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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13

Local spectroscopy of a gate-switchable moiré quantum anomalous Hall insulator

Abstract In recent years, correlated insulating states, unconventional superconductivity, and topologically non-trivial phases have all been observed in several moiré heterostructures. However, understanding of the physical mechanisms behind these phenomena is hampered by the lack of local electronic structure data. Here, we use scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy to demonstrate how the interplay between correlation, topology, and local atomic structure determines the behaviour of electron-doped twisted monolayer–bilayer graphene. Through gate- and magnetic field-dependent measurements, we observe local spectroscopic signatures indicating a quantum anomalous Hall insulating state with a total Chern number of ±2 at a doping level of three electrons per moiré unit cell. We show that the sign of the Chern number and associated magnetism can be electrostatically switched only over a limited range of twist angle and sample hetero-strain values. This results from a competition between the orbital magnetization of filled bulk bands and chiral edge states, which is sensitive to strain-induced distortions in the moiré superlattice.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Excitonic Effects in X-ray Absorption Spectra of Fluoride Salts and Their Surfaces

Given their natural abundance and thermodynamic stability, fluoride salts may appear as evolving components of electrochemical interfaces in Li-ion batteries and emergent multivalent ion cells. This is due to the practice of employing electrolytes with fluorine-containing species (salt, solvent, or additives) that electrochemically decompose and deposit on the electrodes. Operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can probe the electrode–electrolyte interface with a single-digit nanometer depth resolution and offers a wealth of insights into the evolution and Coulombic efficiency or degradation of prototype cells, provided that the spectra can be reliably interpreted in terms of local oxidation state, atomic coordination, and electronic structure about the excited atoms. Here we explore fluorine K-edge XAS of mono- (Li, Na, and K) and di-valent (Mg, Ca, and Zn) fluoride salts from a theoretical standpoint and discover a surprising level of detailed electronic structure information about these materials despite the relatively predictable oxidation state and ionicity of the fluoride anion and the metal cation. Utilizing a recently developed many-body approach based on the ΔSCF method, we calculate the XAS using density functional theory and experimental spectral profiles are well reproduced despite some experimental discrepancies in energy alignment within the literature, which we can correct for in our simulations. We outline a general methodology to explain shifts in the main XAS peak energies in terms of a simple exciton model and explain line-shape differences resulting from the mixing of core-excited states with metal d character (for K and Ca specifically). Given ultimate applications to evolving interfaces, some understanding of the role of surfaces and their terminations in defining new spectral features is provided to indicate the sensitivity of such measurements to changes in interfacial chemistry.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Optoelectronic property comparison for isostructural Cu 2 BaGeSe 4 and Cu 2 BaSnS 4 solar absorbers

To target mitigation of anti-site defect formation in Cu 2 ZnSnS 4–x Se x , a new class of chalcogenides, for which Ba or Sr (group 2) replace Zn (group 12), has recently been introduced for prospective solar absorber application. Cu 2 BaGeSe 4 (CBGSe) and Cu 2 BaSnS 4 (CBTS) are two such compounds, which share a common trigonal crystal structure (P3 1 space group) and similar quasi-direct band gap (~2 eV). While CBTS-based films have already been studied, there are no reports yet on films and solar cells based on related CBGSe. To identify key differences and similarities in the electronic properties between these two materials, electronic characteristics (e.g., carrier concentration, mobility, electron affinity, defect levels, recombination, and charge carrier kinetics) of vacuum-deposited CBGSe and CBTS films are compared using a variety of characterization methods. Hall effect measurements reveal that CBGSe films have relatively higher hole carrier concentration and lower mobility (3 × 10 15 cm –3 , 0.6 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ) compared to CBTS (5 × 10 12 cm –3 , 3.5 cm 2 V –1 s –1 ). Photoelectron spectroscopy yields low electron affinity values for both CBGSe (3.7 eV) and CBTS (3.3 eV), pointing to the necessity of pursuing low electron affinity buffer materials for both types of absorbers. At low temperatures, CBGSe films show free-exciton photoluminescence, as well as pronounced deep-level emission at ~1.4 eV, while CBTS films exhibit a strong bound-exciton signal with noticeably less intense deep-level emission than for CBGSe. Charge carrier kinetics, transport, and recombination properties of both types of films are also analyzed using optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy and time-resolved microwave conductivity. The first CBGSe prototype solar cells (using chemical bath deposited CdS as a buffer layer) show a maximum of 1.5% efficiency with ~0.62 V open-circuit voltage. Furthermore, the measured properties point to possible limiting factors for CBGSe and related films for PV and optoelectronics and provide insights on possible approaches for improvement within this multinary chalcogenide family.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

System-Level Thermal Management and Reliability of Automotive Electronics: Goals and Opportunities Using Phase-Change Materials

Abstract Electronic packaging for automotive applications are at particular risk of thermomechanical failure due to the naturally harsh conditions it is exposed to. With the rise of electric and hybrid electric vehicles (EVs and HEVs), combined with a desire to miniaturize, the challenge of removing enough heat from electronic devices in automotive vehicles is evolving. This paper closely examines the new challenges in thermal management in various driving environments and aims to classify each existing cooling method in terms of performance. Particular focus is placed upon emerging solutions regarded to hold great potential, such as phase-change materials (PCMs). PCMs have been regarded for some time as a means of transferring heat quickly away from the region with the electronic components and are widely regarded as a possible means of carrying out cooling in large scale from small areas, because of their high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, temperature stability, and small volume change during phase change, etc. They have already been utilized as a method of passive cooling in electronics in various ways, but their adoption in automotive power electronics, such as in traction inverters, has yet to be fulfilled. A brief discussion is made on some of the potential areas of application and challenges relating to more widespread adoption of PCMs, with reference to a case study using computational model of a commercially available power module used in automotive applications.

Engineering↗

First-principles calculation of lattice distortions in four single phase high entropy alloys with experimental validation

Exceptional properties of high entropy alloys (HEAs) are attributed to the disordered random solid solution of multiple alloying elements. Despite numerous studies, the fundamental understanding at the electronic and atomic levels is still missing. We report a comparative study of four fcc HEAs of NiFeCoCr and NiFeCoCrX (X = Mn, Cu, or Pd) based on ab initio calculations using large supercells with 500 atoms in equal composition. After fully optimizing their structures using the VASP package, their electronic structure, interatomic bonding, partial charge distribution, and mechanical properties are calculated and compared, revealing the intricate interdependence among them. A novel parameter based on the quantum mechanical metric for internal cohesion, the total bond order density (TBOD), is used to interpret the calculated properties. The highest TBOD is found in Cantor alloy NiFeCoCrMn but lower in NiFeCoCrPd. The atomic radii vary depending on their local chemical environment. The resulting lattice distortions is validated experimentally in NiFeCoCrMn and NiFeCoCrPd. Moreover, modeling of Cu and Pd clustering in the supercell shows they have lower total energy in agreement with the observation of Cu-enhanced nano-participates in NiFeCoCrCu and Pd-induced concentration wave in NiFeCoCrPd HEAs.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Field-Emission Electron Source Embedded in a Field-Enhanced Conduction-Cooled Superconducting RF Cavity

We present simulations and experimental progress toward the development of a high-current electron source with the potential to deliver high charge electron bunches at GHz-level repetition rates. To achieve these goals electrons are generated through field-emission and the cathode is immersed in a conduction-cooled superconducting 650-MHz RF cavity. The field-emitters consist of microscopic silicon pyramids and have a typical enhancement factor of about 500. To trigger field-emission, the peak field inside the RF cavity of about 6 MV/m is further enhanced by placing the field-emitters on the top of a superconducting Nb rod inserted in the RF cavity. So far, we cannot control the duration of the electron bunches which is of the order of RF period. Also, the present cryo-cooler power of about 2 W limits the beam current to microamp level.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Electrostatic charge buildup and electrostatic discharge monitoring system and method

A system for monitoring electrostatic charge buildup and electrostatic discharge (ESD) remotely comprises a plurality of electrostatic charge measurement units and a data acquisition device. Each electrostatic charge measurement unit includes a primary charge plate, a static sensor device, a secondary charge plate, and a shielded cable. The primary charge plate is positioned proximal to an object. The static sensor device includes an input sensor at which an electric voltage is measured and outputs an electronic signal whose level varies according to the measured electric voltage. The secondary charge plate is positioned in proximity to the input sensor of the static sensor device. The shielded cable includes an inner conductor electrically connected to the primary charge plate and the secondary charge plate and an outer conductor electrically connected to electrical ground. The data acquisition device receives the electronic signal from the static sensor device of each electrostatic charge measurement unit.

Schantz, Eric T.↗

Electron Trapping and Ion Leaching at the Li-Modified Quartz–Water Interface

Electrons and ions at metal oxide-water interfaces have a critical role in many phenomena and applications, thus making their properties of considerable interest. We here investigate the behavior of a lithium impurity at the water interface with Li-doped SiO 2 using hybrid density functional based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the excess electron donated by the lithium dopant localizes on a surface silicon atom and is partially solvated at the aqueous interface. While the position of the excess electron does not change during our ~60 ps simulation, the lithium cation diffuses from its initial position in the SiO 2 subsurface toward the interface and eventually leaches out of the oxide surface and becomes solvated by four water molecules, forming an aqueous Li+- electron complex at the interface. The degree of interaction between the localized electron and the lithium ion controls not only the energy level of the excess electron but also the extent of structural distortion and hydrogen-bonding at the interface. The results of our study can be relevant for understanding the initial stages of glass corrosion, where alkali ions are leached from the surface region by interactions with water.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Deep level transient spectroscopy and photoluminescence studies of hole and electron traps in ZnSnP 2 bulk crystals

ZnSnP 2 , an emerging inorganic material for solar cells, was characterized by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and photoluminescence (PL). Acceptor- and donor-like traps with shallow energy levels were detected by DLTS analysis. The previous study based on first-principle calculation also suggested such traps were due to antisite defects of Zn and Sn. PL measurements also revealed sub-gap transitions related to these trap levels. Furthermore, DLTS found a trap with a deep level in ZnSnP 2 . A short lifetime of minority carrier in previous work might be due to such trap, coming from phosphorus vacancies and/or zinc interstitials suggested by the first-principle study.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Dilute carbon in H3S under pressure

Abstract Recently, room temperature superconductivity was measured in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride material whose identity remains unknown. Herein, first-principles calculations are performed to provide a chemical basis for structural candidates derived by doping H 3 S with low levels of carbon. Pressure stabilizes unusual bonding configurations about the carbon atoms, which can be six-fold coordinated as CH 6 entities within the cubic H 3 S framework, or four-fold coordinated as methane intercalated into the H-S lattice, with or without an additional hydrogen in the framework. The doping breaks degenerate bands, lowering the density of states at the Fermi level ( N F ), and localizing electrons in C-H bonds. Low levels of CH 4 doping do not increase N F to values as high as those calculated for $$Im\bar{3}m$$ I m 3 ¯ m -H 3 S, but they can yield a larger logarithmic average phonon frequency, and an electron–phonon coupling parameter comparable to that of R 3 m -H 3 S. The implications of carbon doping on the superconducting properties are discussed.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

TurboRVB: A many-body toolkit for ab initio electronic simulations by quantum Monte Carlo

TurboRVB is a computational package for ab initio Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulations of both molecular and bulk electronic systems. The code implements two types of well established QMC algorithms: Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) and diffusion Monte Carlo in its robust and efficient lattice regularized variant. A key feature of the code is the possibility of using strongly correlated many-body wave functions (WFs), capable of describing several materials with very high accuracy, even when standard mean-field approaches [e.g., density functional theory (DFT)] fail. The electronic WF is obtained by applying a Jastrow factor, which takes into account dynamical correlations, to the most general mean-field ground state, written either as an antisymmetrized geminal power with spin-singlet pairing or as a Pfaffian, including both singlet and triplet correlations. This WF can be viewed as an efficient implementation of the so-called resonating valence bond (RVB) Ansatz, first proposed by Pauling and Anderson in quantum chemistry [L. Pauling, The Nature of the Chemical Bond (Cornell University Press, 1960)] and condensed matter physics [P.W. Anderson, Mat. Res. Bull 8, 153 (1973)], respectively. The RVB Ansatz implemented in TurboRVB has a large variational freedom, including the Jastrow correlated Slater determinant as its simplest, but nontrivial case. Moreover, it has the remarkable advantage of remaining with an affordable computational cost, proportional to the one spent for the evaluation of a single Slater determinant. Therefore, its application to large systems is computationally feasible. The WF is expanded in a localized basis set. Several basis set functions are implemented, such as Gaussian, Slater, and mixed types, with no restriction on the choice of their contraction. The code implements the adjoint algorithmic differentiation that enables a very efficient evaluation of energy derivatives, comprising the ionic forces. Thus, one can perform structural optimizations and molecular dynamics in the canonical NVT ensemble at the VMC level. For the electronic part, a full WF optimization (Jastrow and antisymmetric parts together) is made possible, thanks to state-of-the-art stochastic algorithms for energy minimization. In the optimization procedure, the first guess can be obtained at the mean-field level by a built-in DFT driver. The code was efficiently parallelized by using a hybrid MPI-OpenMP protocol, which is also an ideal environment for exploiting the computational power of modern Graphics Processing Unit accelerators.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Robust Quantum Hall Ferromagnetism near a Gate-Tuned ν = 1 Landau Level Crossing

In a low-disorder two-dimensional electron system, when two Landau levels of opposite spin or pseudospin cross at the Fermi level, the dominance of the exchange energy can lead to a ferromagnetic, quantum Hall ground state whose gap is determined by the exchange energy and has skyrmions as its excitations. This is normally achieved via applying either hydrostatic pressure or uniaxial strain. Here, we study here a very high-quality, low-density, two-dimensional hole system, confined to a 30-nm-wide (001) GaAs quantum well, in which the two lowest-energy Landau levels can be gate tuned to cross at and near filling factor v = 1. As we tune the field position of the crossing from one side of v = 1 to the other by changing the hole density, the energy gap for the quantum Hall state at v =1 remains exceptionally large, and only shows a small dip near the crossing. The gap overall follows a $\sqrt{B}$ dependence, expected for the exchange energy. Our data are consistent with a robust quantum Hall ferromagnet as the ground state.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Achieving record hot spot energies with large HDC implosions on NIF in HYBRID-E

HYBRID-E is an inertial confinement fusion implosion design that increases energy coupled to the hot spot by increasing the capsule scale in cylindrical hohlraums while operating within the current experimental limits of the National Ignition Facility. HYBRID-E reduces the hohlraum scale at a fixed capsule size compared to previous HYBRID designs, thereby increasing the hohlraum efficiency and energy coupled to the capsule, and uses the cross-beam energy transfer (CBET) to control the implosion symmetry by operating the inner (23° and 30°) and outer (44° and 50°) laser beams at different wavelengths (Δλ> 0). Small case to capsule ratio designs can suffer from insufficient drive at the waist of the hohlraum. We show that only a small amount of wavelength separation between the inner and outer beams (Δλ1-2 Å) is required to control the symmetry in low-gas-filled hohlraums (0.3 mg/cm3 He) with enough drive at the waist of the hohlraum to symmetrically drive capsules 1180 μm in outer radius. This campaign is the first to use the CBET to control the symmetry in 0.3 mg/cm3 He-filled hohlraums, the lowest gas fill density yet fielded with Δλ> 0. We find a stronger sensitivity of hot spot P2 in μm per Angstrom (40–50 μm/Å wavelength separation) than observed in high-gas-filled hohlraums and previous longer pulse designs that used a hohlraum gas fill density of 0.6 mg/cm3. There is currently no indication of transfer roll-off with increasing Δλ, indicating that even longer pulses or larger capsules could be driven using the CBET in cylindrical hohlraums. We show that the radiation flux symmetry is well controlled during the foot of the pulse, and that the entire implosion can be tuned symmetrically in the presence of the CBET in this system, with low levels of laser backscatter out of the hohlraum and low levels of hot electron production from intense laser–plasma interactions. Radiation hydrodynamic simulations can accurately represent the early shock symmetry and be used as a design tool, but cannot predict the late-time radiation flux symmetry during the peak of the pulse, and semi-empirical models are used to design the experiments. Deuterium–tritium (DT)-layered tests of 1100 μm inner radius implosions showed performance close to expectations from simulations at velocities up to ~360 km/s, and record yields at this velocity, when increasing the DT fuel layer thickness to mitigate hydrodynamic mixing of the ablator into the hot spot as a result of defects in the ablator. However, when the implosion velocity was increased, mixing due to these defects impacted performance. The ratio of measured to simulated yield for these experiments was directly correlated with the level of observed mixing. These simulations suggest that reducing the mixing, e.g., by improving the capsule defects, could result in higher performance. In addition, future experiments are planned to reduce the coast time at this scale, delay between the peak compression and the end of the laser, to increase the hot spot convergence and pressure. To reduce the coast time by several hundred ps compared to the 1100 μm inner radius implosions, HYBRID-E has also fielded 1050 μm inner radius capsules, which resulted in higher hot spot pressure and a fusion energy yield of ~170 kJ.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Electronic Absorption Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Criegee Intermediates

Interest in Criegee intermediates (CIs), often termed carbonyl oxides, and their role in tropospheric chemistry has grown massively since the demonstration of laboratory-based routes to their formation and characterization in the gas phase. This article reviews current knowledge regarding the electronic spectroscopy of atmospherically relevant CIs like CH 2 OO, CH 3 CHOO, (CH 3 ) 2 COO and larger CIs like methyl vinyl ketone oxide and methacrolein oxide that are formed in the ozonolysis of isoprene, and of selected conjugated carbene-derived CIs of interest in the synthetic chemistry community. Of the aforementioned atmospherically relevant CIs, all except CH 2 OO and (CH 3 ) 2 COO exist in different conformers which, under tropospheric conditions, can display strikingly different thermal loss rates via unimolecular and bimolecular processes. Calculated photolysis rates based on their absorption properties suggest that solar photolysis will rarely be a significant contributor to the total loss rate for any CI under tropospheric conditions. Nonetheless, there is ever-growing interest in the absorption cross sections and primary photochemistry of CIs following excitation to the strongly absorbing 1 ππ* state, and how this varies with CI, with conformer and with excitation wavelength. Furthermore, the later part of this review surveys the photochemical data reported to date, including a range of studies that demonstrate prompt photo-induced fission of the terminal O–O bond, and speculates about possible alternate decay processes that could occur following non-adiabatic coupling to, and dissociation from, highly internally excited levels of the electronic ground state of a CI.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Multiplexed Readout for an Experiment with a Large Number of Channels Using Single-Electron Sensitivity Skipper-CCDs

This paper presents the implementation of a multiplexed analog readout electronics system that can achieve single-electron counting using Skipper-CCDs with non-destructive readout. The proposed system allows the best performance of the sensors to be maintained, with sub-electron noise-level operation, while maintaining low-bandwidth data transfer, a minimum number of analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and low disk storage requirement with zero added multiplexing time, even for the simultaneous operation of thousands of channels. These features are possible with a combination of analog charge pile-up, sample and hold circuits and analog multiplexing. The implementation also aims to use the minimum number of components in circuits to keep compatibility with high-channel-density experiments using Skipper-CCDs for low-threshold particle detection applications. Performance details and experimental results using a sensor with 16 output stages are presented along with a review of the circuit design considerations.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Fermi-Level Engineering of Nitrogen Core-Doped Armchair Graphene Nanoribbons

Substitutional heteroatom doping of bottom-up engineered 1D graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is a versatile tool for realizing low-dimensional functional materials for nanoelectronics and sensing. Previous efforts have largely relied on replacing C–H groups lining the edges of GNRs with trigonal planar N atoms. This type of atomically precise doping, however, only results in a modest realignment of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) energies. Here, we report the design, bottom-up synthesis, and spectroscopic characterization of nitrogen core-doped 5-atom-wide armchair GNRs (N2-5-AGNRs) that yield much greater energy-level shifting of the GNR electronic structure. Here, the substitution of C atoms with N atoms along the backbone of the GNR introduces a single surplus π-electron per dopant that populates the electronic states associated with previously unoccupied bands. First-principles DFT-LDA calculations confirm that a sizable shift in Fermi energy (∼1.0 eV) is accompanied by a broad reconfiguration of the band structure, including the opening of a new band gap and the transition from a direct to an indirect semiconducting band gap. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) lift-off charge transport experiments corroborate the theoretical results and reveal the relationship among substitutional heteroatom doping, Fermi-level shifting, electronic band structure, and topological engineering for this new N-doped GNR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

High-performance n-Type Polymers Based on Multiple Electron-withdrawing Groups Decorated ( E )-1,2-Di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene Building Blocks

The performance of n-type conjugated polymers lags far behind that of p-type polymers, which significantly restricts the development of organic electronics. The (E)-1,2-di(thiophen-2-yl)ethene (TVT) unit, owing to its unique advantages, has been widely applied in the design of p-type polymer semiconductors. Previous studies have demonstrated that introducing electron-withdrawing groups can lower the frontier orbital energy levels of polymers and enhance electron injection/transporting capabilities. Based on this, we proposed incorporating multiple electronwithdrawing groups, such as amide groups, fluorine atoms, and cyano groups, into the polymer backbones of TVT-based polymer to facilitate the electron transport. Here, we successfully designed and synthesized the polymers TVTDA-4FTVT and TVTDA-2F2CNTVT. Both polymers exhibited low frontier orbital energy levels. Due to its significantly higher crystallization tendency and favorable intermolecular packing structure, the organic field-effect transistor (OFET) device based on TVTDA-4FTVT demonstrated an electron mobility one order of magnitude higher than that of TVTDA-2F2CNTVT. TVTDA-4FTVT showed the highest electron mobility of 0.87 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 , while TVTDA-2F2CNTVT exhibited the highest electron mobility of 0.049 cm 2 ·V −1 ·s −1 . Owing to its deeper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level, the OFET devices based on TVTDA-2F2CNTVT showed good air stability after being placed in a natural environment for 15 d.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗