Results for “Complexity management” — Page 13

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Control Architecture for a Concept Aircraft with a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain and Distributed Electric Propulsion

Traditional aircraft propulsion control approaches are insufficient for electrified aircraft powertrains due to their increased complexity compared to current systems. New control approaches are required to manage the increased interdependency and complexity of these electrified powertrains. Additionally, electrification enables aircraft to have multiple distributed thrust producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. This paper describes the control architecture for a concept vehicle with these characteristics, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid electric single-aisle transport aircraft that leverages its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. This paper presents a summary of the SUSAN powertrain design and discusses several of the novel control approaches used to manage the complex electrified powertrain.

Control↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Control Architecture for a Concept Aircraft with a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain and Distributed Electric Propulsion

Traditional aircraft propulsion control approaches are insufficient for electrified aircraft powertrains due to their increased complexity compared to current systems. New control approaches are required to manage the increased interdependency and complexity of these electrified powertrains. Additionally, electrification enables aircraft to have multiple distributed thrust producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. This paper describes the control architecture for a concept vehicle with these characteristics, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid electric single-aisle transport aircraft that leverages its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. This paper presents a summary of the SUSAN powertrain design and discusses several of the novel control approaches used to manage the complex electrified powertrain.

Control↗

NASA NTRS2023

Control Architecture for a Concept Aircraft with a Series/Parallel Partial Hybrid Powertrain and Distributed Electric Propulsion

Traditional aircraft propulsion control approaches are insufficient for electrified aircraft powertrains due to their increased complexity compared to current systems. New control approaches are required to manage the increased interdependency and complexity of these electrified powertrains. Additionally, electrification enables aircraft to have multiple distributed thrust producing fans that the flight control system can leverage for enhanced maneuverability, further increasing the control complexity. This paper describes the control architecture for a concept vehicle with these characteristics, the SUbsonic Single Aft eNgine (SUSAN) Electrofan. SUSAN is a series/parallel partial hybrid electric single-aisle transport aircraft that leverages its electrified powertrain to provide fuel burn and emissions benefits when compared to the state-of-the-art. Achieving these benefits requires an appropriately designed control architecture that coordinates the various powertrain and flight control subsystems. As such, the SUSAN aircraft is designed with a high level of automation, allowing it to properly manage coupled subsystems and react rapidly to failures and anomalies. This paper presents a summary of the SUSAN powertrain design and discusses several of the novel control approaches used to manage the complex electrified powertrain.

Control↗

NASA NTRS2007

A Project Management Approach to Using Simulation for Cost Estimation on Large, Complex Software Development Projects

It is very difficult for project managers to develop accurate cost and schedule estimates for large, complex software development projects. None of the approaches or tools available today can estimate the true cost of software with any high degree of accuracy early in a project. This paper provides an approach that utilizes a software development process simulation model that considers and conveys the level of uncertainty that exists when developing an initial estimate. A NASA project will be analyzed using simulation and data from the Software Engineering Laboratory to show the benefits of such an approach.

Mizell, Carolyn↗

NASA NTRS2009

Complexity Science Applications to Dynamic Trajectory Management: Research Strategies

The promise of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) is strongly tied to the concept of trajectory-based operations in the national airspace system. Existing efforts to develop trajectory management concepts are largely focused on individual trajectories, optimized independently, then de-conflicted among each other, and individually re-optimized, as possible. The benefits in capacity, fuel, and time are valuable, though perhaps could be greater through alternative strategies. The concept of agent-based trajectories offers a strategy for automation of simultaneous multiple trajectory management. The anticipated result of the strategy would be dynamic management of multiple trajectories with interacting and interdependent outcomes that satisfy multiple, conflicting constraints. These constraints would include the business case for operators, the capacity case for the Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP), and the environmental case for noise and emissions. The benefits in capacity, fuel, and time might be improved over those possible under individual trajectory management approaches. The proposed approach relies on computational agent-based modeling (ABM), combinatorial mathematics, as well as application of "traffic physics" concepts to the challenge, and modeling and simulation capabilities. The proposed strategy could support transforming air traffic control from managing individual aircraft behaviors to managing systemic behavior of air traffic in the NAS. A system built on the approach could provide the ability to know when regions of airspace approach being "full," that is, having non-viable local solution space for optimizing trajectories in advance.

Sawhill, Bruce↗

NASA NTRS1995

A fuzzy logic intelligent diagnostic system for spacecraft integrated vehicle health management

Due to the complexity of future space missions and the large amount of data involved, greater autonomy in data processing is demanded for mission operations, training, and vehicle health management. In this paper, we develop a fuzzy logic intelligent diagnostic system to perform data reduction, data analysis, and fault diagnosis for spacecraft vehicle health management applications. The diagnostic system contains a data filter and an inference engine. The data filter is designed to intelligently select only the necessary data for analysis, while the inference engine is designed for failure detection, warning, and decision on corrective actions using fuzzy logic synthesis. Due to its adaptive nature and on-line learning ability, the diagnostic system is capable of dealing with environmental noise, uncertainties, conflict information, and sensor faults.

Wu, G. Gordon↗

NASA NTRS1993

Reducing the cognitive workload: Trouble managing power systems

The complexity of space-based systems makes monitoring them and diagnosing their faults taxing for human beings. Mission control operators are well-trained experts but they can not afford to have their attention diverted by extraneous information. During normal operating conditions monitoring the status of the components of a complex system alone is a big task. When a problem arises, immediate attention and quick resolution is mandatory. To aid humans in these endeavors we have developed an automated advisory system. Our advisory expert system, Trouble, incorporates the knowledge of the power system designers for Space Station Freedom. Trouble is designed to be a ground-based advisor for the mission controllers in the Control Center Complex at Johnson Space Center (JSC). It has been developed at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and tested in conjunction with prototype flight hardware contained in the Power Management and Distribution testbed and the Engineering Support Center, ESC, at LeRC. Our work will culminate with the adoption of these techniques by the mission controllers at JSC. This paper elucidates how we have captured power system failure knowledge, how we have built and tested our expert system, and what we believe are its potential uses.

Manner, David B.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Reducing the cognitive workload - Trouble managing power systems

The complexity of space-based systems makes monitoring them and diagnosing their faults taxing for human beings. When a problem arises, immediate attention and quick resolution is mandatory. To aid humans in these endeavors we have developed an automated advisory system. Our advisory expert system, Trouble, incorporates the knowledge of the power system designers for Space Station Freedom. Trouble is designed to be a ground-based advisor for the mission controllers in the Control Center Complex at Johnson Space Center (JSC). It has been developed at NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) and tested in conjunction with prototype flight hardware contained in the Power Management and Distribution testbed and the Engineering Support Center, ESC, at LeRC. Our work will culminate with the adoption of these techniques by the mission controllers at JSC. This paper elucidates how we have captured power system failure knowledge, how we have built and tested our expert system, and what we believe its potential uses are.

Manner, David B.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Some problems with the design of self-learning management systems

In this paper some problems in the design of management systems for complex objects are discussed. Considering the absence of adequate models and the fact that human expertise in the management of non-stationary objects becomes obsolete quickly, the use of self-learning together with a two-step optimization of on-line control rules is suggested. To prepare for the object analysis, a set of definitions has been proposed. Traditional and fuzzy sets approaches are used in the analysis. To decrease the reaction time of the control system, we propose the development of control rules without feedback.

Flikop, Ziny↗

NASA NTRS2009

Dshell++: A Component Based, Reusable Space System Simulation Framework

This paper describes the multi-mission Dshell++ simulation framework for high fidelity, physics-based simulation of spacecraft, robotic manipulation and mobility systems. Dshell++ is a C++/Python library which uses modern script driven object-oriented techniques to allow component reuse and a dynamic run-time interface for complex, high-fidelity simulation of spacecraft and robotic systems. The goal of the Dshell++ architecture is to manage the inherent complexity of physicsbased simulations while supporting component model reuse across missions. The framework provides several features that support a large degree of simulation configurability and usability.

Software↗

NASA NTRS2017

Managing Capital Investments and Resources for Large, Complex Satellite Development Efforts

Once the schedule was baselined and the primary, secondary, and tertiary critical paths (at least) were established: Identified what entity control which portion of the schedule reserve Dollarized the time associated with the schedule reserve and segregated it off from other budget reserves authorization to spend only came when authorization to utilize the time was given Created a process to manage the control of these resources This process was above and beyond the typical schedule controls used to monitor and maintain the day-to-day schedules Webb telescope will be the premier space observatory for astronomers worldwide,extending the tantalizing discoveries of the Hubble Space telescope• An international collaboration among NASA, the European Space Agency, and theCanadian Space Agency• The largest telescope ever placed in space, Webb will be ~100 times more powerful thanHubble• It is so big it has to fold origami-style to fit in the rocket and will unfold like a transformeronce in space• The 5-layer sunshield protects the telescope from the Sun, Earth, and Moon’s infraredradiation. It’s like having sun protection of SPF 1 million• Unprecedented infrared sensitivity will peer back in time over 13.5 billion years to see thefirst galaxies born after the Big Bang• Hubble orbits ~350 miles above the Earth; Webb will orbit the sun ~1 million miles fromEarth• Launch from French Guiana in 2018

Ryan, Richard M.↗

NASA NTRS1994

Grounding explanations in evolving, diagnostic situations

Certain fields of practice involve the management and control of complex dynamic systems. These include flight deck operations in commercial aviation, control of space systems, anesthetic management during surgery or chemical or nuclear process control. Fault diagnosis of these dynamic systems generally must occur with the monitored process on-line and in conjunction with maintaining system integrity.This research seeks to understand in more detail what it means for an intelligent system to function cooperatively, or as a 'team player' in complex, dynamic environments. The approach taken was to study human practitioners engaged in the management of a complex, dynamic process: anesthesiologists during neurosurgical operations. The investigation focused on understanding how team members cooperate in management and fault diagnosis and comparing this interaction to the situation with an Artificial Intelligence(AI) system that provides diagnoses and explanations. Of particular concern was to study the ways in which practitioners support one another in keeping aware of relevant information concerning the state of the monitored process and of the problem solving process.

Johannesen, Leila J.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Multireference Embedding and Fragmentation Methods for Classical and Quantum Computers: From Model Systems to Realistic Applications

One of the primary challenges in quantum chemistry is the accurate modeling of strong electron correlation. While multireference methods effectively capture such correlation, their steep scaling with system size prohibits their application to large molecules and extended materials. Quantum embedding offers a promising solution by partitioning complex systems into manageable subsystems. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in multireference density matrix embedding and localized active space self-consistent field approaches for complex molecules and extended materials. We discuss both classical implementations and the emerging potential of these methods on quantum computers. Here, by extending classical embedding concepts to the quantum landscape, these algorithms have the potential to expand the reach of multireference methods in quantum chemistry and materials.

Algorithms↗

NASA NTRS2005

Strategic Options for International Participation in Space Exploration: Lessons from U.S.-Japan Defense Cooperation

The President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy suggests that after NASA establishes the Space Exploration vision architecture, it should pursue international partnerships. Two possible approaches were suggested: multiple independently operated missions and an integrated mission with carefully selected international components. The U.S.-Japan defense sectors have learned key lessons from experience with both of these approaches. U.S.-Japan defense cooperation has evolved over forty years from simple military assistance programs to more complex joint development efforts. With the evolution of the political-military alliance and the complexity of defense programs, these cooperative efforts have engaged increasingly industrial resources and capabilities as well as more sophisticated forms of planning, technology transfers and program management. Some periods of this evolution have been marked by significant frictions. The U.S.Japan FS-X program, for example, provides a poor example for management of international cooperation. In November 1988, the United States and Japan signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to co-develop an aircraft, named FS-X and later renamed F -2, as a replacement to the aging Japan support fighter F-l. The program was marked by numerous political disputes. After over a decade of joint development and testing, F -2 production deliveries finally began in 1999. The production run was curtailed due to much higher than anticipated costs and less than desired aircraft performance. One universally agreed "lesson" from the FSX/F-2 case was that it did not represent the ideal approach to bilateral cooperation. More recent cooperative programs have involved targeted joint research and development, including component development for ballistic missile defense systems. These programs could lay the basis for more ambitious cooperative efforts. This study examines both less-than-stellar international cooperation efforts as well as more successful initiatives to identify lessons from military programs that can help NASA encourage global investment in its Space Exploration Vision. The paper establishes a basis for examining related policy and industrial concerns such as effective utilization of dual-use technologies and trans-Pacific program management of large, complex cooperative programs.

Hudiburg, John J.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hardware-in-Loop Modules for Testing Automated Ventilator Controllers

Automated ventilator controllers have the potential to simplify oxygen and carbon dioxide management for trauma. In the pre-hospital or military medicine environment, trauma care can be required for prolonged periods by personnel with limited ventilator management training. As such, there is a need for closed-loop control systems that can adapt ventilator management to a complex, ever-changing medical environment. Here, we present a novel hardware-in-loop test platform for the independent troubleshooting and evaluation of oxygen and carbon dioxide automated ventilator management capabilities. The oxygen management system provides an analogue blood oxygen signal that is responsive to the fraction of inspired oxygen and the peak inspiratory pressure ventilator settings. A tested oxygenation controller successfully reached the target oxygen saturation within 5 min. The carbon dioxide removal system integrates with commercial ventilator technology and mimics carbon dioxide generation, lung compliance, and airway resistance while providing an end-tidal carbon dioxide level that is responsive to changes in the tidal volume and respiratory rate settings. A test mechanical ventilator controller was able to regulate EtCO2 regardless of the starting value within 10 min. This highlights the system’s functionality and provides proof-of-concept demonstrations for how the hardware-in-loop test platforms can be used for evaluating closed-loop controller technologies.

Berard, David (ORCID:0000000322863846)↗

NASA NTRS2022

Launch Complex 39A, SWMU 008 and Launch Complex 39B, SWMU 009 Performance Monitoring and Air Sparge Expansion Construction Completion Report Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This Performance Monitoring and Construction Completion Report (PM-CCR) presents the findings, observations, and results for air sparging (AS) operations and sitewide groundwater monitoring for Launch Complex 39A (LC39A), Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 008, and Launch Complex 39B (LC39B), SWMU 009, at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. Results from direct push technology (DPT) sampling and AS system expansion activities at LC39A are also included in this report. The reporting period covered under this PM-CCR is from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021.

Andrew M Walters↗

NASA NTRS2023

Launch Complex 39A, SWMU 008 and Launch Complex 39B, SWMU 009 Performance Monitoring Report Kennedy Space Center, Florida

This Performance Monitoring Report (PMR) presents the findings, observations, and results for Air Sparging (AS) operations and sitewide groundwater monitoring for Launch Complex 39A (LC39A), Solid Waste Management Unit (SWMU) 008, and Launch Complex 39B (LC39B), SWMU 009, at Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. Results from direct push technology (DPT) sampling at LC39B are also included in this report. The reporting period for AS operations covered under this PMR is from January 1, 2022, to December 31, 2022.

groundwater↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimizing Alabama’s CO 2 Storage in Shelby County (Project OASIS) - Deliverable Task 7: Risk Assessment

The “Optimizing Alabama’s CO 2 Storage in Shelby County: Project OASIS” CarbonSAFE Phase II Project seeks to build on regional data sets that demonstrate that the subsurface within Shelby County, Alabama has the potential to store commercial volumes of CO 2 safely, permanently, and economically. The primary target CO 2 Storage Complex is the deep Ketona Dolomite located within a 140 square mile area of the Valley and Ridge Region of Alabama. This deep saline reservoir is beneath a confining system encompassing at least 6,500 ft of shales and other low permeability sediments. Project OASIS drilled a deep stratigraphic test well to confirm the geological properties of the confining system and storage reservoir(s) within the Storage Complex. The geological data was incorporated into numerical models to establish the areal extent of the CO 2 plume and help design the storage site and its monitoring system. The project is managed by the Southern States Energy Board (SSEB), an interstate compact organization consisting of governors and state legislative leaders from sixteen southern states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, as well as an appointee by the President of the United States. The organizational compact provides it with access to state government organizations and legislatures. The Board also maintains an Associate Members program comprised of energy resource companies, utilities, trade groups, academic R&D science and technology experts and energy consultants. Further, the SSEB staff is experienced in managing and coordinating complex energy and environmental programs, from research programs to full-scale design and demonstrations of new and innovative technologies. Project OASIS is a public-private partnership of six entities with multiple principal investigators (PIs). SSEB’s Lead PI and Co-PI are responsible for all aspects of project performance in accordance with the DOE-NETL Cooperative Agreement. SSEB has issued subgrants to Advanced Resources International, Inc., Alabama A&M University, Auburn University, Crescent Resource Innovation, and Oklahoma State University. Advanced Resources International, Inc., issued subgrants to Baker Hughes and Loudon Technical Services for field services

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗