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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Aligning lithium metal battery research and development across academia and industry

Successful integration of metallic lithium anodes into secondary batteries could enhance energy density and enable new forms of electrified transportation. However, the outlook for widespread lithium metal adoption in energy storage devices remains mixed. This comes in part from existing gaps in our understanding of the relationships connecting the initial state of lithium, its evolution with cycling, and end-of-life state. It remains important to develop standardized protocols for material and cell characterization, cycling performance, safety, and recycling procedures for lithium metal-based batteries. In February 2023 a cohort of scientists and engineers from academia, national laboratories, and industry gathered to converge on a list of critical challenges and action items to provide better understanding of lithium metal evolution and to enhance academic, governmental, and industrial partnerships to address these challenges. Here, we highlight the major discussion topics revolving around the manufacturing of lithium metal, its related metrology and integration into battery form factors, and best practices testing its electrochemical performance relevant to automotive applications. We introduce a power-controlled discharge testing protocol for research and development cells, in alignment between major automotive stakeholders, that may reveal lithium metal battery dynamics closer to practical driving behavior.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Bridging the gap between academic research and industrial development in advanced all-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries

The energy storage and vehicle industries are heavily investing in advancing all-solid-state batteries to overcome critical limitations in existing liquid electrolyte-based lithium-ion batteries, specifically focusing on mitigating fire hazards and improving energy density. All-solid-state lithium–sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs), featuring earth-abundant sulfur cathodes, high-capacity metallic lithium anodes, and non-flammable solid electrolytes, hold significant promise. Despite these appealing advantages, persistent challenges like sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, lithium metal failure, solid electrolyte degradation, and manufacturing complexities hinder their practical use. Further, to facilitate the transition of these technologies to an industrial scale, bridging the gap between fundamental scientific research and applied R&D activities is crucial. Our review will address the inherent challenges in cell chemistries within ASSLSBs, explore advanced characterization techniques, and delve into innovative cell structure designs. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of the recent trends in R&D and investment activities from both academia and industry. Building on the fundamental understandings and significant progress that has been made thus far, our objective is to motivate the battery community to advance ASSLSBs in a practical direction and propel the industrialized process.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2007

Hazards, Safety and Design Considerations for Commercial Lithium-ion Cells and Batteries

This viewgraph presentation reviews the features of the Lithium-ion batteries, particularly in reference to the hazards and safety of the battery. Some of the characteristics of the Lithium-ion cell are: Highest Energy Density of Rechargeable Battery Chemistries, No metallic lithium, Leading edge technology, Contains flammable electrolyte, Charge cut-off voltage is critical (overcharge can result in fire), Open circuit voltage higher than metallic lithium anode types with similar organic electrolytes. Intercalation is a process that places small ions in crystal lattice. Small ions (such as lithium, sodium, and the other alkali metals) can fit in the interstitial spaces in a graphite lattice. These metallic ions can go farther and force the graphitic planes apart to fit two, three, or more layers of metallic ions between the carbon sheets. Other features of the battery/cell are: The graphite is conductive, Very high energy density compared to NiMH or NiCd, Corrosion of aluminum occurs very quickly in the presence of air and electrolyte due to the formation of HF from LiPF6 and HF is highly corrosive. Slides showing the Intercalation/Deintercalation and the chemical reactions are shown along with the typical charge/discharge for a cylindrical cell. There are several graphs that review the hazards of the cells.

Jeevarajan, Judith↗
DOE OSTI2024

Characterization of pitch carbon coating properties affecting the electrochemical behavior of silicon nanoparticle lithium-ion battery anodes

Silicon is an exciting material for next-generation lithium-ion battery anodes, due to its high theoretical capacity and availability, but its widespread implementation has been limited by extensive volume changes during cycling that causes mechanical damage and limits cycle life. One approach to mitigating these deleterious effects while still maintaining silicon's benefits is the addition of a pitch carbon coating to nanometer-sized silicon particles. Here, in this study, we present characterization of pitch-coated silicon electrodes without annealing and annealed at 700 °C and 1000 °C to determine the optimum temperature treatment, as well as pitch-only and silicon-only electrodes with and without annealing to elucidate the impacts of each component on early electrochemical behavior. Using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopies, atomic force and scanning spreading resistance microscopy, and electrochemical analysis, we find 700 °C to be the optimal annealing temperature, as amorphous carbon is created, which improves conductivity prior to cycling and facilitates ion storage during cycling that increases capacity. We also present in situ Raman spectroscopy data demonstrating the heterogeneous aging that occurs across the electrode surface during cycling.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Solvents and catalyst preparations for lithium-oxygen batteries

An electrochemical device includes a lithium anode having a red poly(benzonitrile) coating covering at least a portion of the anode; a separator and an air cathode comprising reduced graphene oxide over gas diffusion layer; and an electrolyte comprising an ether solvent, benzonitrile, and a lithium salt.

Wang, Hsien-Hau↗
DOE OSTI2024

Solvents and catalyst preparations for lithium-oxygen batteries

An electrochemical device includes a lithium anode having a red poly(benzonitrile) coating covering at least a portion of the anode; a separator and an air cathode comprising reduced graphene oxide over gas diffusion layer; and an electrolyte comprising an ether solvent, benzonitrile, and a lithium salt.

Wang, Hsien-Han↗
DOE OSTI2020

Doping effect of Al in LLZO

Lithium ion batteries have become a common use in most electronic devices and transportation. However, the use of liquid electrolytes poses a serious safe hazard due to their high flammability. The narrow operating temperature and voltage windows also limit further improvement of the energy density.Solid-state lithium batteries with the use of more stable and safer solid electrolyte have garnered much attention and could be the future choice for battery technology. A promising potential candidate for the solid electrolyte component is the garnet type Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) ceramic material since it possesses high ionic conductivity at room temperature and enables the use of high capacity lithium anode and high voltage/capacity cathodes.However, to form the stable cubic phase of LLZO and high densification,high sintering temperatures above 1100°C is typically required, which causes Lithium loss of the system.Many studieshave been taken to dop LLZO with various precursors such as Ga, Ta, and Al to stabilize the cubic structure and reduce calcination temperature, while the doping effect on sintering densification is still unclear. In this study Al doping along with ball milling were explored to stabilize the cubic phase of LLZO and improve densification, while reducing the amount of impurity phases. Samples were synthesized from the precursors Li 2 CO 3 , Al 2 O 3 , La 2 O 3 , and ZrO 2 by ball milling followed by heat treatment for 12 hours at 1000°C. XRD with Rietveld fitting was used to determine the two phases of LLZO (cubic, tetragonal) and other possible secondary phases. Furthermore,SEM with top and cross sectional views was conducted to investigate the morphology and microstructure of sintered pellets.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

NASICON Li 1.2 Mg 0.1 Zr 1.9 (PO 4 ) 3 Solid Electrolyte for an All‐Solid‐State Li‐Metal Battery

Abstract A thin solid electrolyte with a high Li + conductivity is used to separate the metallic lithium anode and the cathode in an all‐solid‐state Li‐metal battery. However, most solid Li‐ion electrolytes have a small electrochemical stability window, large interfacial resistance, and cannot block lithium‐dendrite growth when lithium is plated on charging of the cell. Mg 2+ stabilizes a rhombohedral NASICON‐structured solid electrolyte of the formula Li 1.2 Mg 0.1 Zr 1.9 (PO 4 ) 3 (LMZP). This solid electrolyte has Li‐ion conductivity two orders of magnitude higher at 25 °C than that of the triclinic LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 . 7 Li and 6 Li NMR confirm the Li‐ions in two different crystallographic sites of the NASICON framework with 85% of the Li‐ions having a relatively higher mobility than the other 15%. The anode–electrolyte interface is further investigated with symmetric Li/LMZP/Li cell testing, while the cathode–electrolyte interface is explored with an all‐solid‐state Li/LMZP/LiFePO 4 cell. The enhanced performance of these cells enabled by the Li 1.2 Mg 0.1 Zr 1.9 (PO 4 ) 3 solid electrolyte is stable upon repeated charge/discharge cycling.

Zhou, Qiongyu↗
NASA NTRS2009

Li/CFx Cells Optimized for Low-Temperature Operation

Some developments reported in prior NASA Tech Briefs articles on primary electrochemical power cells containing lithium anodes and fluorinated carbonaceous (CFx) cathodes have been combined to yield a product line of cells optimized for relatively-high-current operation at low temperatures at which commercial lithium-based cells become useless. These developments have involved modifications of the chemistry of commercial Li/CFx cells and batteries, which are not suitable for high-current and low-temperature applications because they are current-limited and their maximum discharge rates decrease with decreasing temperature. One of two developments that constitute the present combination is, itself, a combination of developments: (1) the use of sub-fluorinated carbonaceous (CFx wherein x<1) cathode material, (2) making the cathodes thinner than in most commercial units, and (3) using non-aqueous electrolytes formulated especially to enhance low-temperature performance. This combination of developments was described in more detail in High-Energy-Density, Low- Temperature Li/CFx Primary Cells (NPO-43219), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 31, No. 7 (July 2007), page 43. The other development included in the present combination is the use of an anion receptor as an electrolyte additive, as described in the immediately preceding article, "Additive for Low-Temperature Operation of Li-(CF)n Cells" (NPO- 43579). A typical cell according to the present combination of developments contains an anion-receptor additive solvated in an electrolyte that comprises LiBF4 dissolved at a concentration of 0.5 M in a mixture of four volume parts of 1,2 dimethoxyethane with one volume part of propylene carbonate. The proportion, x, of fluorine in the cathode in such a cell lies between 0.5 and 0.9. The best of such cells fabricated to date have exhibited discharge capacities as large as 0.6 A h per gram at a temperature of 50 C when discharged at a rate of C/5 (where C is the magnitude of the current, integrated for one hour, that would amount to the nominal charge capacity of a cell).

Smart, Marshall C.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Electrolytes for Low-Temperature Operation of Li-CFx Cells

A report describes a study of electrolyte compositions selected as candidates for improving the low-temperature performances of primary electrochemical cells that contain lithium anodes and fluorinated carbonaceous (CFx) cathodes. This study complements the developments reported in Additive for Low-Temperature Operation of Li-(CF)n Cells (NPO- 43579) and Li/CFx Cells Optimized for Low-Temperature Operation (NPO- 43585), which appear elsewhere in this issue of NASA Tech Briefs. Similar to lithium-based electrolytes described in several previous NASA Tech Briefs articles, each of these electrolytes consisted of a lithium salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent mixture. Each such mixture consisted of two or more of the following ingredients: propylene carbonate (PC); 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME); trifluoropropylene carbonate; bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether; diethyl carbonate; dimethyl carbonate; and ethyl methyl carbonate. The report describes the physical and chemical principles underlying the selection of the compositions (which were not optimized) and presents results of preliminary tests made to determine effects of the compositions upon the low-temperature capabilities of Li-CFx cells, relative to a baseline composition of LiBF4 at a concentration of 1.0 M in a solvent comprising equal volume parts of PC and DME.

Smart, Marshall C.↗
DOE OSTI2023

Lithium-Ion Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles: Progress and challenges

Electric Vehicle (EV) sales and adoption have seen a significant growth in recent years, thanks to advancements and cost reduction in lithium-ion battery technology, attractive performance of EVs, governments' incentives, and the push to reduce greenhouse gases and pollutants. In this article, we will explore the progress in lithium-ion batteries and their future potential in terms of energy density, life, safety, and extreme fast charge. Here we will also discuss material sourcing, supply chain, and end-of-life-cycle management as they have become important considerations in the ecosystem of batteries for the sustained growth and adoption of EVs. With significant government and private sector investments in research and development, processing, and manufacturing and advances in anodes (lithium and silicon), cathodes (high nickel), designs, supply chain development, and the circularity of lithium-ion batteries, lithium-based batteries are on track to make EVs mainstream, addressing climate concerns of fossil-fueled vehicles.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

Directly Embedded Ni3S2/Co9S8@S-Doped Carbon Nanofiber Networks as a Free-Standing Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Transition metal sulfides as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries have attracted significant research attention due to their high theoretical capacity, excellent redox reversibility, and earth abundance. However, this material family still suffers from poor conductivity and experiences huge volume changes. Here, we demonstrate a facile and scalable electrospinning method to prepare Ni3S2 and Co9S8 nanoparticles embedded in sulfur doped carbon nanofiber networks as a free-standing anode material for lithium ion batteries. Similar to literature findings, the coupling of two different metal sulfides indeed synergistically promoted the electrochemical performance. Embedding them within individual carbon nanofibers not only enhances the intrinsic conductivity, but also provides a highly stable structure, which results in excellent battery performance. Furthermore, the individual carbon nanofibers intertwine with each other to form a free-standing 3D nanofiber network which acts as a freeway network for fast electron transfer and the pores between fibers allow easy penetration of the electrolyte, namely easy lithium ion access to active nanoparticles. When directly applied as the anode in lithium ion batteries, the free-standing nanofiber mat bypassed all slurry making steps and showed excellent cycling stability with a high specific capacity of 528 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 300 mA g-1. Good rate capability was also obtained. Additionally, the charge storage process analysis indicated that the pseudocapacitive behavior of the material is attributed to its good performance. This work introduces a facile strategy to simultaneously and in situ generate Co9S8 and Ni3S2 nanoparticles within a S-doped carbon fiber matrix via facile electrospinning followed by a one-step heating procedure. It is demonstrated that the free-standing transition bimetallic sulfide nanofibers prepared are very promising for light and small battery applications.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS,ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Composition-Nanoarchitecture-Performance Analysis of High Energy Density Electrodeposited Silicon for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes

Electrodeposition of silicon (Si) was previously demonstrated as a promising method for fabricating 3D-structured lithium-ion battery anodes. However, the relationship between the electrochemical performance and chemical composition of the relatively impure electrodeposited silicon is not well understood. Here, we report the electrodeposition of a Si-dominant active material (EDEP-Si) onto 3D-structured nickel (Ni) scaffolds and systematically compare the electrochemical properties, elemental composition, atomistic Si coordination, and molecular structure of EDEP-Si with high-purity amorphous Si grown via static chemical vapor deposition. Despite the considerable amount of carbon (9–11 at %) and oxygen (42–44 at %) present in EDEP-Si, the cycling stability and high reversible specific capacity are remarkably similar to those of CVD-Si on a silicon basis (~2400 mA h/g-Si after 100 cycles). The primary difference is that EDEP-Si exhibits reduced cycling efficiency over the first 10–20 cycles. Reactions between carbon and, more importantly, oxygen in EDEP-Si with lithium are likely responsible for the reduced early cycle performance and lower capacity of the total deposit. Finally, our observations suggest ultrapure Si is not necessary for high electrochemical access to reversible charge storage, although limiting the presence of incorporated impurity species would improve energy density and first cycle efficiency.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗