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At least 235 records · Page 13
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NASA NTRS1985

Nitric oxide profile from 7 to 32 km

An analysis is given of some results of the LIMS experiment, launched on the Nimbus 7 satellite on October 24, 1978 for the purpose of sounding the middle atmosphere composition and structure. One of the LIMS channels was centered spectrally in the 6 micron region to measure vertical profiles and the global distribution of NO2 mixing ratio. The data reveal that NO2 is highly variable with altitude, latitude, longitude and time. Steep latitudinal gradients are observed in high latitude winter ('the NO2 cliff') when a wave number one pattern exists in the geopotential height field. The daytime gradient under these conditions is less than that for the night. The summer hemisphere column amount is considerably greater (by a factor of about 2) than in the winter hemisphere. The largest mixing ratios occur at 4 mb at night (about 20 ppbv) and 9 mb in the day (about 7 ppbv) and the latitude region of the peak mixing ratio is skewed toward the Southern Hemisphere. The mixing ratio variability is greater at night (by a factor of about 2 to 3) than in the day and there are significant long-term changes revealed by mixing ratio time series analyses on a pressure vs time grid.

Matthews, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Field test to intercompare carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and hydroxyl instrumentation at Wallops Island, Virginia

Documentation of the first of three instrument intercomparisons conducted as part of NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE-1) is given. This ground-based intercomparison was conducted during July 1983 at NASA Wallops Flight Facility. Instruments intercompared included one laser system and three grab-sample approaches for CO; two chemiluminescent systems and one laser-induced fluorescent (LIF) technique for NO; and two different LIF systems and a radiochemical tracer technique for OH. The major objectives of this intercomparison was to intercompare ambient measurements of CO, NO, and OH at a common site by using techniques of fundamentally different detection principles and to identify any major biases among the techniques prior to intercomparison on an aircraft platform. Included in the report are comprehensive discussions of workshop requirements, philosophies, and operations as well as intercomparison analyses and results. In addition, the large body of nonintercomparison data incorporated into the workshop measurements is summarized. The report is an important source document for those interested in conducting similar large and complex intercomparison tests as well as those interested in using the data base for purposes other than instrument intercomparison.

Gregory, Gerald L.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Simultaneous field measurements of biogenic emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide

Seasonal and diurnal emissions of NO and N2O from agricultural sites in Jamestown, Virginia and Boulder, Colorado are estimated in terms of soil temperature; percent moisture; and exchangeable nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium concentrations. The techniques and procedures used to analyze the soil parameters are described. The spatial and temporal variability of the NO and N2O emissions is studied. A correlation between NO fluxes in the Virginia sample and nitrate concentration, temperature, and percent moisture is detected, and NO fluxes for the Colorado site correspond with temperature and moisture. It is observed that the N2O emissions are only present when percent moisture approaches or exceeds the field capacity of the soil. The data suggest that NO is produced primarily by nitrification in aerobic soils, and N2O is formed by denitrification in anaerobic soils.

Anderson, Iris Cofman↗
NASA NTRS1987

Operational overview of NASA GTE/CITE 1 airborne instrument intercomparisons - Carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl instrumentation

An overview of the airborne intercomparisons of CO, NO, and OH instrumentation is presented in this first paper of the series on the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment/Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE 1). This paper provides the reader with background information about several important characteristics of the project. These include the overall objectives and approach, the measurements taken, the intercomparison protocol, aircraft platform, profiles of each aircraft flight, and the participants. A synopsis of the overall results of the CO, NO, and OH instrument intercomparisons is also included. Companion papers discuss the detailed results of the CO and NO intercomparison tests as well as pertinent scientific findings.

Beck, Sherwin M.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Measurements of nitric oxide in the boundary layer and free troposphere over the Pacific Ocean

Measurements of NO and O3 are presented from 13 aircraft flights made over the Pacific Ocean in the autumn of 1983 during one phase of the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment. All of the flights were made between 15 deg and 42 deg N and from the coast of California to west of the Hawaiian Islands. Within the upper marine boundary layer the median daytime mixing ratio of NO was near 1 part per trillion by volume (pptv). Values of NO less than 10 pptv were often observed up to altitudes near 6 km. Thus for the location and season of the measurements, a net photochemical destruction of O3 would be anticipated for the boundary layer region and to altitudes of 2-3 km. At higher altitudes of 7-11 km in the free troposphere, larger mixing ratios and greater variability were usually observed for NO. Both features are consistent with observed examples of injection of NO and O3 from the lower stratosphere and with the injection of NO from towering, electrically active, cumulonimbus clouds.

Ridley, B. A.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Diurnal variation of nitric oxide at 32 km - Measurements and interpretation

Balloon observations of NO and ozone near sunset and sunrise around 32 km were made on September 19 and October 4, 1985 from Aire sur l'Adour, France. The NO concentration built up rapidly after sunrise, remained fairly steady during the day, and decreased slowly near sunset. This variation is interpreted quantitatively in terms of current photochemistry in relation to ozone.

Kondo, Yutaka↗
NASA NTRS1989

Measurements of nitric oxide in the stratosphere at 44 N in autumn

Precision of the chemiluminescent instrument for balloon-borne NO measurement was improved by precise determinations of the flow rates of the sample air and the calibration NO in N2 gas. Based on the new calibration of these values, NO mixing ratio in the stratosphere was reanalyzed. The revision of the NO data does not at all alter the form of the diurnal variation. The average of the four NO profiles between 15 and 32 km obtained at 44 N in autumn is given.

Kondo, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Climatology of nitric oxide in the upper stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere - 1979 through 1986

The contents of NO in the upper stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere were determined as a function of time and latitude, using spectral scan data for 1979 through 1986 from the solar backscattered UV instrument on Nimbus 7. In that period, the integrated column amount of NO near the equator decreased from 6.4 x 10 to the 14th molecules/sq cm to 3.3 x 10 to the 14th molecules/sq cm. The time dependence of the decrease in NO correlated with solar activity, following the decline in solar activity from a solar maximum in 1979 to solar minimum in 1985-86. At middle and high latitudes, on the other hand, the NO concentration was found to be maximal in 1982-1983, a few years after the solar cycle maximum, and declined thereafter.

Mcpeters, R. D.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Nitric Oxide Enhances Charge-Coupled Device

Simple treatment increases and stabilizes quantum efficiency of charge-coupled-device photodetector illuminated on back surface at wavelengths less than 4,500 Angstrom. Must be biased in strong accumulation mode. Physical principle of enhancement explained more fully in "Metal Film Increases CCD Output" (NPO-16815). Useful for imaging at wavelengths from ultraviolet to blue; for example, in astronomical observations.

Hecht, Michael H.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Measurements of nitric oxide and total reactive nitrogen in the Antarctic stratosphere - Observations and chemical implications

Results are presented on measurements of NO and the sum of reactive nitrogen species, NO(y), which include NO, NO2, NO3, N2O5, HNO3, and ClONO2 (in addition to ClO, O3, H2O, and N2O measurements), obtained aboard the NASA ER-2 aircraft flying over the Antarctica between the latitudes of 53 and 72 deg S during the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment. The boundary of the chemically perturbed region (CPR), as indicated by a sharp increase in the level of ClO, occurred near 66 deg S; outside or equatorward of the CPR, the NO(y) mixing ratios ranged between 6 and 12 ppbv, with values decreasing poleward and reaching total NO(y) levels of 4 ppbv or less within 5-deg poleward of the boundary. Data presented in this paper clearly associate the Antarctic ozone decrease with perturbed conditions of ClO, NO(y), and H2O, which are in turn associated with processes defined as nonstandard heterogeneous chemistry, denitrification, and dehydration, respectively.

Fahey, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Profiles of nitric oxide in the upper stratosphere

Results are presented from NO measurements obtained with a chemiluminescent NO detector and an in situ ozone instrument aboard high altitude balloons launched at Air sur L'Adour and Gap, France. NO profiles were obtained between 35 and 40 km in the late morning of September 17, 1987 and the early afternoon of June 18, 1988. The average NO concentration was 9 ppbv at 35 km, increasing with altitude to 11.5 ppbv at 40 km. The difference in the temperature profile significantly contributes to the observed change in the NO concentration.

Kondo, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The response of the thermospheric nitric oxide to an auroral storm. I - Low and middle latitudes

The response of low- and mid-latitude NO to the September 19, 1984 magnetic storm is studied. In particular, the effect of variations in the temperature and composition of the lower thermosphere on NO is investigated. Much of the observed NO response is adequately explained by including these variations in a photochemical model. In particular, Joule heating at auroral latitudes can cause temperature enhancements at nonauroral latitudes, which in turn can lead directly to an increase in the NO. The NO is most directly sensitive to heating at altitude above 120 km. Below 120 km, NO increased through downward diffusion from above. Sensitivity studies were performed to investigate the effect that uncertainties in the NO chemical scheme and in the state of the neutral atmosphere can have on the comparison of the model to the data. It is shown that the best fit to the midlatitude American orbit data is for O/O2 ratio twice that in the original TGCM simulation and for an N(2D) quenching value of 5 x 10 to the -13th.

Siskind, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1989

The response of thermospheric nitric oxide to an auroral storm. II - Auroral latitudes

NOAA 6 and 7 particle measurements are used, in conjunction with a statistical model of the auroral particle precipitation, to study the response of auroral NO to the auroral storm of September 19, 1984. The results of a time-dependent photochemical calculation show that particle precipitation can more effectively produce NO than can Joule heating, in contrast to nonauroral latitudes where heating is important. Both the model and the NO data show NO increases as a result of the storm; however, the absolute magnitude of the NO in the model, as well as the amplitude of the increase, significantly exceeded what was observed. Two possible explanations for the this discrepancy are proposed.

Siskind, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Nitric oxide measurements in the Arctic winter stratosphere

Measurements of NO from five flights of the NASA ER-2 aircraft during the Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition are presented. The NO values and vertical gradient near 60 deg N latitude are similar to previous measurements near 50 deg N in winter (Ridley et al., 1984, 1987). The NO latitudinal gradient is distinctly negative outside of the polar vortex, approaching zero at the boundary of the vortex, and remaining below the 20 pptv detection limit inside the vortex. Steady state NO2 and NO(x) (NO + NO2) are calculated from measured NO, O3, and ClO, and modeled photodissociation rates. NO(x) outside the vortex shows a negative dependence on latitude and solar zenith angle. Low NO(x) and NO(x)/NO(y), inside and near the vortex boundary may be indications of heterogeneous removal of ClONO2 and N2O5.

Fahey, D. W.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Nonintrusive nitric oxide density measurements in the effluent of core-heated airstreams

Transmittance measurements using an NO resonance source are reported for an expanded arc-heated flow. The data are used to deduce NO concentrations, which range from 0.17 to 1.9 percent by volume for facility operating conditions with nozzle exit static temperatures from 87 to 320 K. Absorption measurements in the (0,1) band, not attributable to a flow at thermal equilibrium, are used to calculate nonequilibrium vibrational temperatures ranging from 533 to 919 K. The data are in good agreement with the vibrational-temperature predictions of a one-dimensional relaxation code, within the uncertainties of calculations and measured transmittance.

Howard, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1990

An intercomparison of airborne nitric oxide measurements - A second opportunity

Results are reported from a comparison of three tropospheric NO measurement instruments during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation 2 (CITE 2) in summer 1986. The instruments tested were those used in CITE 1 (Hoell et al., 1987): a two-photon LIF system and two chemiluminescence systems. It is found that the mixing ratios obtained with the three systems agreed to within 15-20 parts per trillion volume (pptv) for sampling perods of 1-6 min at mixing ratios less than 20 pptv; the average difference between pairs of measurements was 5-7 pptv, which is considered to be the uncertainty in state-of-the-art ambient NO measurements.

Gregory, Gerald L.↗
NASA NTRS1990

Emission of nitric oxide (NO) from tropical forest soils and exchange of NO between the forest canopy and atmospheric boundary layers

Emissions of NO from soils in the Amazon rain forest were measured at 66 locations using an enclosure technique, and continuous vertical profiles of NO and O3 were measured between the ground and 41-m altitude. Fluxes of NO averaged 8.9 (+ or - 1.5) x 10 to the 9th molecules/sq cm per sec from the dominant (yellow clay) soils of the region, with larger fluxes observed from adjacent white sand soils. Fluxes from clay soils were lower by more than a factor of 5 than fluxes observed during the dry season at a nearby site. Low soil emission rates were reflected in lower concentrations of NO at the top of the forest canopy in the wet season, only 30-50 parts per trillion by volume during the daytime. The measured fluxes are consistent with chemical mass balances for NO within the forest canopy, calculated from the NO and O3 profiles taken at night, and with observations of NO between 150 and 5000 m altitude. Measurements of NO emission rates from soil plots fertilized using NaNO3, NH4Cl, or sucrose indicated that a reductive pathway (denitrification) may have been primarily responsible for production of the NO released by both clay and sand soils.

Bakwin, Peter S.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Soil emissions of nitric oxide in a seasonally dry tropical forest of Mexico

Soil emissions of NO were measured at the Chamela Biological Station, Mexico, using soil covers and a field apparatus of NO detection based on CrO3 conversion of NO to NO2 and detection of NO2 by chemiluminescence with Luminol. Mean NO fluxes from forest soils ranged from 0.14 to 0.52 ng NO-N/sq cm/hr during the dry season and from 0.73 to 1.27 ng NO-N/sq cm/hr during the wet season. A fertilized floodplain pasture exhibited higher fluxes, but an unfertilized upland pasture, which represents the fastest growing land use in the region, had flux rates similar to the forest sites. Wetting experiments at the end of the dry season caused large pulses of NO flux, equaling 10 percent to 20 percent of the estimated annual NO emissions of 0.5-1.0 kg N/ha from the forest sites. Absence of a forest canopy during the dry season and the first wet season rain probably results in substantial NO(x) export from the forest system that may be important to regional atmospheric chemical processes. Wetting experiments during the wet season and a natural rain event had little or no stimulatory effect on NO flux rates.

Davidson, Eric A.↗