin of Jupiter's Small Satellites

New narrowband spectrophotometric data of J6 Himalia, some of which are spatially resolved, support its C-type classification. The new spectra confirm the presence of a weak absorption feature centered near 0.7 micron attributed to oxidized iron in phyllosilicates, products of aqueous alteration, which varies in depth on opposite sides of the satellite. Evaluation of older UBV photometry of J6 and J7 Elara compared to UBV photometry of C-class (and subclass) asteroids showing spectral evidence of the 0.7-microns absorption feature suggests that J6 Himalia is an F-class asteroid. We propose that the parent body of the prograde Jovian satellites originated as part of the Nysa asteroid family. Evolutionary models of the Jovian system are used to address the capture and dispersal of the irregular satellites.

Vilas, Faith↗

Thermal and Evolved Gas Analysis of Hydromagnesite and Nesquehonite: Implications for Remote Thermal Analysis on Mars

Volatile-bearing minerals (e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides, phyllosilicates, carbonates, and sulfates) may be important phases on the surface of Mars. In order to characterize these potential phases the Thermal Evolved-Gas Analyzer (TEGA), which was onboard the Mars Polar Lander, was to have performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and evolved-gas analysis of soil samples collected from the surface. The sample chamber in TEGA operates at about 100 mbar (approximately 76 torr) with a N2, carrier gas flow of 0.4 seem. Essentially, no information exists on the effects of reduced pressure on the thermal properties of volatile-bearing minerals. In support of TEGA, we have constructed a laboratory analog for TEGA from commercial instrumentation. We connected together a commercial differential scanning calorimeter, a quadruple mass spectrometer, a vacuum pump, digital pressure gauge, electronic mass flow meter, gas "K" bottles, gas dryers, and high and low pressure regulators using a collection of shut off and needle valves. Our arrangement allows us to vary and control the pressure and carrier gas flow rate inside the calorimeter oven chamber.

Lauer, H. V., Jr.↗

The Search for Water and Other Volatiles in Martian Surface Materials: The Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA)

Volatile-bearing minerals and phases (e.g., Fe-oxyhydroxides, phyllosilicates, carbonates, sulfates, palagonites, glasses) may be important components of the Martian regolith. However, essentially no information exists on the mineralogical composition of volatile-bearing phases in the regolith. The Thermal Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA), which was part of the Mars Polar Lander payload, was to determine the abundances of two of the most important volatile compounds (i.e., water and carbon dioxide) in the martian soil and to identify the minerals or phases that harbor these volatiles. The TEGA instrument was composed of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) interfaced with evolved gas analysis (EGA). The EGA consisted of a Herriott cell of a tunable-diode laser (TDL) spectrometer that determines CO2 and H2O abundances. The sample chamber was to operate at about 100 mbar (-76 torr) with a N2 carrier gas flow of 0.4 sccm. Specifications of TEGA are described in detail elsewhere in this volume.

Ming, D. W.↗