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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2000

A Primer In Advanced Fatigue Life Prediction Methods

Metal fatigue has plagued structural components for centuries, and it remains a critical durability issue in today's aerospace hardware. This is true despite vastly improved and advanced materials, increased mechanistic understanding, and development of accurate structural analysis and advanced fatigue life prediction tools. Each advance is quickly taken advantage of to produce safer, more reliable more cost effective, and better performing products. In other words, as the envelop is expanded, components are then designed to operate just as close to the newly expanded envelop as they were to the initial one. The problem is perennial. The economic importance of addressing structural durability issues early in the design process is emphasized. Tradeoffs with performance, cost, and legislated restrictions are pointed out. Several aspects of structural durability of advanced systems, advanced materials and advanced fatigue life prediction methods are presented. Specific items include the basic elements of durability analysis, conventional designs, barriers to be overcome for advanced systems, high-temperature life prediction for both creep-fatigue and thermomechanical fatigue, mean stress effects, multiaxial stress-strain states, and cumulative fatigue damage accumulation assessment.

Halford, Gary R.↗
DOE OSTI2011

Understanding of Defect Physics in Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Materials: Preprint

The performance of thin-film solar cells is influenced by the quality of interfaces and formation of defects such as point defects, stacking faults, twins, dislocations, and grain boundaries. It is important to understand the defect physics so that appropriate methods may be developed to suppress the formation of harmful defects. Here, we review our understanding of defect physics in thin-filmphotovoltaic (PV) materials such as Si, CdTe, Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS), Cu2ZnSnSe2 (CZTSe), and Cu2ZnSnS2 (CZTS) using the combination of nanoscale electron microscopy characterization and density-functional theory (DFT). Although these thin-film PV materials share the same basic structural feature - diamond structure based - the defect physics in them could be very different. Some defects, such asstacking faults and special twins, have similar electronic properties in these thin-film materials. However, some other defects, such as grain boundaries and interfaces, have very different electronic properties in these materials. For example, grain boundaries produce harmful deep levels in Si and CdTe, but they do not produce significant deep levels in CIGS, CZTSe, and CZTS. These explain whypassivation is critical for Si and CdTe solar cells, but is less important in CIS and CZTS solar cells. We further provide understanding of the effects of interfaces on the performance of solar cells made of these PV materials.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Random Forest Prediction of Crystal Structure from Electron Diffraction Patterns

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction patterns are regularly used to determine the structure of crystalline materials. Electron diffraction is the most common method to solve for unknown or partially known crystal structures, as it provides direct and interpretable feedback on the orientation of crystal grains under the beam [1]. However, it remains a challenge to determine the crystal structure of a new material or even a new phase of an existing material. Analysis of such materials commonly requires manual exploration and comparison with simulated diffraction patterns. This is often a time consuming process with no obvious start point when many similar structures are possible, and this method cannot be used to determine crystal structure or orientation from structures not included in the diffraction libraries. Therefore, we have developed a machine learning model to determine the crystal structure of a material from its electron diffraction pattern.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Synthesis of Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} homogeneous core/hollow-shell structures with excellent adsorption performance

Large-scale Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} homogeneous core/hollow-shell structures with cube-shaped and dumbbell-shaped morphologies have been synthesized trough a facile and low-cost method. The microscopy analyses indicate that the core-shell microcubes have an average edge length of 2.5 {mu}m with a shell thickness of about 150 nm, and the core-shell microdumbbells were formed with a length of about 3 {mu}m and shell thickness of about 160 nm. The possible formation mechanism was discussed on the basis of transmission electron microscopy observations. The novel homogeneous core/hollow-shell structures were found to exhibit excellent performance in wastewater treatment. - Graphical abstract: A simple method is described for fabrication of Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} homogeneous core/hollow-shell structures and the as-prepared materials showed a good ability to remove an organic pollutant in waste water. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Mn{sub 2}O{sub 3} homogeneous core/hollow-shell structures were successfully prepared. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A simple and high yield method was employed to fabricate such novel structure. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The products showed a good ability to remove an organic pollutant in waste water.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Characterization of Fe-6Si Soft Magnetic Alloy Produced by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition Additive Manufacturing

Abstract Commercial electrical steels, Fe-Si alloys with < 4 wt.% Si, are inexpensive and efficient materials for electrical power conversion. Further efficiency improvements require increasing the silicon concentration to 6 wt.%, at which point the material becomes brittle and difficult to form by conventional rolling and sheet fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing stands to overcome challenges with commercial manufacturing techniques by leveraging near-net-shape fabrication. The wide array of process conditions provides additive manufacturing with increased flexibility, enabling control over the microstructure and mechanical properties. This work explores the microstructures and magnetic properties of ring-shaped Fe-Si alloys produced using concentric and cross-hatch tool paths on a laser-directed energy deposition additive manufacturing system. Concentric-built samples exhibit elongated grain structures while cross-hatch-built samples comprise lower aspect ratio grain structures. Thermal finite element analysis simulations model the stress conditions produced by the different scan path geometries. Microhardness measurements probe the mechanical properties as a function of anneal temperature, providing a qualitative understanding of the intergranular defect density. Soft magnetic properties measured under quasistatic and AC conditions show frequency- and microstructure-dependent coercivity and permeability. Finally, analysis of the core loss quantifies how the build strategies and thermal treatments influence efficiency in electrical power conversion applications. Understanding the influences of scan path geometry and thermal treatment provides a pathway towards application of additively manufactured soft magnetic materials.

Adamczyk, Jesse M.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Experimental verification of a crystal plasticity-based simulation framework for predicting microstructure and geometric shape changes: Application to bending and Taylor impact testing of Zr

This paper is concerned with experimental verification of a recently developed multi-scale simulation framework for plastic deformation of metallic materials from quasi-static to impact deformation conditions. The framework is a visco-plastic self-consistent (VPSC) polycrystalline model embedded in an implicit finite element method (FE-VPSC) to provide a microstructure-sensitive constitutive response at each material point. Each material point of the FEM model is a polycrystalline aggregate with crystallographic deformation mechanisms operating at the single crystal scale with their evolving activity based on a dislocation density-based hardening law and texture. Four beams and three cylinders machined in different orientations from a textured plate of high-purity zirconium are tested quasi-statically in 4-point bending and at speeds of 100 m/s, 170 m/s and 243 m/s during Taylor impact tests, respectively. The variation in dimensional changes resulting from different sample orientations in the plate with respect to loading directions is measured for each sample. Moreover, texture and twinning characterization is performed using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The deformation processes and underlying evolution of microstructure are successfully simulated using the FE-VPSC framework. In doing so, the model parameters are optimized and validated across a broad range of strain rates and temperatures. Simulation results in terms of geometrical changes and microstructural evolution are compared with the experimental measurements. The model predicts anisotropic material flow resulting from the hard-to-deform crystallographic directions, the development of gradients in texture and twinning through the geometries, tension–compression asymmetry, as well as the extent of plasticity under impact.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Multiscale modeling of twinning and detwinning behavior of HCP polycrystals

A multiscale scheme is presented here to capture the twinning and detwinning mechanisms during cyclic loading of HCP polycrystals. In the current framework, the crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) method is employed at the microstructural scale. The response of twinned regions at a material point is calculated using a novel homogenization scheme via a Taylor-type model. The homogenized behavior is then used in the CPFE to obtain the response of a polycrystal. An efficient rate-independent crystal plasticity model that has been incorporated into the open source PRISMS-Plasticity software is introduced here to capture the response of the twinned region. Accordingly, the corresponding algorithmic tangent modulus is derived. Finally, this multiscale scheme is validated against data available for the cyclic response of Mg alloy ZK60A. The results show that the multiscale model can capture the key elements of the sample response observed during the experiment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Neuroplastic Response After Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors: A Pilot Study

Purpose: Clinically effective measurement of cognitive toxicity from photon radiation therapy (XRT) should be accurate, sensitive, and specific. This pilot study tested translational findings on phasic changes in children's memory systems that are sensitive and insensitive to toxic XRT effects to identify a possible neuroplastic effect. Methods and Materials: Memory processes were prospectively tested before XRT and at 3 later time points up to 2 years in 35 children with mixed primary brain tumors who had not experienced recurrence. Memory processes were verbal-semantic, visual-semantic, and visual-perceptual, including accuracy, speed to recall, encoding, retrieval, and recognition. The mixed-effects model included time (to estimate slope), covariates (age, tumor locus, XRT field, and medications) as fixed effects, and individual random intercepts. A sensitivity analysis examined the influence of XRT dose to the hippocampi on memory. Results: Retrieval from long-term verbal-semantic memory declined 2 months after completing XRT, as seen in adults, and was lowest at 1 year, which was delayed in comparison with adults. Double dissociation from visual-perceptual memory at baseline and 2 months was found, consistent with adults. Recovery was demonstrated 2 years after XRT. Patterns were unchanged when dose to hippocampus was included in the model. Conclusions: Verbal and semantic long-term retrieval is specifically sensitive to XRT-related cognitive dysfunction, without effect on visual-perceptual memory. Children reached nadir in XRT-sensitive memory 1 year after XRT and recovered by 2 years, which is later than that observed in adults. The protracted period of post-XRT injury may represent the maturation of the human hippocampus and white matter into late adolescence.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Defect detection in atomic-resolution images via unsupervised learning with translational invariance

Abstract Crystallographic defects can now be routinely imaged at atomic resolution with aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) at high speed, with the potential for vast volumes of data to be acquired in relatively short times or through autonomous experiments that can continue over very long periods. Automatic detection and classification of defects in the STEM images are needed in order to handle the data in an efficient way. However, like many other tasks related to object detection and identification in artificial intelligence, it is challenging to detect and identify defects from STEM images. Furthermore, it is difficult to deal with crystal structures that have many atoms and low symmetries. Previous methods used for defect detection and classification were based on supervised learning, which requires human-labeled data. In this work, we develop an approach for defect detection with unsupervised machine learning based on a one-class support vector machine (OCSVM). We introduce two schemes of image segmentation and data preprocessing, both of which involve taking the Patterson function of each segment as inputs. We demonstrate that this method can be applied to various defects, such as point and line defects in 2D materials and twin boundaries in 3D nanocrystals.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Antisites in III-V semiconductors: Density functional theory calculations

Density functional based simulation, corrected for finite size effects, is used to investigate systematically the formation of antisite defects in III-V semiconductors (III = Al, Ga, and In and V = P, As, and Sb). Different charge states are modelled as a function of the Fermi level and under different growth conditions. The formation energies of group III antisites (III{sub V}{sup q}) decrease with increasing covalent radius of the group V atom though not group III radius, whereas group V antisites (V{sub III}{sup q}) show a consistent decrease in formation energies with increase in group III and group V covalent radii. In general, III{sub V}{sup q} defects dominate under III-rich conditions and V{sub III}{sup q} under V-rich conditions. Comparison with equivalent vacancy formation energy simulations shows that while antisite concentrations are always dominant under stoichiometric conditions, modest variation in growth or doping conditions can lead to a significantly higher concentration of vacancies.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Molecular dynamical simulations of melting behaviors of metal clusters

The melting behaviors of metal clusters are studied in a wide range by molecular dynamics simulations. The calculated results show that there are fluctuations in the heat capacity curves of some metal clusters due to the strong structural competition; For the 13-, 55- and 147-atom clusters, variations of the melting points with atomic number are almost the same; It is found that for different metal clusters the dynamical stabilities of the octahedral structures can be inferred in general by a criterion proposed earlier by F. Baletto et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 116 3856 (2002)] for the statically stable structures.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Implementation of density functional embedding theory within the projector-augmented-wave method and applications to semiconductor defect states

We report a new implementation of the density functional embedding theory (DFET) in the VASP code, using the projector-augmented-wave (PAW) formalism. Newly developed algorithms allow us to efficiently perform optimized effective potential optimizations within PAW. The new algorithm generates robust and physically correct embedding potentials, as we verified using several test systems including a covalently bound molecule, a metal surface, and bulk semiconductors. We show that with the resulting embedding potential, embedded cluster models can reproduce the electronic structure of point defects in bulk semiconductors, thereby demonstrating the validity of DFET in semiconductors for the first time. Compared to our previous version, the new implementation of DFET within VASP affords use of all features of VASP (e.g., a systematic PAW library, a wide selection of functionals, a more flexible choice of U correction formalisms, and faster computational speed) with DFET. Furthermore, our results are fairly robust with respect to both plane-wave and Gaussian type orbital basis sets in the embedded cluster calculations. This suggests that the density functional embedding method is potentially an accurate and efficient way to study properties of isolated defects in semiconductors.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Localized excitons in defective monolayer germanium selenide

Germanium selenide (GeSe) is a van der Waals–bonded layered material with promising optoelectronic properties, which has been experimentally synthesized for two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor applications. In the monolayer, due to reduced dimensionality and, thus, screening environment, perturbations such as the presence of defects have a significant impact on its properties. We apply density functional theory and many-body perturbation theory to understand the electronic and optical properties of GeSe containing a single selenium vacancy in the –2 charge state. We predict that the vacancy results in midgap “trap states” that strongly localize the electron and hole density and lead to sharp, low-energy optical absorption peaks below the predicted pristine optical gap. Analysis of the exciton wave function reveals that the 2D Wannier-Mott exciton of the pristine material monolayer is strongly modified by the presence of the defect. The lowest-energy exciton wave function is highly localized around the defect, with the Bohr radius reduced by a factor of 4 when compared to the pristine material and a dipole moment along the out-of-plane axis due to the defect-induced symmetry breaking. Altogether, these results suggest that the vacancy significantly modifies the excitonic properties of the system, demonstrating the importance of considering defects in the context of material design.

2-dimensional systems↗
DOE OSTI2017

First-Principles Simulations of Functional Materials for Energy Conversion

Computational modeling has become a very effective approach in predicting properties of materials, and in designing functional materials with targeted structural, thermal, or optical properties. Many electronic structure methods have been developed, including density functional theory. Among them, DFT has been widely used in physics and materials science because it is computationally cheaper than other methods but still gives desired accuracy. It also provides a good starting point for higher levels of theory, such as many-body perturbation theory and quantum Monte Carlo. In parallel to these electronic structure method developments, a dramatic increase in computing capabilities over the last decade has enabled large-scale electronic structure calculations to address leading-edge materials science problems. In particular, with Theta at the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility (ALCF), our early science project investigated large-scale nanostructured materials for energy conversion and storage using two open-source electronic structure codes Qbox (http://qboxcode.org) and WEST (http://west-code.org). Qbox is an ab-initio molecular dynamics code based on plane wave DFT, and WEST is a post-DFT code for excited state calculations within many-body perturbation theory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Incompressible multiphase flow and encapsulation simulations using the moment-of-fluid method

A moment-of-fluid method is presented for computing solutions to incompressible multiphase flows in which the number of materials can be greater than two. In this work, the multimaterial moment-of-fluid interface representation technique is applied to simulating surface tension effects at points where three materials meet. The advection terms are solved using a directionally split cell integrated semi-Lagrangian algorithm, and the projection method is used to evaluate the pressure gradient force term. The underlying computational grid is a dynamic block-structured adaptive grid. The new method is applied to multiphase problems illustrating contact-line dynamics, triple junctions, and encapsulation in order to demonstrate its capabilities. Examples are given in two-dimensional, three-dimensional axisymmetric (R–Z), and three-dimensional (X–Y–Z) coordinate systems.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Layered Electrode Architectures Enabled by Holey Graphene Hosts

Battery electrodes are typically prepared using a slurry-based method, where high boiling point organic solvents are typically used with a polymer binder to disperse active electrode materials and conductive carbon additives followed by casting into current collector sheets. In this process, the use of organic solvents are environmentally hazardous, energy intensive, and time-consuming, while polymeric binders add weight and can undergo parasitic reactions during battery cycling. Here we discuss the use of a unique conductive carbon nanomaterial, namely holey graphene, as a multifunctional host that can be processed via a facile, solvent-free, binder-free, cold pressing method to prepare electrodes with unique architectures. This approach can accommodate a broad range of battery chemistries, such as lithium oxygen/carbon dioxide (Li-O2/CO2), lithium sulfur/selenium (Li-S/Se), and various lithium ion chemistries. The successful use of dry, cold compression allows the convenient modification of electrode mass loading with unique architectures containing active materials randomly mixed or layered with single or multiple layers of one or more active materials. In the conventional slurry-based electrode fabrication method, it is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve such layered architectures. In particular, the layered electrode architectures from the dry, cold press approach are easy to fabricate without significantly sacrificing device performance, and are amenable to continuous roll-to-roll dry processing. In addition, these architectures offer unprecedented perspectives on the battery material loading vs. utilization efficiency, as well as enabling unique characterization opportunities to advance mechanistic understanding of various battery chemistries. Potential applications of this unique electrode fabrication approach for solid-state batteries will also be discussed.

holey graphene, batteries, electrode architecture,↗
DOE OSTI2015

Native defects in Tl{sub 6}SI{sub 4}: Density functional calculations

Tl{sub 6}SI{sub 4} is a promising room-temperature semiconductor radiation detection material. Here, we report density functional calculations of native defects and dielectric properties of Tl{sub 6}SI{sub 4}. Formation energies and defect levels of native point defects and defect complexes are calculated. Donor-acceptor defect complexes are shown to be abundant in Tl{sub 6}SI{sub 4}. High resistivity can be obtained by Fermi level pinning by native donor and acceptor defects. Deep donors that are detrimental to electron transport are identified and methods to mitigate such problem are discussed. Furthermore, we show that mixed ionic-covalent character of Tl{sub 6}SI{sub 4} gives rise to enhanced Born effective charges and large static dielectric constant, which provides effective screening of charged defects and impurities.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2012

Preparation of amyloid-like fibrils containing magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: Effect of protein aggregation on proton relaxivity

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Preparation of amyloid materials labeled with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Characterization of amyloid materials by electron tomography. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Influence of protein aggregation on the magnetic nanoparticle properties. -- Abstract: A method to prepare amyloid-like fibrils functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles has been developed. The amyloid-like fibrils are prepared in a two step procedure, where insulin and magnetic nanoparticles are mixed simply by grinding in the solid state, resulting in a water soluble hybrid material. When the hybrid material is heated in aqueous acid, the insulin/nanoparticle hybrid material self assembles to form amyloid-like fibrils incorporating the magnetic nanoparticles. This results in magnetically labeled amyloid-like fibrils which has been characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and electron tomography. The influence of the aggregation process on proton relaxivity is investigated. The prepared materials have potential uses in a range of bio-imaging applications.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗