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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2020

NMDQi Thermal-hydraulic Optimization, Analysis, and Scoping Tool (TOAST)

The Thermal-hydraulic Optimization, Analysis, and Scoping Tool (TOAST) is developed to support the thermal-hydraulic aspects for the design of optimal irradiation vehicles for the Nuclear Materials Discovery and Qualification initiative (NMDQi). TOAST is currently a MATLAB-based tool that utilizes a simplified steady-state analytical model where a radial thermal resistance circuit is utilized to account for conduction through up to 2 capsules, a gas gap, a thermal bond, a sample cladding, and a sample, as well as the convection from a water coolant outside the capsules. The geometry is discretized axially along the user-defined height of a basket with a user-defined number of points/nodes, essentially turning TOAST into a semi-2D heat transfer analysis utility for cylindrical irradiation vehicles with practically any configuration, solving for temperatures radially at multiple axial locations. TOAST utilizes a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in-which a user can define the geometrical layout, the materials utilized for each component, the coolant characteristics, and the required solution. The user can define the geometry by inputting the diameters, thicknesses, and heights for each component, whereas the materials are defined via the user-provided constant or variable thermal conductivities. The user can select the coolant's inlet temperature, pressure, and the pressure drop across the height of the problem (which is used to calculate the velocity of the flow). Finally, the user can choose to solve for a sample heat generation rate limit by inputting temperature limits for the sample and capsules or can choose to purely solve for the axial temperature distributions of each component by inputting a pre-selected heat generation rate. Either way, TOAST provides the user with axial temperature distributions of all the components including the coolant, and the heat generation rate limit as well as the maximum outlet coolant temperature. The user can also choose to do one of 6 sensitivity analyses in TOAST. The sensitivity analyses yield plots of the sensitivity of the heat generation rate limit, the maximum coolant temperature, and the pressure limit for the annular components due to perturbations in 1-2 unknown variables based on the selected sensitivity analysis. Benchmarks between computations in TOAST and equivalent 2D axis symmetric ABAQUS models are presented, showing that TOAST results are within less than 3% of ABAQUS results in most cases, and a maximum of 8% difference in some cases. The benchmarks also revealed that this uncertainty is tied to the selection of an appropriate Nusselt number correlation and appropriate thermal conductivities, which the user can do from the GUI. Regardless, TOAST is demonstrated as a computationally efficient, highly accessible, and accurate utility for optimization and scoping s of studies different irradiation vehicles.

42 ENGINEERING↗

NASA NTRS1988

Design of automation tools for management of descent traffic

The design of an automated air traffic control system based on a hierarchy of advisory tools for controllers is described. Compatibility of the tools with the human controller, a key objective of the design, is achieved by a judicious selection of tasks to be automated and careful attention to the design of the controller system interface. The design comprises three interconnected subsystems referred to as the Traffic Management Advisor, the Descent Advisor, and the Final Approach Spacing Tool. Each of these subsystems provides a collection of tools for specific controller positions and tasks. This paper focuses primarily on the Descent Advisor which provides automation tools for managing descent traffic. The algorithms, automation modes, and graphical interfaces incorporated in the design are described. Information generated by the Descent Advisor tools is integrated into a plan view traffic display consisting of a high-resolution color monitor. Estimated arrival times of aircraft are presented graphically on a time line, which is also used interactively in combination with a mouse input device to select and schedule arrival times. Other graphical markers indicate the location of the fuel-optimum top-of-descent point and the predicted separation distances of aircraft at a designated time-control point. Computer generated advisories provide speed and descent clearances which the controller can issue to aircraft to help them arrive at the feeder gate at the scheduled times or with specified separation distances. Two types of horizontal guidance modes, selectable by the controller, provide markers for managing the horizontal flightpaths of aircraft under various conditions. The entire system consisting of descent advisor algorithm, a library of aircraft performance models, national airspace system data bases, and interactive display software has been implemented on a workstation made by Sun Microsystems, Inc. It is planned to use this configuration in operational evaluations at an en route center.

Erzberger, Heinz↗

NASA NTRS2012

Orion GN and C Model Based Development: Experience and Lessons Learned

The Orion Guidance Navigation and Control (GN&C) team is charged with developing GN&C algorithms for the Exploration Flight Test One (EFT-1) vehicle. The GN&C team is a joint team consisting primarily of Prime Contractor (Lockheed Martin) and NASA personnel and contractors. Early in the GN&C development cycle the team selected MATLAB/Simulink as the tool for developing GN&C algorithms and Mathworks autocode tools as the means for converting GN&C algorithms to flight software (FSW). This paper provides an assessment of the successes and problems encountered by the GN&C team from the perspective of Orion GN&C developers, integrators, FSW engineers and management. The Orion GN&C approach to graphical development, including simulation tools, standards development and autocode approaches are scored for the main activities that the team has completed through the development phases of the program.

Jackson, Mark C.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Adaptive laser link reconfiguration using constraint propagation

This paper describes Harris AI research performed on the Adaptive Link Reconfiguration (ALR) study for Rome Lab, and focuses on the application of constraint propagation to the problem of link reconfiguration for the proposed space based Strategic Defense System (SDS) Brilliant Pebbles (BP) communications system. According to the concept of operations at the time of the study, laser communications will exist between BP's and to ground entry points. Long-term links typical of RF transmission will not exist. This study addressed an initial implementation of BP's based on the Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS) SDI mission. The number of satellites and rings studied was representative of this problem. An orbital dynamics program was used to generate line-of-site data for the modeled architecture. This was input into a discrete event simulation implemented in the Harris developed COnstraint Propagation Expert System (COPES) Shell, developed initially on the Rome Lab BM/C3 study. Using a model of the network and several heuristics, the COPES shell was used to develop the Heuristic Adaptive Link Ordering (HALO) Algorithm to rank and order potential laser links according to probability of communication. A reduced set of links based on this ranking would then be used by a routing algorithm to select the next hop. This paper includes an overview of Constraint Propagation as an Artificial Intelligence technique and its embodiment in the COPES shell. It describes the design and implementation of both the simulation of the GPALS BP network and the HALO algorithm in COPES. This is described using a 59 Data Flow Diagram, State Transition Diagrams, and Structured English PDL. It describes a laser communications model and the heuristics involved in rank-ordering the potential communication links. The generation of simulation data is described along with its interface via COPES to the Harris developed View Net graphical tool for visual analysis of communications networks. Conclusions are presented, including a graphical analysis of results depicting the ordered set of links versus the set of all possible links based on the computed Bit Error Rate (BER). Finally, future research is discussed which includes enhancements to the HALO algorithm, network simulation, and the addition of an intelligent routing algorithm for BP.

Crone, M. S.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Acoustic radiation from plates excited by flow noise.

Theoretical formulation of noise radiation from thin, rectangular, flexible plates excited by turbulent wall pressure fluctuations. An extensive parametric study including surface roughness and both plate and flow parameters is presented. From the results, presented graphically, it is possible to predict the spectrum of the total radiated power provided that the power spectral density of the wall-pressure fluctuations, the flow velocity, the plate dimensions and the plate modal damping parameters are known. Along with the parametric study, an estimate of the dependence of the noise radiation on plate boundary conditions based on a consideration of the wavenumber-frequency selectivity of the plate is presented. The parametric study is based on the assumption that the wave number/frequency spectrum of the wall-pressure fluctuations can be described by a Fourier transform of a Corcos model of the cross spectral density. The results indicate that at frequencies above the hydrodynamic-coincidence frequency the radiated power is dependent on the low-wave-number spectrum of the excitation. The dependence on the high-wave-number spectrum, however, is limited to a narrow band of frequencies below the hydrodynamic-coincidence frequency.

Aupperle, F. A.↗

NASA NTRS1983

ADAM: An Axisymmetric Duct Aeroacoustic Modeling system

An interconnected system of computer programs for analyzing the propagation and attenuation of sound in aeroengine ducts containing realistic compressible subsonic mean flows, ADAM was developed primarily for research directed towards the reduction of noise emitted from turbofan aircraft engines. The two basic components are a streamtube curvature program for determination of the mean flow, and a finite element code for solution of the acoustic propagation problem. The system, which has been specifically tailored for ease of use, is presently installed at NASA Langley Reseach Center on a Control Data Cyber 175 Computer under the NOS Operating system employing a Tektronix terminal for interactive graphics. The scope and organization of the ADAM system is described. A users guide, examples of input data, and results for selected cases are included.

Abrahamson, A. L.↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Weather Guidance for UAS Urban Medical Transport Missions

Unmanned aircraft will revolutionize healthcare services by providing efficient and expeditious delivery of life-saving transplant organs and supplies to hospitals in urban environments, where road traffic and congestion can slow delivery times and endanger lives. Bell has developed the Autonomous Pod Transport (APT) vehicle to serve this market, with entry into service in mid-2020s. Adverse weather conditions can introduce risks and inefficiencies in urban environments leading to flight delays and cancellations. In 2018, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Bell entered into a cooperative agreement, under the Systems Integration and Operationalization (SIO) program to tackle key challenges to enable future commercial unmanned aircraft operations. The Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, joined this team to demonstrate weather avoidance technologies for remotely piloted and autonomous vehicles. CASA has developed the ‘City Warn’ hazard alerting platform to gather weather information from various weather sensors and models, and based on user (or mission) preferences for alerting and on user (or unmanned aircraft) locations, the platform shares timely weather intelligence with users and the systems used by them for remote operations. This presentation discusses the weather avoidance solution developed during this project, leading up to the demonstration of the end-to-end system in Fall 2020. The presentation will cover the following topics: 1) goals related to weather avoidance 2) the design requirements process, including the results of pilot interviews, 3) weather observation and avoidance needs 4) selection of regional and national weather data sets 5) design of the weather graphical interface and 6) considerations for real-time weather alerting. The end-to-end system that was developed will be discussed, along with the results from the demonstration flight. The presentation will conclude with insights from the project team on lessons learned and best practices on weather avoidance technologies for the industry going ahead.

weather avoidance↗

NASA NTRS2021

Weather Guidance for UAS Urban Medical Transport Missions

weather avoidance↗

DOE OSTI2021

Search for new physics in top quark production with additional leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s} = $ 13 TeV using effective field theory

Events containing one or more top quarks produced with additional prompt leptons are used to search for new physics within the framework of an effective field theory (EFT). The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 41.5 fb$^{−1}$ of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC, collected by the CMS experiment in 2017. The selected events are required to have either two leptons with the same charge or more than two leptons; jets, including identified bottom quark jets, are also required, and the selected events are divided into categories based on the multiplicities of these objects. Sixteen dimension-six operators that can affect processes involving top quarks produced with additional charged leptons are considered in this analysis. Constructed to target EFT effects directly, the analysis applies a novel approach in which the observed yields are parameterized in terms of the Wilson coefficients (WCs) of the EFT operators. A simultaneous fit of the 16 WCs to the data is performed and two standard deviation confidence intervals for the WCs are extracted; the standard model expectations for the WC values are within these intervals for all of the WCs probed.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

A MultiGPU Performance-Portable Solution for Array Programming Based on Kokkos

Today, multiGPU nodes are widely used in high-performance computing and data centers. However, current programming models do not provide simple, transparent, and portable support for automatically targeting multiple GPUs within a node on application areas of array programming. In this paper, we describe a new application programming interface based on the Kokkos programming model to enable array computation on multiple GPUs in a transparent and portable way across both NVIDIA and AMD GPUs. We implement different variations of this technique to accommodate the exchange of stencils (array boundaries) among different GPU memory spaces, and we provide autotuning to select the proper number of GPUs, depending on the computational cost of the operations to be computed on arrays, that is completely transparent to the programmer. We evaluate our multiGPU extension on Summit (#5 TOP500), with six NVIDIA V100 Volta GPUs per node, and Crusher that contains identical hardware/software as Frontier (#1 TOP500), with four AMD MI250X GPUs, each with 2 Graphics Compute Dies (GCDs)for a total of 8 GCDs per node. We also compare the performance of this solution against the use of MPI + Kokkos, which is the cur-rent de facto solution for multiple GPUs in Kokkos. Our evaluation shows that the new Kokkos solution provides good scalability for many GPUs and a faster and simpler solution (from a programming productivity perspective) than MPI + Kokkos.

Valero Lara, Pedro↗

DOE OSTI2019

Chitosan–Gelatin @ Tin (IV) Tungstatophosphate Nanocomposite Ion Exchanger: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications in Environmental Remediation

The present study reported the synthesis of novel organic–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite by incorporating tin (IV) based ion exchanger into the hybrid polymer network of chitosan and gelatin prepared under vacuum for the efficient removal of heavy metal ions and toxic dyes from an aqueous fluid. The physicochemical studies such as ion exchange capacity (IEC), chemical stability, thermal stability, pH titration and distribution behaviour studies were also carried out to determine the cation exchange behaviour of the material. The surface morphology and structural properties were studied by the techniques such as FTIR, FESEM, EDS, TEM and XRD. Distribution studies confirmed the synthesized CG/STPNC had the highest selectivity for Pb{sup 2+} ions (85.3 mL/g). Maximum adsorption of methylene blue (82%) was achieved within 240 min at 500 mg of adsorbent dose, 10 mg/L of the initial concentration of dye, pH of 7 and 30 °C of temperature. Adsorption kinetic data fitted well with pseudo-second order rate model with R{sup 2} = 0.995. The correlation value 0.95 and favourable R{sub L} = 0.21 of adsorption data suggested better fit for Langmuir adsorption. Thus the synthesized nanocomposite ion exchanger was found to be a promising cation exchanger as well as an adsorbent for heavy metal ion and dye removal from textile industrial effluents. Graphical abstract: .

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2021

A Comparative Study of Layer Heating and Continuous Heating Methods on Prediction Accuracy of Residual Stresses in Selective Laser Melted Tube Samples

Thermal distortion and residual stresses are two important factors that affect the quality and reliability of steel parts manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processes. A cost-effective model for evaluation of those heat effects is needed to refine the manufacturing process and provides insights into the product design and heat treatment. In this study, the layer heating method and sophisticated track-layer scanning method were applied to simulate the thermo-mechanical response of IN625 tube parts built by LPBF. Based on the similarity of temperature field in each layer deposit, a swept mesh was constructed to perform the thermal analysis for top layer, with the rest of layers referring to the temperature by node number offsetting. A novel explicit finite element analysis code accelerated by graphics processing unit was used for the massive-element numerical analysis. The computational accuracy and efficiency of the layer heating and track-layer scanning methods were compared in detail. It is shown that layer heating method can efficiently capture the pattern of stress distribution with reasonable accuracy in stress magnitude. The grouped track-layer scanning method can predict the residual stress and strain more accurately at a higher cost (5 ~ 10×). The elastic strain distribution was compared with the measurement by X-ray diffraction, confirming the accuracy of residual stress prediction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS2002

Bird's Eye View - A 3-D Situational Awareness Tool for the Space Station

Even as space-qualified computer hardware lags well behind the latest home computers, the possibility of using high-fidelity interactive 3-D graphics for displaying important on board information has finally arrived, and is being used on board the International Space Station (ISS). With the quantity and complexity of space-flight telemetry, 3-D displays can greatly enhance the ability of users, both onboard and on the ground, to interpret data quickly and accurately. This is particularly true for data related to vehicle attitude, position, configuration, and relation to other objects on the ground or in-orbit Bird's Eye View (BEV) is a 3-D real-time application that provides a high degree of Situational Awareness for the crew. Its purpose is to instantly convey important motion-related parameters to the crew and mission controllers by presenting 3-D simulated camera views of the International Space Station (ISS) in its actual environment Driven by actual telemetry, and running on board, as well as on the ground, the user can visualize the Space Station relative to the Earth, Sun, stars, various reference frames, and selected targets, such as ground-sites or communication satellites. Since the actual ISS configuration (geometry) is also modeled accurately, everything from the alignment of the solar panels to the expected view from a selected window can be visualized accurately. A virtual representation of the Space Station in real time has many useful applications. By selecting different cameras, the crew or mission control can monitor the station's orientation in space, position over the Earth, transition from day to night, direction to the Sun, the view from a particular window, or the motion of the robotic arm. By viewing the vehicle attitude and solar panel orientations relative to the Sun, the power status of the ISS can be easily visualized and understood. Similarly, the thermal impacts of vehicle attitude can be analyzed and visually confirmed. Communication opportunities can be displayed, and line-of-sight blockage due to interference by the vehicle structure (or the Earth) can be seen easily. Additional features in BEV display targets on the ground and in-orbit, including cities, communication sites, landmarks, satellites, and special sites of scientific interest for Earth observation and photography. Any target can be selected and tracked. This gives the user a continual line-of-sight to the target of current interest, and real-time knowledge about its visibility. Similarly, the vehicle ground-track, and an option to show "visibility circles" around displayed ground sites, provide continuous insight regarding current and future visibility to any target BEV was designed with inputs from many disciplines in the flight control and operations community both at NASA and from the International Partners. As such, BEV is setting the standards for interactive 3-D graphics for spacecraft applications. One important contribution of BEV is a generic graphical interface for camera control that can be used for any 3-D applications. This interface has become part of the International Display and Graphics Standards for the 16-nation ISS partnership. Many other standards related to camera properties, and the display of 3-D data, also have been defined by BEV. Future enhancements to BEV will include capabilities related to simulating ahead of the current time. This will give the user tools for analyzing off-nominal and future scenarios, as well as for planning future operations.

Dershowitz, Adam↗

NASA NTRS2002

The Electronic Nose Training Automation Development

The electronic nose is a method of using several sensors in conjunction to identify an unknown gas. Statistical analysis has shown that a large number of training exposures need to be performed in order to get a model that can be depended on. The number of training exposures needed is on the order of 1000. Data acquisition from the noses are generally automatic and built in. The gas generation equipment consists of a Miller-Nelson (MN) flow/temperature/humidity controller and a Kin-Tek (KT) trace gas generator. This equipment has been controlled in the past by an old data acquisition and control system. The new system will use new control boards and an easy graphical user interface. The programming for this is in the LabVIEW G programming language. A language easy for the user to make modifications to. This paper details some of the issues in selecting the components and programming the connections. It is not a primer on LabVIEW programming, a separate CD is being delivered with website files to teach that.

Schattke, Nathan↗

DOE OSTI2020

Development of limited-view tomography for measurement of Spray G plume direction and liquid volume fraction

Abstract The method for direct injection of fuel in the cylinder of an IC engines is important to high-efficiency and low-emission performance. Optical spray diagnostics plays an important role in understanding plume movement and interaction for multi-hole injectors, and providing baseline understanding used for computational optimization of fuel delivery. Traditional planar or line-of-sight diagnostics fail to capture the liquid distribution because of optical thickness concerns. This work proposes a high-speed (67 kHz) extinction imaging technique at various injector rotations coupled to computed tomography (CT) for time-resolved reconstruction of liquid volume fraction in three dimensions. The number of views selected and processing were based on synthetic (modeled) liquid volume fraction data where extinction and CT adequately reconstructed each plume. The exercise showed that for an 8-hole, symmetric-design injector (ECN Spray G), only three different views are enough to reproduce the direction of each plume, and particularly the mean plume direction. Therefore, the number of views was minimized for experiments to save expense. Measurements applying this limited-view technique confirm plume–plume variations also detected with mechanical patternation, while providing better spatial and temporal resolution than achieved previously. Uncertainties due to the limited view within pressurized spray chambers, the droplet size, and optically thick regions are discussed. Graphic abstract

42 ENGINEERING↗

DOE OSTI2024

Measurement of boosted Higgs bosons produced via vector boson fusion or gluon fusion in the H →$ \textrm{b}\overline{\textrm{b}} $ decay mode using LHC proton-proton collision data at $ \sqrt{s} $ = 13 TeV

A measurement is performed of Higgs bosons produced with high transverse momentum (p$_{T}$) via vector boson or gluon fusion in proton-proton collisions. The result is based on a data set with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected in 2016–2018 with the CMS detector at the LHC and corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb$^{−1}$. The decay of a high-p$_{T}$ Higgs boson to a boosted bottom quark-antiquark pair is selected using large-radius jets and employing jet substructure and heavy-flavor taggers based on machine learning techniques. Independent regions targeting the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms are defined based on the topology of two quark-initiated jets with large pseudorapidity separation. The signal strengths for both processes are extracted simultaneously by performing a maximum likelihood fit to data in the large-radius jet mass distribution. The observed signal strengths relative to the standard model expectation are $ {4.9}_{-1.6}^{+1.9} $ and $ {1.6}_{-1.5}^{+1.7} $ for the vector boson and gluon fusion mechanisms, respectively. A differential cross section measurement is also reported in the simplified template cross section framework.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2014

Ritonavir binds to and downregulates estrogen receptors: Molecular mechanism of promoting early atherosclerosis

Estrogenic actions are closely related to cardiovascular disease. Ritonavir (RTV), a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor, induces atherosclerosis in an estrogen-related manner. However, how RTV induce pathological phenotypes through estrogen pathway remains unclear. In this study, we found that RTV increases thickness of coronary artery walls of Sprague Dawley rats and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) levels. In addition, RTV could induce foam cell formation, downregulate both estrogen receptor α (ERα) and ERβ expression, upregulate G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) expression, and all of them could be partially blocked by 17β-estradiol (E2), suggesting RTV acts as an antagonist for E2. Computational modeling shows a similar interaction with ERα between RTV and 2-aryl indoles, which are highly subtype-selective ligands for ERα. We also found that RTV directly bound to ERα and selectively inhibited the nuclear localization of ERα, and residue Leu536 in the hydrophobic core of ligand binding domain (LBD) was essential for the interaction with RTV. In addition, RTV did not change the secondary structure of ERα-LBD like E2, which explained how ERα lost the capacity of nuclear translocation under the treatment of RTV. All of the evidences suggest that ritonavir acts as an antagonist for 17β-estradiol in regulating α subtype estrogen receptor function and early events of atherosclerosis. - Graphical abstract: RTV directly binds to ERα and Leu536 in the hydrophobic core of ligand binding domain is essential for the interaction. - Highlights: • RTV increases the thickness of rat coronary artery wall and foam cell formation. • RTV downregulates the expression of ERα and ERβ. • RTV inhibits ERα promoter activity. • RTV directly binds to ERα and the key amino acid is Leu536. • RTV inhibits the nuclear translocation of ERα and GPER.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2024

3D Multiresolution Velocity Model Fusion with Probability Graphical Models

ABSTRACT The variability in spatial resolution of seismic velocity models obtained via tomographic methodologies is attributed to many factors, including inversion strategies, ray-path coverage, and data integrity. Integration of such models, with distinct resolutions, is crucial during the refinement of community models, thereby enhancing the precision of ground-motion simulations. Toward this goal, we introduce the probability graphical model (PGM), combining velocity models with heterogeneous resolutions and nonuniform data point distributions. The PGM integrates data relations across varying resolution subdomains, enhancing detail within low-resolution (LR) domains by utilizing information and prior knowledge from high-resolution (HR) subdomains through a maximum posterior problem. Assessment of efficacy, utilizing both 2D and 3D velocity models—consisting of synthetic checkerboard models and a fault-zone model from Ridgecrest, California—demonstrates noteworthy improvements in accuracy, compared to state-of-the-art fusion techniques. Specifically, we find reductions of 30% and 44% in computed travel-time residuals for 2D and 3D models, respectively, as compared to conventional smoothing techniques. Unlike conventional methods, the PGM’s adaptive weight selection facilitates preserving and learning details from complex, nonuniform HR models and applies the enhancements to the LR background domain.

Geochemistry & Geophysics↗