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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13

Health Monitoring and Prognostics in Li-ion Batteries

Space applications need to overcome a very critical challenge of predicting remaining useful life of its critical systems/subsystems, with batteries being one of them. Batteries, power electronics conditioning system and motors and one of the most critical systems. Similarly in case of electric aircrafts, computing remaining flying time is safety-critical, since an aircraft that runs out of power (battery charge) while in the air will eventually lose control leading to catastrophe. To tackle and solve the prediction problem, it is essential to have awareness of the current state and health of the system, especially since it is necessary to perform condition-based predictions. To be able to accurately predict the future state of any system, it is required to possess knowledge of its current and future operations. Given models of the current and future system behavior, the general approach of model-based prognostics can be employed as a solution to the prior stated prediction problem. Two approaches are presented with battery prognostics application. The first approach presentation covers a physics based-modeling approach implemented for battery prognostics. Given models of the current and future system behavior, a general approach of model-based prognostics can be employed as a solution to the prediction problem and further for decision making. A second hybrid framework for fusing information from physics-based performance models along with deep learning algorithms for prognostics of complex safety critical systems i.e. batteries is presented. In this framework, physics-based performance models infer unobservable model parameters related to the system's components health solving a calibration problem in the deep learning approach.

Batteries↗

Health Monitoring and Prognostics in Li-ion Batteries

Space applications need to overcome a very critical challenge of predicting remaining useful life of its critical systems/subsystems, with batteries being one of them. Batteries, power electronics conditioning system and motors and one of the most critical systems. Similarly in case of electric aircrafts, computing remaining flying time is safety-critical, since an aircraft that runs out of power (battery charge) while in the air will eventually lose control leading to catastrophe. To tackle and solve the prediction problem, it is essential to have awareness of the current state and health of the system, especially since it is necessary to perform condition-based predictions. To be able to accurately predict the future state of any system, it is required to possess knowledge of its current and future operations. Given models of the current and future system behavior, the general approach of model-based prognostics can be employed as a solution to the prior stated prediction problem. Two approaches are presented with battery prognostics application. The first approach presentation covers a physics based-modeling approach implemented for battery prognostics. Given models of the current and future system behavior, a general approach of model-based prognostics can be employed as a solution to the prediction problem and further for decision making. A second hybrid framework for fusing information from physics-based performance models along with deep learning algorithms for prognostics of complex safety critical systems i.e. batteries is presented. In this framework, physics-based performance models infer unobservable model parameters related to the system's components health solving a calibration problem in the deep learning approach.

Battery Prognostics↗

Development of improved hydrogen recombination in sealed nickel-cadmium aerospace cells

The identification and measurement of a hydrogen recombination mechanism in nickel-cadmium cells has made deep reconditioning on a battery basis safe and feasible. Deep reconditioning has been shown to improve performance and increase life of nickel-cadmium batteries in geosynchronous orbit applications. The hydrogen recombination mechanism and data supporting the mechanism are presented. Parameteric cell design experiments are described which have lead to the definition of nickel-cadmium cells capable of high rate overdischarge. Nickel-cadmium cells with optimum hydrogen recombination capability were successfully cycled for 7 seasons in simulation of the geosynchronous orbit regime at 75 percent depth-of-discharge with extensive midseason and end-of-season overdischarge at rates ranging from C/4 to C/20.

Ritterman, P. F.↗

NASA Engineering Safety Center NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Working Group 2007 Proactive Task Status

In 2007, the NASA Engineering Safety Center (NESC) chartered the NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Working Group to bring forth and address critical battery-related performance/manufacturing issues for NASA and the aerospace community. A suite of tasks identifying and addressing issues related to Ni-H2 and Li-ion battery chemistries was submitted and selected for implementation. The current NESC funded are: (1) Wet Life of Ni-H2 Batteries (2) Binding Procurement (3) NASA Lithium-Ion Battery Guidelines (3a) Li-Ion Performance Assessment (3b) Li-Ion Guidelines Document (3b-i) Assessment of Applicability of Pouch Cells for Aerospace Missions (3b-ii) High Voltage Risk Assessment (3b-iii) Safe Charge Rates for Li-Ion Cells (4) Availability of Source Material for Li-Ion Cells (5) NASA Aerospace Battery Workshop This presentation provides a brief overview of the tasks in the 2007 plan and serves as an introduction to more detailed discussions on each of the specific tasks.

Manzo, Michelle A.↗

Future thrusts of the NASA space power program

General objectives and plan directions are given for current program support in the following areas: (1) solar cells and arrays; (2) batteries and fuel cells; (3) thermoelectric, thermionic, and Brayton cycle conversion systems; (4) circuits and subsystems for the management and distribution of power; and (5) the interactions of the environment with the power system and the spacecraft. Particular emphasis is given to the electrochemical energy conversion storage portion of the program where efforts are directed to improving the energy density and life of nickel cadmium batteries, to validating flight-weight silver hydrogen cells, to promoting the safe use of lithium primary batteries, to completing the silver zinc batteries and the orbital transfer fuel cell technology, to increasing the capacity of space batteries, to and to evaluating new electrochemical concepts for very high energy density. The use of the fuel cell electrolyzer concept for energy storage in both the dedicated and the truly regenerative mode is also being investigated.

Holcomb, L.↗

Prognostics and Health Monitoring in Li-Ion Batteries and Capacitors Using Physics-Based Modeling Approach

In order to tackle and solve the prediction problem of the lifetime of Li-ion batteries, it is essential to have awareness of the current state and health of the battery pack. To be able to accurately predict the future state of any system, one must possess knowledge of its current and future operations. Using derived models of the current and future system behavior, a model-based prognostics approach can be implemented as a solution to the prediction problem. As more and more autonomous electric vehicles progressively emerge in our daily life, a very critical challenge lies in accurate prediction of remaining useful life of the systems/subsystems. Batteries, power electronics conditioning systems, and motors are integrated to form the powertrain in electric vehicles; one of the most critical systems. In the case of electric aircrafts, computing remaining flying time is critical for safety, since an aircraft that runs out of power (battery charge) while in the air will eventually lose control leading to catastropheThis presentation covers a physics-based modeling approach implemented for case studies in capacitor and battery prognostics which are an integral part of an electrical powertrain system. The general approach of model-based prognostics will be examined as a potential solution for safety critical problems related to battery state of charge and state of health.

Physics based modeling↗

Characterization of physiochemical properties of polymeric and electrochemical materials for aerospace flight

Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries are a vital and reliable energy storage source for aerospace applications. As the demand for longer life and more reliable space batteries increases, the understanding and solving of cell aging factors and mechanisms become essential. Over the years, many cell designs and manufacturing process changes have been developed and implemented. Cells fabricated with various design features were life cycled in a simulated low-Earth orbit regime. Following the test program, a comprehensive electrochemical analysis of cell components was undertaken to study cell degradation mechanisms. Discharge voltage degradation or voltage plateau has been observed during orbit cycling, but, its cause and explanation have been the subject of much discussion. A Hg/HgO reference electrode was used to monitor the reference versus each electrode potential during the discharge of a cycled cell. The results indicate that the negative electrode was responsible for the voltage plateau. Cell analysis revealed large crystals of cadmium hydroxide on the surface of the negative electrode and throughout the separator.

Rock, M.↗

Current developments in electrochemical storage systems for satellites

The need for batteries with greater power capacity and service life for power satellites is examined. The Ni/Cd and Ni/H batteries now being used must be upgraded to meet advanced space requirements. Improvements in power capacity, service life, and cycle count for various satellites in LEO and GEO orbits are discussed. The Ni/Cd and Ni/H cell reactions are explained, and the solubility and volume changes for various charged and uncharged masses are described. A chart of the energy content and cycle count for various cell systems is presented, and the factors which cause aging and failure in the Ni/Cd and Ni/H cell systems are discussed. The advantages of the Ni/H battery are given and the need for more developed electrochemical storage systems because of an increase in the mass of satellites is explained. The requirements for space batteries and the work currently done by NASA and West Germany on advanced batteries are discussed.

Gutmann, G.↗

Performance Testing of Yardney Li-Ion Cells and Batteries in Support of JPL's 2009 Mars Science Laboratory Mission

In 2009, JPL is planning to launch an unmanned rover mission to the planet Mars. This mission, referred to as the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), will involve the use of a rover that is much larger than the previously developed Spirit and Opportunity Rovers for the 2003 Mars Exploration Rover (MER) mission, that are currently still in operation on the surface of the planet after more than three years. Part of the reason that the MER rovers have operated so successfully, far exceeding the required mission duration of 90 sols, is that they possess robust Li-ion batteries, manufactured by Yardney Technical Products, which have demonstrated excellent life characteristics. Given the excellent performance characteristics displayed, similar lithium-ion batteries have been projected to successfully meet the mission requirements of the up-coming MSL mission. Although comparable in many facets, such as being required to operate over a wide temperature range (-20 to 40 C), the MSL mission has more demanding performance requirements compared to the MER mission, including much longer mission duration (approx. 687 sols vs. 90 sols), higher power capability, and the need to withstand higher temperature excursions. In addition, due to the larger rover size, the MSL mission necessitates the use of a much larger battery to meet the energy, life, and power requirements. In order to determine the viability of meeting these requirements, a number of performance verification tests were performed on 10 Ah Yardney lithium-ion cells (MER design) under MSL-relevant conditions, including mission surface operation simulation testing. In addition, the performance of on-going ground life testing of 10 Ah MER cells and 8-cell batteries will be discussed in the context of capacity loss and impedance growth predictions.

MSL Rover↗

International Space Station Lithium-Ion Battery Start-Up and Cycling

The International Space Station (ISS) primary Electric Power System (EPS) was originally designed to use Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni-H2) batteries to store electrical energy. The electricity for the ISS is generated by its solar arrays, which charge batteries during insolation for subsequent discharge during eclipse. The Ni-H2 batteries were designed to operate at a 35 depth of discharge (DOD) maximum during normal operation in a Low Earth Orbit. In 2010, the ISS Program began the development of Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) batteries to replace Ni-H2 batteries approaching the end of their useful life and concurrently funded a Li-Ion ORU (Orbital Replacement Unit) and cell life testing project. The first set of 6 Li-ion battery replacements was launched in December 2016 and deployed in January 2017. This paper will discuss the Li-ion battery on-orbit cycling and the status of the Li-Ion cell and ORU life cycle testing.

International Space Station↗

The Earth Observing System (EOS) nickel-hydrogen battery

Information is given in viewgraph form on the Earth Observing System (EOS) nickel hydrogen battery. Information is given on the life evaluation test, cell characteristics, acceptance and characterization tests, and the battery system description.

Bennett, Charles W.↗

Accelerated test design

The design of an accelerated life test program for electric batteries is discussed. A number of observations and suggestions on the procedures and objectives for conducting an accelerated life test program are presented. Equations based on nonlinear regression analysis for predicting the accelerated life test parameters are discussed.

Mcdermott, P. P.↗

Improved operation of rechargeable oxygen electrodes

Procedure for enhancing operating life and performance of oxygen electrodes in rechargeable metal-oxygen batteries and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells is discussed. Accumulation of refractory anodic oxide layer and inhibiting effects on oxygen reduction are described. Improvements in service life of batteries by following procedure are explained.

Malachesky, P. A.↗

Lithium-ion Battery Demonstration for the 2007 NASA Desert Research and Technology Studies (Desert RATS) Program

The NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) Electrochemistry Branch designed and produced five lithium-ion battery packs for demonstration in a portable life support system (PLSS) on spacesuit simulators. The experimental batteries incorporated advanced, NASA-developed electrolytes and included internal protection against over-current, over-discharge and over-temperature. The 500-gram batteries were designed to deliver a constant power of 38 watts over 103 minutes of discharge time (130 Wh/kg). Battery design details are described and field and laboratory test results are summarized.

Bennett, William↗

Nongassing NiCd battery cell

Method of constructing nickel cadmium batteries prevents excessive gas buildup and allows hermetic sealing of battery for increased service life and reduced maintenance cost.

Juvinall, G. L.↗

Fireman's lamp

Rugged lamp used by miners is adapted for firefighters by utilization of smaller, rechargeable 3-hour-life gel-cell battery. Lighter, maintenance free unit can be clipped to outer clothing for convenience. Small monitor circuit indicates need to recharge battery.

Britz, W. J.↗

LEO life tests on a 75 Ah bipolar nickel-hydrogen battery

The design, building, and testing of an actively cooled 10-cell 75-Ah bipolar nickel/hydrogen battery are discussed. During the last 1000 cycles, the battery has shown some evidence of elecrical performance degradation. In particular, EOC and EOD voltages have increased and decreased by several millivolts, respectively, and deep discharge capacities to a 1.0 V/cell average cutoff voltage have decreased.

Lenhart, S.↗

Power systems testing

The Space Station Freedom (SSF) will give the U.S. a permanent manned presence in space in 1999. The SSF underwent its final design concept in 1991. Launches of hardware will begin in late 1995, and the SSF will become operational in the man tended configuration in 1997. Additional Space Shuttle flights between 1997 and 1999 will complete the SSF. Along with international partners, a crew of four astronauts will conduct long-term experimentation in the microgravity environment of the orbiting spacecraft. Lewis Research Center, along with its prime contractor, will provide the electrical power system (EPS) for SSF. Two major testing facilities at the Lewis Research Center will support the Lewis EPS. The Power Systems Facility provides test beds for life testing the station batteries and the power management distribution system testbed. This testbed simulates two channels of the EPS. The Space Power Facility at the Lewis Plum Brook Station is the largest vacuum chamber in the world. Within this chamber, a simulated space environment, testing of full-size EPS components will occur.

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