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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Modelling the Liquid Waste Operation at the Savannah River Site

Modeling Successes Dounreay – Site Closure Optimization and Risk Reduction Re-structuring and streamlining a complex project plan to achieve site decommissioning in reduced time and at reduced cost, through automated task prioritization. Idaho AMWTP – Multi-stream Optimization Speeding up a complex facility with many process lines, by utilizing all of the process lines more efficiently and reducing overall plant downtime, by coordinating repairs and shutdowns. AWE –Waste Repackaging and Relocation Relocating schedule for waste material from an old storage facility to a new purpose-built one, safely, and in a timely fashion that removed the need to reassure the safety of the old facility. Sellafield – Effluent, Sludge and HAW Treatment Improving a wide range of chemical engineered processes including aqueous effluent treatment, chemically-reactive sludge management and waste vitrification processing. Strategic Petroleum Reserve – Cavern Management Linking chemistry models of petroleum prediction, through engineering cavern management to financial modeling of gasoline sales to benefit US government

Jung, Andrew W.↗
DOE OSTI2023

EVI-Pro for Bogota Columbia [Slides]

The transportation sector is one of the largest producers of greenhouse gas emissions globally, with 37% of global CO 2 emissions in 2021 according to the International Energy Agency. Transitioning from internal combustion engine vehicles powered by fossil fuels to electrified transportation is a critical component in reducing those emissions significantly over the coming decades and avoiding the worst consequences of climate change. With governments and automakers increasingly announcing electrification targets and a progression away from the production and sale of internal combustion engine vehicles, a robust network of charging infrastructure must be built to enable the widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs). Some of the greatest hurdles to EV deployment are linked to the buildout of the required charging infrastructure including where it should be built, what types and how much charging would be optimal given high costs of installation, and the impact on the electrical grid. To this end, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) conducts extensive research on EV deployment, including the development of the EVI-Pro model used to plan the future buildout of charging infrastructure given the travel patterns in a region. This document summarizes work done by NREL in the Bogotá, Colombia region to help Colombia plan for its EV deployment goals.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Procurement Options for Low Temperature Geothermal Technologies at Federal Facilities

Federal agencies are moving towards more efficient and resilient facilities by increasingly implementing energy projects in an effort to meet federally mandated goals, agency needs, and administration priorities. Low temperature geothermal technologies, which include geothermal heat pumps (GHP) and district heating systems, can contribute to meeting these goals. These technologies provide facilities with heating and cooling while reducing facility energy use and improving resilience. However, in order to implement these solutions, federal facilities must identify and execute a strategy for the procurement of these technologies. Federal facilities have successfully completed energy efficiency projects using a variety of procurement options. The purpose of this document is to provide federal agencies with a comprehensive overview of the procurement options available for low temperature geothermal technologies and other energy efficiency projects. The procurement options discussed include third-party financing mechanisms such as energy saving performance contracts (ESPCs), ESPC energy sales agreements (ESPC ESAs), and utility energy service contracts (UESCs), as well as dedicated funds in the form of federal grants and appropriated funds.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Safer Foundation Solar Demands Skill Collaborative

The milestones and accomplishments achieved in Safer’s Solar Demands Skill Training program required a collective effort of stakeholders. The ability to achieve the desired results and impact lives of the population we serve works best when collaborating with community stakeholders such as community-based organizations, faith-based organizations, community activists, local law enforcement, community residents, employers, and elected and appointed officials. We are working harder than ever to place clients in-demand careers and high-growth industry sectors. Our employer engagement with high growth sectors continues to increase, we have been able to deepen our relationships in this space by providing in demand stackable credential training. Launched our initiative in the green job space by partnering with organizations like ComEd, the Department of Energy, community-based organizations, faith-based organizations, and manufacturers that helped to train clients in the green jobs and renewable energy space. By the end of the year, we will have completed our tenth cohort of photovoltaic solar installation training. The training has been used as a foundation for solar panel installers to acquire new skills in in the green jobs career pathways, such as sales and customer service. It has also served as a pipeline to union-level trade positions through the skills participants obtained through partnership engagement. Safer Foundation's policy and advocacy team plays a major role in expanding opportunities for people with records to over one hundred occupations, including the trades. This reform has allowed many to secure living wage employment, reducing the high recidivism rate within Illinois. Safer continues to build our social enterprise with Reconstructive Technology Partners (RTP). RTP is introducing people with records to the construction trades such as solar, carpentry and electrical through residential remodeling of homes on smaller construction projects. Understanding the need to have a greater community presence, outreach was extended to a boots on the ground model, including, but not limited to door-to-door engagement, DE-EE0008571 Safer Foundation Page 4 of 29 local radio broadcasting and print ads in local newspapers. We continue to seek innovative ways to increase Safer Foundations' presence in the renewable energy space. Outreach efforts gave us an opportunity to share critical reentry information and opportunities about our PV installer program. Giving us reach with local and national audiences alike. We launched a systematic approach to improving client data and client tracking through an evidence-based practices initiative. That implemented an agency wide cross-functional data management system. The system supported our goal of reviewing, evaluating, and making recommendations to improve operational processes, program delivery, information sharing, and more. Played a significant part in the success of the solar program. Finally, economists around the nation agree that there is a significant labor shortage. The shortage directly threatens our ability to sustain our economic growth; if employers do not have access to the workers they need, it can lead to a shutdown in the economic recovery. The demand for Safer Foundation services is more important and impactful than ever. We will continue to build upon our 50 years of experience to address the challenges ahead and serve more people in a better way. We are confident we will accomplish beautiful things that benefit everyone involved because together, we are powerful.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Cost-Effectiveness of Local Distribution Tied Solar within KyMEA

KyMEA is a Kentucky joint action agency which provides electric transmission and energy services to eleven municipal utilities. One of KyMEA's member cities, Frankfort, has set a goal to reach 100% renewable generation for the city load by 2023 and 100% carbon free city operations and 100% renewable generation community-wide by 2030. The aim of this research was to determine if the Frankfort city government could reduce its power costs by implementing distribution tied solar while also avoiding any cross subsidization between other KyMEA member utilities or other Frankfort Plant Board customers. The project simulated the KyMEA generation portfolio and transmission system from KyMEA's cost perspective using the NREL Engage capacity expansion model. Running in operate mode, the authors used Engage to compare KyMEA's costs to operate the baseline system to its costs to operate the system with Frankfort meeting some of its load with distribution-tied PV. The cost perspective of Frankfort Plant Board, meanwhile, was simulated using Python. The simulations indicated that it would be cost-beneficial to KyMEA, i.e., that no additional costs would be borne by other members, and that it would be cost-neutral to Frankfort Plant Board for Frankfort city government to implement distribution tied utility-scale PV. The new load attributes resulting from the distribution-tied PV lowered KyMEA's cost to serve load by improving system load factor, reducing system transmission and energy costs, and increasing revenues from market energy sales.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Cost Analysis and Projections for U.S.-Manufactured Automotive Lithium-ion Batteries

This document reports on a study conducted to estimate the cost of U.S-produced automotive battery packs for model years (MY) 2023 to 2035, using Argonne National Laboratory’s BatPaC tool. The costs were estimated by designing batteries for several classes of vehicles for four discrete model years (2023, 2026, 2030, and 2035), where a representative battery technology and material prices are selected based on information available today. Correlations were developed from the four discrete years to enable annual pack cost estimates as a function of pack size (kWh) and model year. A consolidated cost curve was then developed that includes battery size, technology by model year, and the anticipated sales volumes of each class of vehicles over the years. This cost curve estimates the volume-averaged, U.S.-manufactured battery pack cost of PHEVs and BEVs in the United States to be $\$140$/kWh for the model year 2023, which will reduce to $\$86$/kWh in MY2035. Applying tax credits from section 45X of the Inflation Reduction Act can further reduce the average pack cost to as low as $\$56$/kWh in MY2029. The report also includes several sensitivity studies that investigate the effect of pack production volume, material prices, fast charge requirements, and labor rates.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Advanced CO 2 Capture Solvent Systems for Dynamic Power Generation

RTI International, in collaboration with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Carbon Capture Simulation for Industry Impact (CCSI 2 ), Electricity Power Research Institute (EPRI), and West Virginia University (WVU), successfully completed a joint research effort in developing a cost-effective, resilient, load-following advanced CO 2 capture technology for natural gas power plants. The project’s objective was to develop a CO 2 capture process that maximizes the net present value (NPV) of the electricity sale by minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) under dynamic plant loads and high renewable penetration environments. The two key innovations developed in this project were the use of (i) advanced water-lean solvents (WLSs) and (ii) process intensification equipment, such as a rotating packed bed (RPB) absorber and dual-stage flash regeneration. The process’s low CO 2 capture cost is realized through WLSs’ low energy required for solvent regeneration, which lowers the operating cost while RPBs intensify the absorption process and reduces the power plant capital cost. A suite of advanced computational and simulation packages was implemented to guide the process design, validate the dynamic response of the capture plant, evaluate system-wide performance, and maximize the power plant’s profit. The project also engaged with power producers and other stakeholders to ensure its technical relevance and techno-economic viability. The development of this highly disruptive CO 2 capture technology could accelerate the industry adoption and thereby lower the greenhouse gas emissions of the U.S. power sector. Deployment of this technology can increase the reliability and decrease the cost of electricity generation in the U.S. by enabling the use of low-carbon fossil fuels to balance fluctuations of renewable energy availability.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Standards Guidance for Electric Two- and Three-Wheelers and Charging Infrastructure in Pakistan

Electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) and electric three-wheelers (E3Ws) have reached upfront cost price parity as compared to their conventional counterparts in many markets (IEA 2022). Therefore, Pakistan has embraced E2Ws and E3Ws in their National Electric Vehicle Policy (Government of Pakistan 2019b). Specifically, this policy targets 50% of new two- and three-wheeler sales to be electric by 2030. In the short term, this policy targets five times as many E2Ws and E3Ws as cars, vans, and pickups. In order to meet these goals in a safe, reliable, and efficient manner, Pakistan needs to develop and implement standards related to E2W and E3W vehicles and charging infrastructure, including battery swap stations. Without standards, E2Ws and E3Ws can be dangerous, unreliable, incompatible with charging stations, or diminish the grid’s electricity quality (Goel and Singh 2019; Sasidharan 2020). Fortunately, there are several global and local efforts to establish standards that Pakistan can learn from or adopt. This document explains the purpose and process of standards development and introduces the international standards development organizations involved and relevant classification and testing systems. It then introduces and lists many standards related to the vehicles, batteries, and charging equipment so that Pakistan can adopt or reference these standards when developing its own.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Leveraging State Clean Water Revolving Funds to Expand Clean Energy Financing

To meet clean energy goals, states will need significant capital. Federal funding from the Inflation Reduction Act and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act will help, including by capitalizing clean energy state revolving loan funds (RLFs). States can leverage state clean water revolving funds to finance even more clean energy improvements. New York and Pennsylvania have used this innovative mechanism to extend the impact of their clean energy loan programs. For states looking to extend the reach of their clean energy financing programs, the brief: -Explains how each state leveraged their state revolving funds, -Identifies critical success factors for doing so, and -Offers key elements for replicating this model In New York, New York State Energy Research and Development Authority structured a sale of bonds secured by the repayments from a portfolio of residential energy efficiency loans from its Green Jobs – Green New York Program, with the additional support of a guarantee from the state’s clean water revolving fund. The Pennsylvania Treasury Department received a direct investment of funds from Pennsylvania’s clean water revolving fund to support the relaunch of the Keystone Home Energy Loan Program (HELP), which had previously been shuttered due to lack of support funding. From our review of these two case studies, when facilitating state clean water revolving fund transactions to support clean energy lending, the following critical success factors emerged: -Reference to preventing atmospheric deposition resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in the state’s Clean Water Act Section 319 Nonpoint Source Pollution Management Plan, which sets out that state’s strategy for reducing pollution into state waterways. -Strong relationships and trust between the clean water revolving fund administrator and the state agency administering the clean energy loan program. -Limited funding exposure for the clean water revolving funds—which are generally large and well capitalized—to ensure that any losses experienced by clean water revolving funds would have a negligible impact on the fund’s ability to support core water and wastewater projects. -Willingness, on the part of the clean water revolving fund administrator, to innovate and engage in careful analysis to support transaction structuring, and support from state energy partner organizations. The brief provides case studies of these states’ experiences, critical success factors, and key elements for replicating the model.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Contactless Position Measurement System for Remote Alignment of Highly Reflective Objects

The Contactless Position Measurement System (CPMS) permits automatic alignment of highly-reflecting components that cannot or should not be touched by human hands, such as those used in SRF cavities. CPMS also has application during maintenance of fusion reactors, when the components in the reactor are radioactive. The length of time for which humans can handle the components in order to carry out maintenance or repairs is limited. We would like to measure the relative positions of such objects so we can bring them into alignment with motorized stages, thus eliminating the need for human contact. The CPMS is a computer vision system that measures the location of highly reflective components to within a fraction of a millimeter by finding the edges of silhouette images. This is done by placing a uniform, infrared backlight behind the components, and viewing each component with two low-aberration, infrared cameras. Each of these stereoscopic cameras are located within a coordinate system we set up with reference platforms, light sources, and survey cameras distributed around the perimeter of the string assembly room, or fusion reactor. We obtain stereoscopic silhouette images of each component, and we use these to determine the position of the component within our string assembly coordinate system. The CPMS combines the silhouette images with knowledge of the dimensions of the objects to obtain the relative positions of components in its field of view. These position measurements then allow us to mechanically maneuver the components into contact. Once we know where they are, we can move the components to where they are supposed to be with motorized stages or other mechanical means, check they are in the right place, and bolt them together. In Phase I, we built a prototype infrared backlights and cameras, tested it, wrote an analysis program to fit the images. At a range of 50 cm, we are able to measure the relative positions of two stainless steel flanges with an accuracy of 150 μm rms. The next steps are to test the analysis program with motorized stages, build a full-size prototype, and implement it in an cleanroom with SRF cavity assembly. This can be done in a cost effective way given the materials with which the system is designed. As Open Source Instruments achieved more in Phase I than anticipated, despite not receiving a Phase II SBIR grant, we hope to move forward with product development and sales with a testing partner.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Modeling and Control of Solar PVs for Large Grid Disturbances and Weak Grids

The purpose of this project is to understand dynamic phenomena by designing dynamic models of utility-sale solar photovoltaic (PV) power plants and their interactions with grids; and construct effective coordination strategies for stability enhancement for solar PVs to respond to rapidly changing grid conditions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

H-2-SALT: Storing Fossil Energy as Hydrogen in Salt Caverns

Hydrogen storage in subsurface caverns is known as perhaps largest and longest-term energy storage system. While few such systems are currently in service (e.g., Texas; Teesside, UK), they are envisioned as being a pillar of the current energy transition that will allow intermittent power production from renewable sources (e.g., wind, solar) to be balanced with demand at grid-scale. In addition, hydrogen energy storage can allow existing fossil power plants to run more economically either by minimizing startups/shutdowns or by allowing them to take advantage of arbitrage. Finally, stored hydrogen can feed a variety of non-power users such as pipeline gas, heating, transportation, and manufacturing. The H-2-SALT paper study assessed the feasibility of a power-to-hydrogen system utilizing salt cavern storage of hydrogen in bedded salt in central Kansas, where over 750 such caverns have been constructed to date, of which approximately 350 are still in service. Legacy well and salt cavern data were collected to develop a regional geological database for two sites in Central Kansas and adjacent areas for use in more detailed geological and geomechanical site characterization efforts. This study found commercial viability and competitiveness of large-scale, electrolytic H 2 production and storage ($1.78 per kg H 2 ) that can be used for both electrical power supply to the grid during high-priced electricity periods (including co-firing with NG and fuel cell power production) and sale of H 2 for various industries, such as petrochemicals or transportation. The commercial potential of the H-2-SALT system is also relatively high because each of its components operate commercially today. It is recommended that a stratigraphic test well be drilled to collect log data and core samples that can reduce uncertainty surrounding geological and geomechanical properties of the salt beds that will be required for further cavern and energy storage system design studies.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Analysis of Lease Area Delineation Options in the Brookings Wind Energy Area

This study assesses options for delineating offshore wind energy lease areas within the Brookings Wind Energy Area (WEA). The Brookings WEA is one of two areas (Coos Bay and Brookings) offshore the Oregon coast that have been proposed for sale. The Coos Bay WEA is comparable in size to existing offshore wind lease areas in northern California, whereas the Brookings WEA is more than twice as large as the Coos Bay WEA. This study considers how the Brookings WEA can be divided to obtain two lease areas of relatively equal value, which would result in three Oregon lease areas of approximately equal size.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program: Technical and Economic Considerations for Uprate of Existing Nuclear Reactors with Cogeneration

The United States nuclear reactor fleet consists of 63 pressurized water reactors and 31 boiling water reactors and is a pivotal component in the nation's energy infrastructure, supplying approximately 97 GW e of clean power. With the country's commitment to decarbonization by 2050, these reactors are not only instrumental in decarbonizing the electricity grid but also play a critical role in decarbonizing industrial processes, producing clean fuels, and scaling up CO 2 removal. This report delves into the potential for power uprates in the existing fleet to contribute to these decarbonization efforts, focusing on the expansion of capacity for applications such as hydrogen production and carbon capture and sequestration. Building on previous research, the report explores regional market demands for hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, financial implications of oxygen and CO 2 sales from high-temperature steam electrolysis systems, and the potential for direct air capture systems paired with uprated nuclear plants.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2024

U.S. State Renewables Portfolio & Clean Electricity Standards: 2024 Status Update [Slides]

This report provides an overview and status update on U.S. state renewables portfolio standards (RPS) and has been expanded from previous editions to also cover 100% clean electricity standards (CES) adopted by a growing number of states. The report, published in slide-deck form along with accompanying data files, describes recent legislative revisions, key policy design features, compliance with interim targets, past and projected impacts on clean electricity development, and compliance costs. The 2023 edition presents historical data through year-end 2023 and projections out to 2050. Key trends from this edition of the report include the following: -Evolution of state RPS and CES programs: States continue to refine and revise their RPS policies, often by adopting higher targets and/or broader CES policies. Among the 29 states plus DC with an RPS, 16 have RPS targets of at least 50% of retail sales, and 4 states have a 100% RPS. An additional 16 states have adopted a broader 100% CES. -Historical impacts on renewables development: Almost half of all growth in U.S. renewable electricity (RE) generation and capacity since 2000 is nominally associated with state RPS requirements. That percentage has declined over time to 35% of all U.S. RE capacity additions in 2023, though in certain regions RPS policies continue to play a dominant role in driving RE growth. -Future RPS and CES demand and incremental needs: The combined demand for clean electricity from RPS and CES policies will grow from roughly 500 TWh today to 1700 TWh by 2050. Accounting for current supplies—including existing nuclear and hydroelectric generation eligible for CES targets—RPS and CES policies will require 900 TWh of new clean electricity by 2050, equivalent to roughly 3x the historical rate of RPS-buildout. -RPS target achievement to-date: States have generally met their interim RPS targets in recent years, with only a few exceptions reflecting unique, state-specific issues. Most CES targets are not yet in force, and so little compliance experience to-date. -REC pricing trends: Prices for NEPOOL Class I RECs remained at roughly $\$40$/MWh over the past year, just below ACP rates in the larger state markets, while PJM Tier I REC prices continued to rise, reaching $\$35$/MWh by year-end 2023 and surpassing ACP levels in some states. Prices for solar RECs remained relatively stable, and continue to exhibit wide variation across states, with the highest prices ($200-450/MWh) in NJ, MA, and DC. -RPS compliance costs: RPS compliance costs average roughly 4% of retail electricity bills across RPS states, though vary widely from state to state, with the highest costs (11-12% of retail bills) in states with solar carve-outs and high SREC prices.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Optimizing Layered Control Strategies for Reducing Exposure to SARS-CoV-2

While there is growing understanding of the predominance of the airborne mode of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, there is a lack of guidance on how to build an effective system of controls to mitigate transmission in enclosed spaces. Such a system integrates multiple hazard-specific control measures to both eliminate or replace a hazard, and safeguard individuals against potential exposure and infection. Controls are defined by the US Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) as the use of engineering methods to reduce the level of hazard inside a confined space. The Hierarchy of Controls provides a framework through which a system of controls can be examined; identifying those which directly remove or replace a hazard as the most effective, and individual behavioral measures (e.g., masking or shielding) as least effective. Use of such a framework to quantify control effectiveness might allow for the promotion of spaces as meeting a certain threshold of safety, likely adding to the confidence of space users resulting in increases in various metrics such as sales, visits, or likes.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Methane Pyrolysis for CO2-free H2 and Carbon Nanomaterials - CRADA 576 (Final Report)

In this CRADA project we continued to develop the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) patent-pending Regenerable Catalytic Pyrolysis (ReCaP) process technology for producing CO 2 -free hydrogen (H 2 ) from inexpensive and domestically-abundant natural gas (NG), while simultaneously reducing H 2 ’s net production cost to $\$$1.0/kg through the sale of valuable crystalline solid carbon co-product. Producing clean hydrogen at this price is a DOE Hydrogen Energy Earthshot goal. This effort builds on our prior catalyst and processing advances made thermocatalytic decomposition of methane (TCD). The additional scope performed here accelerated the commercial deployment of TCD for CO 2 -free H 2 and valuable solid carbon nanotubes (CNT) co-product, by i) scaling up the production of CNT co-product using a fluidized bed reactor (25 g catalyst scale versus the 1 g catalyst scale demonstrated prior), ii) producing approximately 1 kg of CNT byproduct, produced via multiple cycles of TCD, carbon-catalyst separation, and catalyst re-synthesis, to enable the production of sufficient quantities of solid carbon so as to explore its market potential, iii) understanding the quality of the co-product CNTs, produced at larger scale, using advanced characterization, and iv) beginning to explore multiple promising high volume carbon product applications (e.g., aluminum and polymer composites, steel additive, and cement reinforcement applications). We are in discussions with Department of Energy and potential commercial partners to continue funding of this effort with the goal to facilitate eventual commercial deployment.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Economic Evaluation of a Coupled Nuclear Power Plant and Hydrogen Production Facility: A Case Study

This study optimized the design sizes and operation of a power-to-hydrogen-to-power integrated energy system to allow a baseload power plant to operate flexibly in the energy market. In collaboration with a utility industry partner, the system, consisting of an electrolyzer, compressors, storage tank, and fuel cell, was optimized under conditions specific to the proposed project at the site of a nuclear power plant. The Design Integration and Synthesis Platform to Advance Tightly Coupled Hybrid Energy Systems (DISPATCHES) maximized net present value by optimizing sizing of components and dispatch decisions. Revenues included sale of electricity, capacity payments typical of the New York Independent System Operator, and the section 45V hydrogen production tax credit of the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the tax credit was assumed to be available to legacy plants in the absence of clear guidance at present). Under default assumptions which excluded many capital expenditures, the base case optimized solution had a net present value of $\$$1.4 million over a 30 year lifetime, with a 0.365 MW fuel cell operating nearly continuously and 85% of revenues supplied by the hydrogen production tax credit (which was counted as a revenue regardless of profit, thus assuming credit monetization or offset of taxes within the larger firm was possible in all years). Beyond the base case, a sensitivity study elucidated drivers of the economics as capacity payment rate and hydrogen production tax credit rate vary. Additional sensitivity studies also extended results to variation of other, previously fixed parameters, including the fuel cell capital cost, and to imposition of further constraints. Optimization was also repeated for the default assumptions but recognizing tax credits upon use of hydrogen rather than upon its production, producing no change in the optimal solution. Most notably, capacity payments above $\$$15/kW-month drove optimal fuel cells multiple times larger than those with the default estimated capacity payment of $\$$2.5/kW-month (approaching 11 vs. 0.365 MW), and these larger fuel cells operated rarely (capacity factors of ~0.03). Furthermore, when the hydrogen production tax credit was provided for only 10 years, under the specific assumptions of this study (e.g., neither site preparation costs nor electrolyzer capital cost counted), the optimal solution avoided economic loss by ceasing system operation after the 10th year. Viewed broadly, this study demonstrated the capabilities of DISPATCHES, which can be user-adapted to serve other industrial case studies.

08 HYDROGEN↗