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At least 235 records · Page 13

Impact of the continuum on the γ decay of the lowest 2 + states in 14 C

The half-life, T 1/2 =14.6(33) fs, of the 7012-keV 2$^{+}_{1}$ state in 14 C was measured in an experiment employing the 9 Be( 6 Li,pγ) fusion-evaporation reaction and the GODDESS setup. The γ decay from the 2$^{+}_{2}$ near-threshold resonance, located 142 keV above the 8176-keV neutron-emission threshold, was also investigated. An upper limit of 4.0 × 10 –5 was established for the γ-decay branching ratio with respect to the neutron-decay channel. The B(E2) transition probabilities for these 2$^{+}_{1}$ and 2$^{+}_{2}$ states were compared to predictions from the Shell Model Embedded in the Continuum (SMEC). Significant modifications of these B(E2) probabilities, with respect to the standard shell model, are expected due to the coupling to the continuum. For calculations using the YSOX interaction, agreement was found for large negative values of V 0 , the coupling constant to the continuum. The central value V 0 = −645 MeV fm 3 results in a retardation by a factor ∼ 3.5 for the 2$^{+}_{1}$ → 0$^{+}_{1}$ transition, and an enhanced probability by a factor ∼ 2.5 for the γ-decay out of the 2$^{+}_{2}$ state. The latter factor reflects the effect of collectivization of the 2$^{+}_{2}$ excitation when the coupling to the continuum is taken into account.

14C↗

Fission-product decay studies with the FRIB Decay Station

The Facility for Rare Isotopes Beams (FRIB) will be the flagship facility in low-energy nuclear physics when it comes online in 2022. This U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science user facility will open up a multitude of new opportunities to study exotic nuclei and will lead to new discoveries in nuclear structure, nuclear astrophysics, fundamental symmetries, and isotopes of importance to nuclear applications. The b-decay properties of neutron-rich isotopes will be measured with the FRIB Decay Station, a sophisticated state-of-the-art modular multi-detector system envisioned to perform b, g, n, and charged-particle spectroscopy. In this feasibility study, we use nuclear decay data collected with the FRIB Decay Station precursor, the Beta-Counting Station, currently used at Michigan State University with a radioactive beam produced at the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory to identify the FRIB Decay Station capabilities for future measurements of neutron-rich exotic nuclei at FRIB to help provide a path forward for future measurements of interest to the lab’s mission.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

A novel photomultiplier tube neutron time-of-flight detector

A traditional neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detector used in inertial confinement fusion consists of a scintillator coupled with a photomultiplier tube (PMT). The instrument response function (IRF) of such a detector is dominated by the scintillator-light decay. At DT neutron yields larger than 1013 a novel detector consisting of a microchannel-plate photomultiplier tube in a housing without a scintillator (PMT nTOF) can be used to measure DT yield, ion temperature, and neutron velocity. Most of the neutron signal in PMT nTOF is produced from neutron interaction with a PMT window. The direct interaction of neutrons with MCP has negligible contribution. The elimination of the scintillator removes the scintillator decay from the instrument response function and makes the IRF of the PMT nTOF faster, which makes the ion temperature and neutron velocity measurements more accurate. Three PMT nTOFs were deployed on the OMEGA Laser System for the first time to diagnose inertial confinement fusion plasma. Here, the design details, characteristics, and calibration results of these detectors in DT implosions on OMEGA are presented. Recommendations on the use of different PMTs for specific applications are provided.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Accretion Onto Magnetic Degenerate Stars

While the original objectives of this research program included the study of radiative processes in cataclysmic variables and the evolution of neutron star magnetic fields, the scope of the reported research expanded to other related topics as this project developed. This final report therefore describes the results of our research in the following areas: 1) Irradiation-driven mass transfer cycles in cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries; 2) Propeller effect and magnetic field decay in isolated old neutron stars; 3) Decay of surface magnetic fields in accreting neutron stars and pulsars; 4) Finite-Difference Hydrodynamic simulations of mass transfer in binary stars.

Frank, Juhan↗

A flavor of SO(10) unification with a spinor Higgs

We investigate Higgs Parity unification — a realization of SO(10) grand unification based on the Higgs Parity mechanism in which the Standard Model (SM) Higgs resides in a spinor representation. The theory has an intermediate left-right symmetric stage where the SU(2)R symmetry breaking scale is fixed by the vanishing of the SM Higgs quartic coupling. The strong CP problem is solved by parity. Gauge coupling unification successfully predicts αs(MZ) to within 1%. The spinor Higgs naturally leads to a seesaw origin for SM flavor observables. We identify a novel mechanism where large mixing of third generation fermions with additional heavy vector-like fermions accounts for the anarchical nature of the PMNS matrix and the lack of hierarchy in the neutrino mass spectrum, relative to the up-quarks. A fit to quark and lepton masses and mixings, with a minimal parameter set, predicts 1) A testable relation between the top quark mass and αs(MZ) which is about (1 – 2)σ from current best fit values, 2) The order of magnitude of the baryon asymmetry of the universe, via leptogenesis from second-generation right-handed neutrino decays. 3) The proton decay and the neutron EDM are likely observable in next generation experiments, and 4) A normal ordered neutrino mass spectrum where 0νββ decay and the mass of the lightest neutrino are out of reach of next generation experiments.

Baryo-and Leptogenesis↗

First observation of the decay of the 13/2 + isomer in 183 Hg and B(M 2) systematics of neutron transitions across the nuclear chart

The decay of the 13/2 + isomeric state in 183 Hg was observed for the first time following the a decay of the 13/2 + isomer in 187 Pb produced in the 142 Nd( 50 Cr, 2p3n) reaction. Using $\alpha - \gamma$ delayed coincidence measurements, the half-life of this isomer was measured to be 290(30) μs. This isomer is proposed to deexcite by an unobserved low-energy M2 transition to the known 9/2 - member of a strongly prolate-deformed 7/2 - [514] band, followed by a 105-keV M1 transition to the bandhead. A lower limit of B(M2) >= 0.018 W.u. was deduced for the unobserved transition. The presumed retardation is proposed to be due to the notable shape change between the initial, nearly spherical, and the final, strongly deformed, states. A similar scenario is also considered for the 13/2 + isomer in 181 Hg, suggesting both are cases of shape isomers. The B(M2) systematics of neutron transitions across the nuclear chart is discussed.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Identification of new transitions and levels in 163 Gd from $β$-decay studies

Background: Neutron-rich nuclei in the mass region around A = 160 have been and will continue to be of interest for the study of nuclear structure because of the rapid onset of deformation between 88 and 90 neutrons. The observation of detailed changes in nuclear structures within this mass region has provided and will continue to provide insight into the nuclear force. Purpose: Investigations of γ rays emitted following Eu 163 β -decay to Gd 163 have been performed for evaluation of the nuclear structure of Gd 163 . Method: Data were collected at the LeRIBSS station of the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory with an array of four Clover HPGe detectors for γ -rays and two plastic scintillators for β detection. The γ rays were identified as belonging to Gd 163 via mass selection and γ – γ – β , x-ray- γ , or γ – γ coincidences. Results: In total 107 new γ -ray transitions were observed in Gd 163 from 53 newly identified levels. Conclusions: We report the structure of Gd 163 has been identified for the first time. This structure has been evaluated in comparison to projected shell model, and potential energy surface calculations with good agreement.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Time extended production of neutrons during a solar flare

The most energetic neutral emissions expected from solar flares are gamma rays (10 MeV) from relativistic primary and secondary electron bremsstrahlung,from approx 0 meson decay, and from neutrons ( 50 MeV). Bremsstrahlung photon energies extend to that of the highest energy electron present, but the shape of the pi sup 0 gamma ray spectrum, peaking at 69 MeV, does not depend strongly on the proton spectrum above threshold, which is approx. 292 MeV for meson production on protons. The highest energy neutrons observed indicate directly the highest energy ions which interact at the Sun, and the presence or absence of anergy cutoff in the acceleration process. The high-energy proton spectrum shape can be determined from the neutron spectrum.

Chupp, E. L.↗

Angular Momentum Removal by Neutron and γ-Ray Emissions during Fission Fragment Decays

In this work, we investigate the angular momentum removal from fission fragments (FFs) through neutron and γ-ray emission, finding that about half the neutrons are emitted with angular momenta ≥ 1.5 ℏ and that the change in angular momentum after the emission of neutrons and statistical γ rays is significant, contradicting usual assumptions. Per fission event, in our simulations, the neutron and statistical γ-ray emissions change the spin of the fragment by 3.5 – 5 ℏ , with a large standard deviation comparable to the average value. Such wide angular momentum removal distributions can hide any underlying correlations in the fission fragment initial spin values. Within our model, we reproduce data on spin measurements from discrete transitions after neutron emissions, especially in the case of light FFs. The agreement further improves for the heavy fragments if one removes from the analysis the events that would produce isomeric states. Finally, we show that while in our model the initial FF spins do not follow a sawtoothlike behavior observed in recent measurements, the average FF spin computed after neutron and statistical γ emissions exhibits a shape that resembles a sawtooth. This suggests that the average FF spin measured after statistical emissions is not necessarily connected with the scission mechanism as previously implied.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Quantum processes in strong magnetic fields

Quantum-mechanical processes that occur in a piece of matter embedded in a magnetic field with a strength of the order of 10 to the 13th power G are described which either are entirely due to the presence of the field or become modified because of it. The conversion of rotational energy into electromagnetic energy in pulsars is analyzed as a mechanism for producing such a field, and it is shown that a strong magnetic field is not sufficient for quantum effects to play a significant role; in addition, the density must be adjusted to be as low as possible. The pressure and energy density of a free electron gas in a uniform magnetic field are evaluated, neutron beta-decay in the presence of a strong field is examined, and the effect of such a field on neutrino reactions is discussed. The thermal history of a neutron star is studied, and it is concluded that a strong magnetic field helps to increase the cooling rate of the star by producing new channels through which neutrinos can carry away energy.

Canuto, V.↗

Relativistic hadrons and the origin of relativistic outflows in active galactic nuclei

We examine the hydrodynamic origin of relativistic outflows in active galactic nuclei (AGN). Specifically, we propose that the presence of a population of relativistic hadrons in the AGN 'central engine' and the associated neutron production suffices to produce outflows which under rather general conditions could be relativistic. The main such condition is that the size of the neutron production region be larger than the neutron flight path tau(sub n) approximately 3 x 10(exp 13) cm. This condition guarantees that the mean energy per particle in the proton fluid, resulting from the decay of the neutrons outside their production region, be greater than the proton rest mass. The expansion of this fluid can then lead naturally to a relativistic outflow by conversion of its internal energy to directed motion. We follow the development of such flows by solving the mass, energy as well as the kinetic equation for the proton gas in steady state, taking into account the source terms due to compute accurately the adiabatic index of the expanding gas, and in conjunction with Bernoulli's equation the detailed evolution of the bulk Lorentz factor. We further examine the role of large-scale magnetic fields in confining these outflows to produce the jets observed at larger scales.

Contopoulos, John↗

Properties of the 256 Db decay chain

Experiments were performed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's 88-Inch Cyclotron Facility to study the decays of neutron-deficient dubnium isotopes. These isotopes were produced in the 206 Pb( 51 V, xn) 255,256 Db reaction, and excitation functions were measured. This article reports on the observed properties of the 256 Db decay chain. The produced 256 Db nuclei were separated from unreacted-beam material and reaction byproducts with the Berkeley Gas-filled Separator (BGS) before being implanted into a double-sided silicon strip detector at the BGS focal plane. Decay properties of 256 Db and its daughters were then extracted from the analysis of correlations between implanted Db nuclei with α decay chains and spontaneous fission (SF) events. In total, 86 decay chains and 38 SF events were observed, giving increased statistics as compared to previous studies. In conclusion, improved decay data are presented for 256 Db and its daughter isotopes 252 Lr, 252 No, 248 Md, 248 Fm, 244 Es, and 244 Cf.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Nucleon–nucleon correlations in the extreme oxygen isotopes

There has been an upsurge of interest in two-nucleon decays thanks to the studies of nucleon–nucleon correlations. In our previous work (2021 Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 142501), based on a novel time-dependent three-body approach, we demonstrated that the energy and angular correlations of the emitted nucleons can shed light on the structure of nucleonic pairs formed inside the nucleus. In this work, we apply the new framework to study the decay dynamics and properties of some extreme proton-rich and neutron-rich oxygen isotopes, including two-proton (2p) decays of 11,12 O and two-neutron (2n) decay of 26 O. Here we show that the low- ℓ components of 11,12 O wave functions, which are affected by continuum and configuration-interaction effects, strongly impact decay dynamics and asymptotic correlations. In the calculated wave functions of 11,12 O, diproton and cigarlike structures merge together during the tunneling process and the resulting energy and angular correlations are very consistent with the experimental data. The asymptotic correlations of the 2n decay of 26 O dramatically change as the 2n decay energy approaches the zero-energy threshold. The small reported value of Q 2n suggests that the 2n decay of this nucleus can be understood in terms of the universal phase-space limit.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Determination of the spins and parities for the 0$^{+}_{4}$ and 0$^{+}_{5}$ states in 100 Zr

Here, two 0 + states at 1294.5 and 1774.0 keV, together with three 2 + and one 4 + levels, were identified or unambiguously spin-parity assigned for the first time in 100 Zr utilizing γ-ray spectroscopy and γ–γ angular correlation techniques with the Gammasphere spectrometer, following the β – decay of neutron-rich, mass-separated 100,100m Y isotopes. Comparisons with recent Monte Carlo shell-model calculations indicate that these two states are candidates for the bandhead of a sequence in a shape-coexisting spherical minimum predicted to be located around ≈1500 keV. According to the measured relative B(E2) relative transition probabilities, the 0$^+_5$ state exhibits decay properties which more closely align with those predicted for a spherical shape, while the 0$^+_4$ level is suggested to be associated with a weakly deformed shape similar to one related to the 0$^+_2$ state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Determination of the spins and parities for the $0^+_4$ and $0^+_5$ states in $^{100}Zr$

Two 0 + states at 1294.5 and 1774.0 keV, together with three 2 + and one 4 + levels, were identified or unambiguously spin-parity assigned for the first time in 100 Zr utilizing γ-ray spectroscopy and γ-γ angular correlation techniques with the Gammasphere spectrometer, following the β - decay of neutron-rich, mass separated 100,100m Y isotopes. Comparisons with recent Monte Carlo Shell-Model (MCSM) calculations indicate that these two states are candidates for the bandhead of a sequence in a shape-coexisting spherical minimum predicted to be located around ≈1500 keV. According to the measured relative B(E2) relative transition probabilities, the 0+ 5 state exhibits decay properties which more closely align with those predicted for a spherical shape, while the $0^+_4$ level is suggested to be associated with a weakly-deformed shape similar to one related to the $0^+_2$ state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Determination of the spins and parities for the $0$$^{+}_{4}$ and $0$$^{+}_{5}$ states in 100 Zr

Two 0 + states at 1294.5 and 1774.0 keV, together with three 2 + and one 4 + levels, were identified or unambiguously spin-parity assigned for the first time in 100 Zr utilizing γ-ray spectroscopy and γ-γ angular correlation techniques with the Gammasphere spectrometer, following the β¯ decay of neutron-rich, mass separated 100,100m Y isotopes. Comparisons with recent Monte Carlo Shell-Model (MCSM) calculations indicate that these two states are candidates for the bandhead of a sequence in a shape-coexisting spherical minimum predicted to be located around ≈1500 keV. According to the measured relative B(E2) relative transition probabilities, the $0$$^{+}_{5}$ state exhibits decay properties which more closely align with those predicted for a spherical shape, while the $0$$^{+}_{4}$ level is suggested to be associated with a weakly-deformed shape similar to one related to the $0$$^{+}_{2}$ state.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Production of Very Light Elements and Strontium in the Early Ejecta of Neutron Star Mergers

Abstract We study the production of very light elements ( Z < 20) in the dynamical and spiral-wave wind ejecta of binary neutron star mergers by combining detailed nucleosynthesis calculations with the outcome of numerical relativity merger simulations. All our models are targeted to GW170817 and include neutrino radiation. We explore different finite-temperature, composition-dependent nuclear equations of state, and binary mass ratios, and find that hydrogen and helium are the most abundant light elements. For both elements, the decay of free neutrons is the driving nuclear reaction. In particular, ∼0.5–2 × 10 −6 M ⊙ of hydrogen are produced in the fast expanding tail of the dynamical ejecta, while ∼1.5–11 × 10 −6 M ⊙ of helium are synthesized in the bulk of the dynamical ejecta, usually in association with heavy r -process elements. By computing synthetic spectra, we find that the possibility of detecting hydrogen and helium features in kilonova spectra is very unlikely for fiducial masses and luminosities, even when including nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium effects. The latter could be crucial to observe helium lines a few days after merger for faint kilonovae or for luminous kilonovae ejecting large masses of helium. Finally, we compute the amount of strontium synthesized in the dynamical and spiral-wave wind ejecta, and find that it is consistent with (or even larger than, in the case of a long-lived remnant) the one required to explain early spectral features in the kilonova of GW170817.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Excited states in semi-magic 82 Ge populated in the βn-decay of 83 Ga

For this work, the βn and β-decay of the neutron-rich 83 Ga isotopes produced in proton-induced fission of 238 U were studied at the Holifield Radioactive Ion Beam Facility (HRIBF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory using on-line mass separation and the hybrid-3Hen neutron-γ detector array. Excited states in semi-magic 82 Ge populated in βn decay of 83 Ga were identified using neutron-γ coincidences. The measured relative population of excited states in 82 Ge is compared with a βn emission model, where the neutron emission model combines the strength distribution obtained from the shell-model calculations with the statistical Hauser-Feshbach model.

3HEN↗