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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 217 records · Page 12
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Film Cooling Performance Predictions For Air And Supercritical CO 2

The current study explores the possibility of cooling the vanes and blades of a direct-fired sCO 2 turbine using film cooling geometries. The operating conditions of a direct-fired sCO 2 cycle and thermophysical properties of the fluid at those conditions can alter the flow field characteristics of the coolant jet and its mixing with the mainstream. Very little information is present in the literature regarding the performance of film cooling geometries employing a supercritical fluid. The objective of this study is to estimate the resulting film cooling effectiveness while also capturing the effects of the crossflow-to-mainstream velocity ratio on the coolant jet. A computational fluid dynamic model is used to study the coolant jet exiting a cylindrical hole located on a flat plate, with the coolant fed by an internal channel. Steady-state RANS equations were solved along with the SST kω model to provide the turbulence closure. The operating conditions for the direct-fired sCO 2 turbine are obtained using an in-house Cooled Turbine Model. Numerical predictions revealed that the crossflow effects and jet lift-off were more pronounced in the case of sCO 2 when compared to air. Spatial distribution of flow field and cooling effectiveness will be presented at different operating conditions. Recommendations for future studies will be given wherever applicable.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Salts in Hot Water: Developing a Scientific Basis for Supercritical Desalination and Strategic Metal Recovery

The w21_superdesal project is part of an LDRD-DR on supercritical desalination (20190057DR). The goal of the simulation work is to use atomistic simulations to understand at a molecular level the changes in hydrogen bonding and ion solvation that occur as we increase the temperature and/or pressure and change the density and ion concentration. Our simulation results will also aid in the interpretation of experimental data and guide the development of applied thermodynamic models for engineering design calculations.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solar Receiver with Integrated Thermal Storage for a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle

This project endeavors to design and demonstrate an integrated CSP system that meets the Department of Energy’s 6¢/kW-hr LCOE goal [1]. This design is based on the 10 MWe Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) engine specifications, but adaptable to any sCO 2 power module up to 10 MW e . The enabling technology to be tested is a new class of metal hydride based thermal energy storage materials which can store thermal energy in the hydrogen bonds between the metal hydride and hydrogen. This thermochemical energy storage solution provides a much greater energy density than sensible and latent energy storage enabling an integrated system design that closely linked the metal hydride to the power block. This allows the entire system to be mounted up tower to provide cost reductions. A novel metal hydride, capable of operating above 760 °C, was developed during the course of this project and thoroughly tested at a lab scale. The material’s hydrogen capacity, reaction enthalpy, thermal conductivity, and cyclic stability were measured. A demonstration test article was built that can store 2kWh of thermal energy and was coupled to Brayton Energy’s CO 2 loop where the performance of the metal hydride under commercial conditions was measured. An integrated model was created that uses the inputs from all the different sub-models in order to return an overall system LCOE using SAM. This project greatly advanced metal hydride based thermochemical energy storage technology and demonstrated its use. Previously there were no metal hydrides which were capable of operating at the proposed temperature limits (760°C), there is now a high temperature metal hydride with documented performance/stability and a path for low-cost production. Additionally, the metal hydride was tested at a scale >650x larger than what had previously been done in the lab. While not at commercial scale, it was an excellent demonstration of the technology and provided knowledge that can be leveraged for other applications.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solar Receiver with Integrated Thermal Storage for a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle

This project endeavors to design and demonstrate an integrated CSP system that meets the Department of Energy’s 6¢/kW-hr LCOE goal. This design is based on the 10 MW e Supercritical Transformational Electric Power (STEP) engine specifications, but adaptable to any sCO 2 power module up to 10 MW e . The enabling technology to be tested is a new class of metal hydride based thermal energy storage materials which can store thermal energy in the hydrogen bonds between the metal hydride and hydrogen. This thermochemical energy storage solution provides a much greater energy density than sensible and latent energy storage enabling an integrated system design that closely linked the metal hydride to the power block. This allows the entire system to be mounted up tower to provide cost reductions.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Performance and Cost Potential for Exemplar Direct Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Natural Gas Plants

This report presents the techno-economic analysis (TEA) optimization results of natural gas-fired utility-scale power plants based on the direct supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) power cycle. To identify optimum plant configuration, the study also considered three different cases (Case A, Case B, Case C) with varying levels of thermal integration with the plant air separation unit (ASU). A fourth case (Case D), which is based on a patent from 8 Rivers, was also considered and includes thermal integration with the ASU as well as compressed recycle carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas. The four direct sCO 2 power plants offered similar or slightly higher plant efficiencies than the reference NGCC plants based on an F-class gas turbine with carbon capture and storage (CCS). LCOE of the direct sCO 2 plants is 13.5–17.2 percent higher than the reference NGCC plants with CCS due to higher capital costs associated with the ASU and sCO 2 power block. Recuperators make up over 50 percent of the power cycle costs. Consequently, any research and development (R&D) efforts to reduce the recuperator capital costs will be beneficial for the technology commercialization. The study also investigated the impact of co-firing landfill gas (LFG) and natural gas on plant efficiency, LCOE, and CO 2 emissions. Increasing the LFG co-firing from 0 percent to 50 percent (mass basis), decreased the plant efficiency by 0.3 percentage points and increased the LCOE by 3 percent. Due to high inherent CO 2 capture rates, direct sCO 2 plants have strong potential to achieve net-zero CO 2 emissions with LFG and natural gas co-firing.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Development of Advanced Ultra-Supercritical (AUSC) Pulverized Coal (PC) Plants

This report presents an independent assessment of pulverized coal (PC) power plants operating at advanced ultrasupercritical (AUSC) steam conditions. At AUSC conditions, PC plants generate electricity at higher efficiencies and with lower carbon footprints than PC plants operating at subcritical, supercritical (SC), and ultrasupercritical (USC) steam conditions, such as those examined in previous National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) reports. However, advanced materials are required for commercial operation under these AUSC steam conditions which impact plant economics. In 2001, the United States (U.S.) Department of Energy (DOE) with the Ohio Coal Development Office launched a research program carried out by a consortium of industry and research organizations (the AUSC Consortium) to develop the materials necessary to commercially demonstrate AUSC technology. The results contained in this report incorporate findings by the AUSC Consortium.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2023

High Inlet Temperature Combustor for Direct-Fired Supercritical Oxy-Combustion

It is envisioned that supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) electric power plant efficiencies can exceed 52% with 99% carbon capture using direct-fired oxy-combustion. Such efficiencies would be competitive with Natural Gas Combined Cycles (NGCC) and operate with nearly zero carbon emissions. To achieve high plant efficiencies, turbine inlet conditions must approach 1,200 °C at 250 bar. Such conditions, while desirable from a systems perspective, exceed the current state of the art in turbine design and materials qualification. The team of Southwest Research Institute ® (SwRI ® ), Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), Spectral Energies, LLC (Spectral), GE Global Research (GE-GRC), and the University of Central Florida (UCF) sought to demonstrate an intermediate step toward these high efficiency plants with the development of a 1 MWth, subscale direct-fired oxy-fuel combustor. The efforts focused largely on the development of an auto-ignition based combustion system capable of providing the targeted 1200 °C and the pilot-scale plant to operate the combustor. While the project was stopped short of the commissioning and demonstration work, the advances made in this effort will reduce risks associated with chemical kinetics, thermal management, water separation, flue gas cleanup, materials selection, and corrosion in future demonstration efforts for the direct-fired oxy-fuel combustion cycles. The following report documents the design, analysis, and installation efforts completed during the project periods of performance.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A One-dimensional Heat Transfer Model for a Cooled Airfoil in a Direct-fired Supercritical CO 2 Turbine

A one-dimensional (1-D) heat transfer model was developed to predict the performance of a cooled airfoil for a supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) turbine. The model included the effects of film cooling effectiveness, thermal barrier coating thickness, and internal Nusselt number augmentation. Trends for overall cooling effectiveness versus heat load parameter were obtained for over twelve unique thermal management schemes. The study found that adding a thermal barrier coating was the most effective scheme for increasing the airfoil overall cooling effectiveness. Internal cooling technologies have diminishing returns as the heat transfer coefficient augmentation increases past a factor of five, however the sensitivity of overall cooling effectiveness to heat transfer augmentation scales by a factor of 1.3 when a thermal barrier coating is introduced. Film cooling is seen as a long-term research area which will be inevitably explored as direct sCO 2 systems develop a market presence. However, the model indicates that realizable film cooling effectiveness levels yield a smaller improvement in overall cooling effectiveness than a thermal barrier coating.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Methodology for Simulating Supercritical CO2 Heat Transfer Experiments Using Machine Learning Models

In an effort to support the growth of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles in the energy industry, this study seeks to train a machine learning model to mirror experimental data to inform future efforts and design features for both sCO2 heat exchangers and sCO2 turbine thermal management. There is a need for large amounts of experimental testing as there is less established literature about sCO2 used as a working medium in these cycles, as well as due to the influx of novel heat transfer designs presented by the advent of additive manufacturing.

Grabowski, Owen↗
DOE OSTI2022

Selective Thermal Emission with Radiation and Adsorption in Annuli (STERADIAN): An Advanced Heat Exchanger Concept for Supercritical CO 2 Power Cycles

One of the key limitations affecting ability to achieve the efficiency and cost saving advantages of a supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) power cycle resides with the primary heat exchanger where costs can exceed 50% of the plant capital budget depending on design. This project established the foundational groundwork for a new type of heat exchanger optimized to take advantage of radiative heat transfer to scCO 2 . Selective thermal emission coatings were designed and tested that radiated more light tuned to the 4.2 µm infrared absorption band of CO 2 . Coating design utilized principles of nanophotonic bandgap theory to design a selective emitter that has: 1) low emissivity in the visible band, 2) near 100% effective emissivity in the mid-IR wavelength between 4 and 4.5 µm wavelength, and 3) strong suppression of far-IR light emission that will maximize radiative heat transfer efficiency to scCO 2 . Computational fluid dynamics simulations show that an advanced heat exchanger implementing this selective thermal emitter coating is 25 to as much as 40% smaller than conventional heat exchanger designs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-Temperature Active Magnetic Bearing Development for Supercritical CO 2 Machinery Applications

Hermetic machinery utilizing gas bearings for MW-scale supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) machinery applications can have significantly lower power loss and enable improved cycle efficiency compared to conventional machinery with oil-lubricated bearings. Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) are another option anticipated to have similar power loss and load capacity to gas bearings as well as offering larger mechanical tolerances, the ability to tune properties, and high reliability due to lack of mechanical wear. AMBs also have proven commercial experience at MW-scale, though environments for high-temperature sCO 2 power cycle machinery conditions are novel. Besides the potential impact of AMBs for sCO 2 turbomachinery, the technology also offers promising benefits for steam and gas turbines for power generation, compressors and expanders for industrial heat and power, and in other oil and gas and space applications. The goals of this project were to conceptual design an AMB and perform material testing. Conceptual designs for radial and thrust AMBs were produced based on a hermetically-sealed sCO 2 machinery waste-heat recovery (WHR) application for sizing and loads, and choosing a target design temperature of 540°C useful for high-temperature sCO 2 turbines for concentrating solar power (CSP) applications. Conceptual designs were initially developed for multiple radial and thrust AMBs with spreadsheet-based calculations before selecting one of each to develop further using higher-fidelity design methods for magnetic and structural performance. It was found that the radial AMB at 540°C was feasible, but the thrust AMB needed to be limited to 315°C for high-speed operation. The decision for a reduced-temperature thrust AMB was the result of several significant conclusions: 1) Hiperco 50A, originally chosen for good magnetic performance at high temperature, had insufficient strength for high-speed operation, so it was replaced with 17-4 PH. 2) The reduced magnetic performance from 17-4 PH yielded a larger bearing size, reducing the strength margin. 3) This ultimately led to a creative design implementing a more-compact E-core topology, compared to the original (conventional) C-core, and an integral shaft-disk with Hirth joint connection. These conceptual designs are unique for the size and temperature in CO 2 , relevant for MW-scale CSP applications. Long term, high temperature test data was generated for several materials, filling a void in the current body of literature. Corrosion and magnetic performance measurements were produced for PM materials (Alnico 5-7C, Alnico 9C, and SmCo) with and without nickel-coating for environments of high-temperature CO 2 up to 550°C at atmospheric pressure and 450°C at 103 bar for up to 6,000 hours. Corrosion measurements were also produced for Hiperco 50, a SM material relevant for AMB laminations, with and without C5 coating. Comparisons were also made for 450°C and 550°C, atmospheric pressure air exposures up to 5,000 hours. Results generally show that coatings can be effective at improving oxidation resistance of the bare materials, and Alnicos generally outperformed SmCo after high-temperature exposure. In addition to technical feasibility demonstrated by the design, economic feasibility was demonstrated by updating the TEA from the reference machine, re-evaluating it with CAPEX and OPEX to reflect estimated changes from process-lubricated bearings to AMBs. AMBs were shown to be comparable in performance to process-lubricated bearings, still showing a notable improvement over conventional machinery architecture with oil-lubricated bearings.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Heat Transfer of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide in 3D-Printed Tubes with Internal Ribs and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia Coating

This technical report describes measurements performed in NETL’s Heat Exchanger Experimental Test (HEET) facility using supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid. 3D printed tubes with internal ribs and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) exterior coatings were employed in the heat exchanger. Heat transfer and friction factor enhancements from the internal ribs were characterized over a range of flow conditions. Additionally, the thermal resistance from the YSZ coating was characterized for both a freshly applied coating and a coating subjected to thermal aging.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Test-Bed for Testing and Refining EarthEn’s Supercritical CO 2 Based Energy Storage System

EarthEn’s energy storage concept leverages supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) as a working fluid and relies on compact, high-performance components operating at elevated pressures and temperatures. To accelerate component development and reduce technical risk prior to larger-scale demonstrations, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) developed a 100 kW-scale sCO 2 test-bed under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with EarthEn (CRADA NO. NFE-24-10050). The objective of the work was to design and construct a flexible experimental facility capable of reproducing key thermodynamic state points and heat-transfer conditions relevant to EarthEn’s thermal energy storage (TES) cycle, with particular emphasis on enabling development and evaluation of next-generation heat exchangers and TES concepts. The test-bed consists of a closed-loop sCO 2 circulation system housed within an open-topped enclosure. In its as-installed configuration, dense-phase sCO 2 is recirculated through a printed circuit recuperator, an electrically heated section, a throttling device used to simulate turbine expansion, and a water-cooled printed circuit heat exchanger that rejects heat to the building chilled-water system before returning to the pump. The pump is driven by a variable frequency drive, enabling controlled adjustment of flow and operating point. A comprehensive instrumentation suite was integrated to support both safe operation and high-quality data collection. Installed sensors include Coriolis flow meters for sCO 2 flow rate and density, resistance temperature detectors and thermocouples distributed throughout the loop (including the heated section and key heat exchanger ports), and pressure transducers for absolute and differential pressure measurements. The facility was designed to support high-pressure (19 MPa nominal) and high-temperature (575°C nominal) operation with credited overpressure protection provided by a rupture disk. Nominal operating conditions were selected to support 100 kW-class testing while maintaining flexibility for non-heated and heated shakedown, control development, and future integration of advanced TES test sections. In parallel with facility development, a system-level thermal-hydraulic model was created using Modelica-based tools to support component sizing, anticipate performance over targeted test conditions, and establish a framework for future model calibration against experimental data. At the conclusion of the project performance period, the facility was in final assembly, and the pressure boundary was nearly completed. However, several practical challenges associated with high-pressure/high-temperature systems and specialized component procurement impacted schedule and prevented initial pump-driven operation and full commissioning within the available resources. This report documents the as-built design, operating capabilities, and instrumentation, and it summarizes key lessons learned related to heater fabrication and testing, first-of-a-kind assembly factors, specialty flange supply constraints, and fill pump corrective actions. Finally, it outlines a phased plan for future commissioning and experimental campaigns, including control and instrumentation shakedown, heater characterization, model calibration, and testing at state points representative of EarthEn’s TES cycle.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Summary of Structural Alloy Compatibility in Supercritical CO2 at 450°-800°C

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) is of interest as a working fluid for several concepts including the direct- fired Allam cycle as a low-emission fossil energy power cycle. Over the past 10 years, laboratory exposures at 300 bar sCO2 have found reasonably good compatibility for Ni-based alloys at <800°C, including an assessment of the sCO2 impact on room temperature mechanical properties after 750°C exposures. However, initial screening tests at 1 and 20 bar CO2 at 900°-1100°C showed poor compatibility for Ni-based alloys. In an open cycle, the introduction of 1%O2 and 0.1- 0.25%H2O impurities at 300 bar increased the reaction rates ≥2X at 750°C. At lower temperatures, steels are susceptible to C ingress and embrittlement. Creep-strength enhanced ferritic steels may be limited to <550°C and conventional stainless steels to <600°C. Two strategies to increase those temperatures are higher Ni and Cr alloying additions and Al- or Cr-rich coatings. Alloy 709 (Fe- 20Cr-25Ni) shows some promising results at 650°C in sCO2 but reaction rates were accelerated with the addition of O2 and H2O impurities. Pack aluminized and chromized Gr.91 (Fe-9Cr-1Mo) and type 316H stainless steel show some promise at 600°-650°C but further coating optimization is needed.

Pint, Bruce↗
DOE OSTI2024

Determination of the Diffusion Coefficients of Binary CH4 and C2H6 in a Supercritical CO2 Environment (500–2000 K and 100–1000 atm) by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

The self-diffusion coefficients of carbonaceous fuels in a supercritical CO2 environment provide transport information that can help us understand the Allam Cycle mechanism at a high pressure of 300 atm. The diffusion coefficients of pure CO2 and binary CO2/CH4 and CO2/C2H6 at high temperatures (500 K~2000 K) and high pressures (100 atm~1000 atm) are determined by molecular dynamics simulations in this study. Increasing the temperature leads to an increase in the diffusion coefficient, and increasing the pressure leads to a decrease in the diffusion coefficients for both methane and ethane. The diffusion coefficient of methane at 300 atm is approximately 0.012 cm2/s at 1000 K and 0.032 cm2/s at 1500 K. The diffusion coefficient of ethane at 300 atm is approximately 0.016 cm2/s at 1000 K and 0.045 cm2/s at 1500 K. The understanding of diffusion coefficients potentially leads to the reduction in fuel consumption and minimization of greenhouse gas emissions in the Allam Cycle.

Energy & Fuels↗
DOE OSTI2020

Microfluidic Fabrication Techniques for High-Pressure Testing of Microscale Supercritical CO 2 Foam Transport in Fractured Unconventional Reservoirs

Pressure limitations of many microfluidic platforms have been a significant challenge in microfluidic experimental studies of fractured media. As a result, these platforms have not been fully exploited for direct observation of high-pressure transport in fractures. This work introduces microfluidic platforms that enable direct observation of multiphase flow in devices featuring surrogate permeable media and fractured systems. Such platforms provide a pathway to address important and timely questions such as those related to CO 2 capture, utilization and storage. This work provides a detailed description of the fabrication techniques and an experimental setup that may serve to analyze the behavior of supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) foam, its structure and stability. Such studies provide important insights regarding enhanced oil recovery processes and the role of hydraulic fractures in resource recovery from unconventional reservoirs. This work presents a comparative study of microfluidic devices developed using two different techniques: photolithography/wet-etching/ thermal-bonding versus Selective Laser-induced Etching. Both techniques result in devices that are chemically and physically resistant and tolerant of high pressure and temperature conditions that correspond to subsurface systems of interest. Both techniques provide pathways to high-precision etched microchannels and capable lab-on-chip devices. Photolithography/wet-etching, however, enables fabrication of complex channel networks with complex geometries, which would be a challenging task for laser etching techniques. This work summarizes a step-by-step photolithography, wet-etching and glass thermal-bonding protocol and, presents representative observations of foam transport with relevance to oil recovery from unconventional tight and shale formations. In conclusion, this work describes the use of a high resolution monochromatic sensor to observe scCO 2 foam behavior where the entirety of the permeable medium is observed simultaneously while preserving the resolution needed to resolve features as small as 10 μm.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of Novel Combustion Codes for Supercritical CO2 Combustion: Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-20-17182

The Allam-Fetvedt Cycle, a novel supercritical CO2 (sCO2) power cycle developed by 8 Rivers Capital, LLC, generates low-cost power from fossil fuels while capturing combustion-CO2. This cycle employs high-temperature oxy-combustion using sCO2 as the working fluid, leading to a challenging environment for materials. The most critical component for reliable deployment of this technology is the combustor-turbine interface. In the proposed partnership between NREL and 8 Rivers, we will develop a simulation-based tool to provide key design inputs for defining the materials and geometries required in this critical area.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Update on the United States Advanced Ultra-Supercritical Program with Full Scale Component Fabrication to Develop Utility Scale Power Plants with 760°C Steam Temperature

Following the successful completion of a 15-year effort to develop and test materials that would allow coal-fired power plants to be operated at advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) steam conditions, a United States-based consortium is presently engaged in Phase 2 of a project which includes an advanced manufacturing effort to complete US-based supply chain development for full commercial scale (800-850 MWe) A-USC components made of nickel-based alloys, components operating at up to 760°C. The project, funded under U.S. Department of Energy Award No. DE-FE0025064, falls under the US DOE overall goal to Develop cost-effective, reliable technologies to improve the efficiency of new and existing coal-fired power plants. A-USC steam cycles have the potential to improve cycle efficiency, reduce fuel costs, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Current development and demonstration efforts are focused on enabling the construction of A-USC plants, operating with steam temperatures as high as 1400°F (760°C) and steam pressures up to 5000 psi (35 MPa), which can potentially increase cycle efficiencies to 47% HHV (higher heating value), or approximately 50% LHV (lower heating value), and reduce CO 2 emissions by roughly 25%, compared to today’s U.S. fleet. A-USC technology provides a lower-cost method to reduce CO 2 emissions, compared to CO 2 capture technologies, while retaining a viable coal option for owners of coal generation assets. Among the specific goals of Phase 2 of the ComTest Project are to: validate that components made from advanced nickel-based alloys can operate and perform under A-USC conditions accelerate the development of a U.S.-based supply chain for the full complement of A-USC components close the remaining gaps and reduce the risks for manufacturing components from advanced materials for commercial demonstration fabricate full-scale versions of selected key components made of nickel-based alloys validate a qualified U.S. supply chain, to provide greater cost certainty for components obtain American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) code approval for new materials, components and processes Additional benefit: Manufacturing technology will be applicable to other advanced fossil energy high temperature cycles, and can support increased flexibility of existing power plants The ComTest project is managed by Energy Industries of Ohio, and technically directed by the Electric Power Research Institute, Inc., with General Electric designing the A-USC components. As stated earlier, the current phase of the effort is primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, through the National Energy Technology Laboratory. This presentation outlines the motivation for the project, explains the project’s structure and schedule, and provides some of the technical details on the design of the ComTest components.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗