Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “EIS”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

NASA Sustainable Flight National Partnership Panel

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aeronautics Mission Directorate (ARMD) Hybrid Thermally Efficient Core (HyTEC) Project within the Advanced Air Vehicles Program (AAVP) is focused on accelerating the development of small-core turbofan engine technologies to advance the next entry into service (EIS) single-aisle aircraft having 25,000-35,000 lb. thrust class engines. The goal is to accelerate the development of key engine technologies with improvements in efficiency, durability, performance, and hybridization in order to meet the next EIS single-aisle aircraft expected in the 2030s. The HyTEC Project technology portfolio includes High Pressure Compressor, High Pressure Turbine, Advanced Materials, Hybrid Electric and Compact Combustor (includes operation with Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAF)). The individual technologies were industry partner proposed and defined where HyTEC selected technologies to cost share with the industry partner. The first phase of the project has matured some and continues to mature numerous technologies to a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 4-5, which will then be integrated into an advanced small core demonstration. The results of completed efforts have been successful, and projections toward project performance metrics of all Phase 1 technologies indicates significant progress toward meeting the requirements. The core demonstration will integrate many of these technologies into a large-scale ground demonstration that will take them to TRL 6 and enable industry to transition the technologies into the next single-aisle engine architecture. The demonstration goal is to meet the project performance metrics that signify a compact engine core with substantial efficiency and durability improvements over a year 2020 baseline. The core demonstration has been awarded with a cost-share partnership and will take place by the end of 2028.

Tony Nerone↗
DOE OSTI2021

Corrosion Behavior of Alloy Structural Steels in Catechol and Biomass-Derived Pyrolysis Oils

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to assess the corrosion behavior of three steels, 2.25Cr-1Mo, 5Cr-1Mo and 9Cr-1Mo (UNS K21590, S50200 and K90941) in bio-oils and catechol, an organic constituent commonly found in bio-oils. Two types of biomass pyrolysis oils produced from selected forest residue feedstocks, classified as high-ash and high-moisture (HAHM) and low-ash and low-moisture (LALM) types and 10 wt.% catechol, were used to test the alloys. According to previous results, 10 wt.% catechol in a water and methanol mixture was corrosive to 2.25Cr-1Mo but not to 9Cr-1Mo, highlighting that increasing Cr content in the steels resulted in improved corrosion resistance. 5Cr-1Mo, a steel with an intermediate Cr content, was tested in catechol solutions to better estimate the critical value of Cr for corrosion resistance under these conditions. Also, the three alloys were tested in both HAHM and LALM bio-oils to assess corrosion susceptibility. For EIS measurements, a customized electrochemical setup was employed to minimize the ohmic path through the bio-oils. The corrosion susceptibility was evaluated by determining the resistance at the alloy-corrosive medium interface.

Jun, Jiheon↗
DOE OSTI2021

Operating Stresses and Their Effects on Degradation of LSM-Based SOFC Cathodes

The performance of solid oxides fuel cells (SOFCs) with four different Mn excess of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM) -based cathodes were examined under different temperatures (1,000 °C, 900 °C), current densities (0, 380, and 760 mA cm -2 ), and cathode atmospheres (p O 2 )=0.1,0.15,0.21) for durations ranging from 58 to 1,008 h. Each yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte-supported “button” cell had a porous Ni/YSZ composite anode and a porous LSM/YSZ composite cathode. The cells’ output voltage versus time were recorded and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) measurements were performed every 24 hours. The total area specific resistance (ASR) was calculated from these measurements. The values of ASR from both EIS and LSV were comparable between each other but lower than that from durability test. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis was performed to investigate the electrochemical processes and their corresponding relaxation frequencies as well as their attributions to the total ASR. The series resistance and parallel resistance that obtained from the equivalent circuit fit of the Nyquist plot were higher at low temperature and low p O 2 regardless of LSM compositions. The area of the peaks derived from DRT analysis increased with time during individual tests. The microstructures of the tested cells were examined using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Manganese oxide particles were observed near the cathode-electrolyte interface after prolonged (1,008 h) testing in air of a cell with LSM of 11% manganese excess, and after a short test (58 h) under low oxygen (p O 2 = 0.10) in a cell with LSM of 5% manganese excess. However, the role of MnOx in cell degradation is still unknown.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Insight into the Radiolytic Degradation Mechanism of TODGA

Partitioning and transmutation schemes, where americium is separated from other components of used nuclear fuel and burned in a fast neutron reactor, offer a path to dramatically decrease the space requirements for storage of nuclear fuel cycle wastes, allowing more efficient usage of potentially scarce storage resources.[1] Improvements in the efficiency of processes for separating americium from used nuclear fuels can thus have a significant impact on the costs of future nuclear fuel cycles. Understanding separation ligand radiation chemistry is important for development of new ligands and processes, as the ligand degradation products can have a deleterious effect on a separation process. Tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA) has been studied as a ligand for lanthanide/minor actinide extraction for partitioning and transmutation schemes. However, the mechanism of initial energy transfer from products of solvent radiolysis to TODGA is still under debate. One proposed mechanism is attack by a n-dodecane radical cation resulting in electron abstraction and formation of a TODGA radical cation,[2] while later work has proposed hydrogen abstraction from sites adjacent to the central ether oxygen by other radical species.[3] The latter mechanism is proposed to result in degradation products from rupture of the ether bond. However, radiolytic degradation of TODGA in n-dodecane shows products that would result from rupture of all the backbone bonds. There is little information on what degradation products would be expected to form from the TODGA radical cation. In this work, we have begun to investigate this by examining the electron impact (EI) ionization mass spectrum of TODGA, which initially produces a TODGA radical cation in the gas phase. The EI spectrum shows fragments that would result from most backbone bond cleavages, similar to what is observed in the radiolysis of TODGA in n-dodecane. As the lifetime of the solvent radical cation decreases from n-dodecane to n-hexane,[4] irradiation of TODGA in n-hexane should have less solvent radical cations available for reaction with TODGA, and instead should favor reactions with longer-lived radicals. In contrast to n-dodecane, radiolytic degradation of TODGA in n-hexane produces only N,N-dioctylacetamide, which would result from rupture of the ether bond. The n-dodecane radical cation lifetime is long enough to produce TODGA radical cations but the n-hexane radical cation is mostly consumed before reaction with TODGA, so other radical processes that abstract hydrogen from TODGA dominate. This suggests that electron abstraction by the n-dodecane radical cation is an important component of TODGA radiolysis, although it does not rule out the presence of mechanisms involving hydrogen abstraction adjacent to the ether oxygen. References [1] J. Serp et al., Energies 2017, 10 (9), DOI: 10.3390/en10091445. [2] C. Zarzana et al., Solvent Extr. Ion Exch. 2015, 33 (5), 431–447, DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2015.1012885. [3] T. Koubský et al., Prog. Nucl. Energy 2017, 94, 208–215, DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2016.07.010. [4] F. Sviridenko et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 297 (3), 343–349, DOI: 10.1016/S0009-2614(98)01099-9.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2021

Distinguishing interfacial double layer and oxide-based capacitance on gold and pre-oxidized Fe-Cr in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate room temperature ionic liquid aqueous mixture

The frequency-dependent impedance of a metal/oxide/room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) interface was separated into oxide layer (C ox ) and double layer (C dl ) capacitances using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A pre-formed oxide of known initial thickness on Fe-20 at.% Cr was investigated in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([Emim][MeSO 3 ]) RTIL + aqueous mixtures. The oxide thickness was calculated from C ox using the complex capacitance representation and the power-law model. The result was additionally verified by cross-sectional analysis using transmission electron microscopy. The C dl calculated from the constant-phase element (CPE) was distinguishable from C ox for Fe-20Cr, which enables monitoring of the interfaces of structural metals with oxide layers in RTILs containing water.

Constant-phase element↗
DOE OSTI2024

Improved cycle stability and high-rate capability of LiNbO 3 -coated Li 3 VO 4 as anode material for lithium-ion battery

Lithium vanadate (Li 3 VO 4 ) has garnered considerable attention as an alternative negative electrode material for non-aqueous lithium-ion batteries due to its high capacity, energy efficiency, and stable discharge voltage. Nonetheless, the Li 3 VO 4 material displays a low rate capability, attributed mainly to its poor intrinsic electronic conductivity. Here, in this study, we report the synthesis of lithium niobate LiNbO 3 -coated Li 3 VO 4 (LVO@LNO) using a one-pot sol-gel method. The resulting LVO@LNO demonstrates a high reversible capacity of approximately 530 mAh/g, which is more than double that of free Li 3 VO 4 . To explore the effect of the LNO coating process on the morphological and structural properties, Raman, XRD, operando XRD, XPS, SEM and HTEM analyses were conducted. To explain the enhancement of electronic conductivity in our modified material after a LiNbO 3 coating, we conducted an Ex-Situ electrochemical impedance (EIS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational study. Additionally, we designed a full cell utilizing a 1 wt% LNO-coated LVO anode and NMC-811 cathode. The cell yielded an output voltage of approximately 2.8 V with a high initial specific capacity of 350 mAh/g versus to the anode, at 1C with a capacity retention of 85 % after 100 cycles.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

One-Step Synthesis and Operando Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopic Characterization of Heterostructured MoP–Mo 2 N Electrocatalysts for Stable Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Here this study presents a novel synthesis of self-standing MoP and Mo 2 N heterostructured electrocatalysts with enhanced stability and catalytic performance. Facilitated by the controlled phase and interfacial microstructure, the seamless structures of these catalysts minimize internal resistivity and prevent local corrosion, contributing to increased stability. The chemical synthesis proceeds with etching step to activate the surface, followed by phosphor-nitriding in a chemical vapor deposition chamber to produce MoP-Mo 2 N@Mo heterostructured electrocatalysts. X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the presence of MoP, Mo 2 N, and Mo phases in the electrocatalyst. Morphology studies using scanning electron microscopy characterizes the hierarchical growth of structures, indicating successful formation of the heterostructure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses of the as-synthesized and post-catalytic activity samples reveal the chemical shift in terms of binding energy (BE) of Mo 3d XPS peak, especially after catalytic activity. The XPS BE shifts attributed to changes in oxidation state, electron transfer, and surface reconstruction during catalysis. Electrochemical evaluation of the catalysts demonstrates the superior performance of the MoP-Mo 2 N@Mo heterostructured catalyst in hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), with lower overpotentials and enhanced Tafel slopes. Stability tests reveal changes in double layer capacitance over time, suggesting surface reconstruction and increased active surface area during catalysis. Operando electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) further elucidates the dynamic changes in resistance and charge transfer during HER. Overall, comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical behavior of the developed MoP-Mo 2 N@Mo heterostructured electrocatalyst as presented in this paper highlights their potential utilization in sustainable energy applications.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

A harmonized protocol to assess the single-cell performance of proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers

The harmonization of testing protocols for proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers is essential for ensuring accurate and reliable performance assessments and accelerating the development of hydrogen production technologies. This protocol provides a structured approach to PEM electrolyzer setup and testing, incorporating key considerations for test station design and single-cell characterization techniques. Polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are detailed, along with best practices from academic and industry research groups to enhance data accuracy and comparability. By addressing material variability and harmonizing testing methodologies, this framework enables more precise evaluations of membrane electrode assemblies and electrolyzer components. Harmonized protocols not only streamline development efforts but also foster collaboration across institutions, ultimately supporting the commercialization of hydrogen solutions through improved stack efficiency and durability.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tailoring Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper by Reactive Ionic Liquid and Native Hydrogen Bond Donors

Abstract Electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR) on copper (Cu) shows promise for higher‐value products beyond CO. However, challenges such as the limited CO 2 solubility, high overpotentials, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous electrolytes hinder the practical realization. We propose a functionalized ionic liquid (IL) which generates ion‐CO 2 adducts and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) upon CO 2 absorption to modulate CO 2 RR on Cu in a non‐aqueous electrolyte. As revealed by transient voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) complemented with image charge augmented quantum‐mechanical/molecular mechanics (IC‐QM/MM) computations, a unique microenvironment is constructed. In this microenvironment, the catalytic activity is primarily governed by the IL and HBD concentrations; former controlling the double layer thickness and the latter modulating the local proton availability. This translates to ample CO 2 availability, reduced overpotential, and suppressed HER where C 4 products are obtained. This study deepens the understanding of electrolyte effects in CO 2 RR and the role of IL ions towards electrocatalytic microenvironment design.

Coskun, Oguz Kagan↗
DOE OSTI2024

Oxygen‐Assisted Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide

Abstract We report on the supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) of carbon dioxide at different voltage windows in the presence of oxygen using activated carbon electrodes, and deliquescent, aqueous electrolytes. The presence of O 2 in the CO 2 /N 2 gas mixture results in an up to 11 times higher CO 2 adsorption capacity with 3 M MgBr 2 (at 0.6 V) and up to 4–5 times higher adsorption capacity with 3 M MgCl 2 (at 1 V). A tradeoff between high CO 2 adsorption capacities and lower coulombic efficiencies was observed at voltages above 0.6 V. The energetic and adsorptive performance of the electrodes in the presence of oxygen below 0.5 V was similar to the performance with a CO 2 /N 2 mixture without oxygen at 1 V. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the electrodes demonstrate that the specific capacitance increases while the diffusion resistance decreases in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen concentrations ranging between 5–20 % give similar energetic and adsorptive performance. The electrodes exhibit stable performance for up to 100 cycles of operation.

Bilal, Muhammad↗
DOE OSTI2023

Tailoring Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction on Copper by Reactive Ionic Liquid and Native Hydrogen Bond Donors

Electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR) on copper (Cu) shows promise for higher-value products beyond CO. However, challenges such as the limited CO 2 solubility, high overpotentials, and the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in aqueous electrolytes hinder the practical realization. We propose a functionalized ionic liquid (IL) which generates ion-CO 2 adducts and a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) upon CO 2 absorption to modulate CO 2 RR on Cu in a non-aqueous electrolyte. As revealed by transient voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) complemented with image charge augmented quantum-mechanical/molecular mechanics (IC-QM/MM) computations, a unique microenvironment is constructed. In this microenvironment, the catalytic activity is primarily governed by the IL and HBD concentrations; former controlling the double layer thickness and the latter modulating the local proton availability. This translates to ample CO 2 availability, reduced overpotential, and suppressed HER where C 4 products are obtained. This study deepens the understanding of electrolyte effects in CO 2 RR and the role of IL ions towards electrocatalytic microenvironment design.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Oxygen‐Assisted Supercapacitive Swing Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide

We report on the supercapacitive swing adsorption (SSA) of carbon dioxide at different voltage windows in the presence of oxygen using activated carbon electrodes, and deliquescent, aqueous electrolytes. The presence of O 2 in the CO 2 /N 2 gas mixture results in an up to 11 times higher CO 2 adsorption capacity with 3 M MgBr 2 (at 0.6 V) and up to 4–5 times higher adsorption capacity with 3 M MgCl 2 (at 1 V). A tradeoff between high CO 2 adsorption capacities and lower coulombic efficiencies was observed at voltages above 0.6 V. The energetic and adsorptive performance of the electrodes in the presence of oxygen below 0.5 V was similar to the performance with a CO 2 /N 2 mixture without oxygen at 1 V. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the electrodes demonstrate that the specific capacitance increases while the diffusion resistance decreases in the presence of oxygen. Oxygen concentrations ranging between 5–20 % give similar energetic and adsorptive performance. The electrodes exhibit stable performance for up to 100 cycles of operation.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chemical and Electrochemical Characterization of Hot–Pressed Li 6 PS 5 Cl Solid State Electrolyte: Operating Pressure–Invariant High Ionic Conductivity

Sulfide solid state electrolytes (SSE) are among the most promising materials in the effort to replace liquid electrolytes, largely due to their comparable ionic conductivities. Among the sulfide SSEs, Argyrodites (Li 6 PS 5 X, X=Cl, Br, I) further stand out due to their high theoretical ionic conductivity (~1×10 –2 S cm –1 ) and interfacial stability against reactive metal anodes such as lithium. Generally, solid state electrolyte pellets are pressed from powder feedstock at room temperature, however, pellets fabricated by cold pressing consistently result in low bulk density and high porosity, facilitating interfacial degradation reactions and allowing dendrites to propagate through the pores and grain boundaries. Here, we demonstrate the mechanical and electrochemical implications of hot-pressing standalone LPSCl SSE pellets with near-theoretical ionic conductivity, superior cycling performance, and enhanced mechanical stability. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis reveal no chemical changes to the Argyrodite surface after hot pressing up to 250°C. Furthermore, we use electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to understand mechanical stability of Argyrodite SSE pellets as a function of externally applied pressure, demonstrating for the first time pressed standalone Argyrodite pellets with near-theoretical conductivities at external pressures below 14 MPa.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dispersion-enhanced sequential batch sampling for adaptive contour estimation

In computer simulation and optimal design, sequential batch sampling offers an appealing way to iteratively stipulate optimal sampling points based upon existing selections and efficiently construct surrogate modeling. Nonetheless, the issue of near duplicates poses tremendous quandary for sequential learning. It refers to the situation that selected critical points cluster together in each sampling batch, which are individually but not collectively informative towards the optimal design. Near duplicates severely diminish the computational efficiency as they barely contribute extra information towards update of the surrogate. To address this issue, we impose a dispersion criterion on concurrent selection of sampling points, which essentially forces a sparse distribution of critical points in each batch, and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in adaptive contour estimation. Specifically, we adopt Gaussian process surrogate to emulate the simulator, acquire variance reduction of the critical region from new sampling points as a dispersion criterion, and combine it with the modified expected improvement (EI) function for critical batch selection. The critical region here is the proximity of the contour of interest. This proposed approach is vindicated in numerical examples of a two-dimensional four-branch function, a four-dimensional function with a disjoint contour of interest and a time-delay dynamic system.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying the Relationship Between Microstructure and Performance in Gadolinium-Doped Ceria Infiltrated Ni/YSZ Symmetric Cells

Infiltration of mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) nanocatalysts into the anodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) allow the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) to occur at double-phase boundaries (DPBs), rather than being confined only to the triple phase boundaries (TPBs). In this research, we use a combination of cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM), three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction, and electrochemical methods to characterize both baseline and gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC)-infiltrated symmetric cells, with the goal of establishing a comparison between the density of electrochemically active sites in uninfiltrated and GDC-infiltrated cells. Here, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis showed GDC infiltration decreased the overall polarization of the anode by a factor of 8.78 X, and decreased the resistance associated with the reactions at the TPBs/DPBs by a factor of over 21 X. By quantifying expected GDC deposition morphology in the Ni/YSZ anode it is estimated that reactions occur in the baseline cell up to 84 nm from the active TPB lines.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Imaginary admittance and charge transfer resistance correlate to the physiological status of Shewanella oneidensis cultures in real time

Monitoring microbial activity is essential for industrial and environmental applications to proceed efficiently. To minimize time and labor-intensive monitoring, a new paradigm is required for in-situ, real time analysis. Since bioconversion of organics is accomplished by microorganisms through the oxidation of feedstocks linked to the reduction of electron acceptors, microorganisms can be viewed as electrochemical catalysts. In this respect, cell membranes have an electrical potential, which is analogous to a conventional capacitor and linked dynamically to cellular activity. Here, in this study, we demonstrate the use of electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) for monitoring microbial metabolic activity in real time, in-situ. The effect of organic electron donors as a function of concentration to the physiological status of strains of Shewanella oneidensis was determined. In this study, the pyomelanin overproducer (S. oneidensis ΔhmgA) and the pyomelanin deficient mutant (S. oneidensis ΔmelA) were chosen due to different surface electrochemical characteristics along with differences in oxygen utilization efficiency. CV, relative admittance, phase shift and permittivity changed with growth status and correlated with electron flow from organic carbon sources and terminal electron acceptor availability. This work offers a novel and inexpensive approach to real time monitoring with the advantage of abundant data.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stable perovskite-fluorite dual-phase composites synthesized by one-pot solid-state reactive sintering for protonic ceramic fuel cells

We report that this work synthesized a series of oxide composites with nominal compositions of BaCe 05 Zr 0.4 Y 0.1 O 3-δ (BCZY)-Ce 0.5 Y 0.5 O 2-δ (YDC) based on the BCZY/YDC molar ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1 (BCZY-YDC-0.5–1, BCZY-YDC-1-1, BCZY-YDC-2-1, and BCZY-YDC-4-1) using a one-pot solid state reactive sintering (SSRS) method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and refinement proved that the one-pot SSRS at 1450 °C for 12 h could achieve the perovskite-fluorite dual-phase composites (DPCs) with the desired structure compositions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the two DPCs of BCZY-YDC-1-1 and BCZY-YDC-2-1 formed excellent percolation for perovskite and fluorite phases. The conductivity measurement by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and the transference number measurement by the electromotive force (EMF) test proved that changing the BCZY/YDC molar ratio and operating condition could adjust the DPC's conduction property to make them suitable for electrolytes and electrode scaffolds for protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs). The long-term conductivity testing and the crystal structure analysis after EMF testing under versatile conditions indicated that the DPCs of BCZY-YDC-2-1 and BCZY-YDC-1-1 were durable PCFC component materials. The PCFC button cells with the as-discovered BCZY-YDC-2-1 and BCZY-YDC-1-1 as an electrolyte and an anode scaffold, respectively, and the reported Ba–Ce–Fe–Co–O perovskite-perovskite composite as a cathode showed promising performance under H 2 /air gradient.

08 HYDROGEN↗