THE INITIATION AND GROWTH OF EXPLOSION IN THE CONDENSED PHASE
Crystallography - thermal decomposition of explosive crystals - effect of fission fragments - initiation and growth of explosion
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION↗
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Explosive force of primacord grid forms large sheet metal parts
Primacord which is woven through fish netting in a grid pattern is used for explosive forming of large sheet metal parts. The explosive force generated by the primacord detonation is uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the sheet metal workpiece.
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Quick-closing valve is actuated by explosive discharge
Remotely controlled plug-type valve shuts off a high-pressure, high-temperature gas flow in a few milliseconds. The valve is actuated by a commercially available electrically initiated squib of low explosive power. More rapid closure is attainable with squibs containing heavier explosive changes.
Majeski, S. J.↗
Study made of explosive cutting in simulated space environments
Study indicates the feasibility of explosive cutting and establishes techniques applicable to in-space cutting operations. Results show no degradation of the explosive and that work hardening of the target material is limited to the cut edge.
Coleman, E. R.↗
Blast deflector traps smoke and debris from explosive trains
Blast deflector protects interior areas and personnel from the smoke and debris of explosive trains. It contains open-cell foam to absorb the pressure loads generated by explosive charges and control the smoke and debris.
Wilkowski, J. C.↗
High-altitude explosion properties of the hydrogen-oxygen system in vented tanks.
Hydrogen-oxygen system high altitude explosion properties in vented tanks, discussing explosion hazard
Kaye, S.↗
An unconfined, large-volume hydrogen/air explosion
Cause and results of the autoignition of 283 cubic meters of hydrogen gas, of which only about 10 percent exploded, are given. Results indicate that autoignition produces an explosion which could be described as a deflagration of explosive velocity, with a shock wave of sonic velocity and minor damage potential.
Knight, H. T.↗
Initiation of insensitive explosives by laser energy
Instantaneous longitudinal detonations were observed in confined columns of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), and tetryl when these materials were pulsed with light energy from a focused Q-switch ruby laser. The laser energy ranged from 0.5 to 4.2 J with a pulse width of 25 ns. Enhancement of the ignition mechanism is hypothesized when a 100-nm (1000-A) thick aluminum film is vacuum-deposited on the explosive side of the window. Upon irradiation from the laser, a shock is generated at the aluminum explosive interface. Steady state detonations can be reached in less than 0.5 microseconds with less than 10% variation in detonation velocity for PETN and RDX.
Menichelli, V. J.↗
Direct laser initiation of insensitive explosives.
Instantaneous longitudinal detonations have been observed in confined columns of PETN, RDX, and tetryl when pulsed with light energy from a focused Q-switched ruby laser. The laser energy ranged from 0.5 to 4.2 J with a pulse width of 25 nsec. Enhancement of the ignition mechanism is hypothesized when a 1000 A thick aluminum film is vacuum deposited on the explosive side of the window. Upon irradiation from the laser, a shock is generated at the aluminum-explosive interface. Steady-state detonations can be reached in less than 0.5 microsec with less than 10% variation in detonation velocity for PETN and RDX.
Menichelli, V. J.↗
Supernova explosions.
The recent history of theoretical investigations of the supernova mechanism is considered, giving attention also to a number of nuclear physical problems which have yet to be solved in connection with the thermonuclear detonation. A variety of different processes of nucleo-synthesis are expected to occur in association with the supernova explosions. Aspects of the chemical evolution of the galaxy are discussed including the cosmic ray production of lithium, beryllium, and boron in the interstellar medium. Various hypotheses to account for the very large amount of light that comes from a supernova explosion are also examined.
Cameron, A. G. W.↗
Experiments in gasdynamics of explosions.
Various topics concerning recent accomplishments in experimental studies of gasdynamics of explosions are reviewed. Detonations, shocks, and blast waves form these topics. The most important feature of current studies is the particular attention paid to transient processes and the concomitant progress made in the development of novel experimental means for the study of such processes. The most exciting prospects for the future are associated with possibilities of exploiting knowledge of explosion phenomena for the development of such interesting devices as the gasdynamic laser and the apparatus based on the use of lasers to achieve controlled thermonuclear reaction.
Oppenheim, A. K.↗
Photographic laboratory studies of explosions.
Description of a series of cinematographic studies of explosions made with a high-speed rotating-mirror streak camera which uses a high-frequency stroboscopic ruby laser as the light source. The results obtained mainly concern explosions initiated by focused laser irradiation from a pulsed neodymium laser in a detonating gas consisting essentially of an equimolar mixture of acetylene and oxygen at an initial pressure of 100 torr at room temperature. Among the most significant observations were observations of a spherical blast wave preceded by a Chapman-Jouguet detonation which is stabilized immediately after initiation, the merging of a spherical flame with a shock front of the blast wave in which the flame is propagating, the division of a spherical detonation front into a shock wave and flame, and the generation of shock waves by a network of spherical flames.
Kamel, M. M.↗
Apparatus for monitoring linear explosive performance
Techniques provide performance monitoring standard for acceptance, lot qualification, and comparison testing of devices. Exhibit high degree of simplicity, accuracy, and reproducibility. Apparatus simultaneously measures explosive pressure stimulus energy, explosive cutting, or rupturing, ability, and detonation propagation rate.
Bement, L. J.↗
Explosive welding technique for joining aluminum and steel tubes
Silver sheet is wrapped around aluminum portion of joint. Mylar powder box is wrapped over silver sheet. Explosion welds silver to aluminum. Stainless-steel tube is placed over silver-aluminum interface. Mylar powder box, covered with Mylar tape, is wrapped around steel member. Explosion welds steel to silver-aluminum interface.
Wakefield, M. E.↗
A laser initiated explosive device system
A laser initiated explosive system has been developed which can simultaneously initiate multiple explosive devices. Advantages of this system over electrically initiated devices (EED's) are increased safety and reliability, simplicity of laser initiated devices, and increased weight efficiency. The system design with test data are presented and a comparison between laser initiation and electrical initiation is discussed.
Yang, L. C.↗
Consistency of cosmic-ray source abundances with explosive nucleosynthesis
Certain results regarding the ratio of cosmic-ray sources (CRS) and Solar System abundances are the same as those obtained from explosive nucleosynthesis. Such a model is consistent with the fact that in the Solar System Mg, Si, and Fe are believed to be produced by explosive nucleosynthesis, whereas C and O are mainly products of other processes. The model considered explains the carbon-to-oxygen ratio in the cosmic rays.
Kozlovsky, B.↗
Method of making an explosively welded scarf joint
A method is presented for obtaining a bond joint between thin metal members without the addition of a bonding agent. The method yields bond strengths comparable to the parent metal. The method comprises overlapping the materials at the edges and bonding them by explosive welding while also making use of the explosive force to shape the materials into an essentially planar configuration.
Bement, L. J.↗
Estimates of explosive yield
Explosive yield as a function of propellant type and accident conditions was discussed along with the characteristics of propellant explosions. Three types of fuel-hypergolic, liquid oxygen-hydrocarbon, and liquid oxygen-liquid-hydrogen were considered. Data are also given on three modes (failure modes) of mixing: confinement by missile, confinement by ground surface, and high velocity impact.
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