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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13

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NASA NTRS1981

Simulator evaluation of separation of display parameters in path-following tasks

A five degree of freedom, fixed base simulation changing the location of the displays for bank angle, pitch angle, heading angle, and the vertical and lateral displacement from an instrument landing system path was studied. It is shown that the accuracy of the lateral path following and the pilot aircraft system dynamic characteristics deteriorate when bank angle is displayed separated from the other attitudes. It is found that best results are obtained when bank, heading, and pitch angles are displayed together and vertical and lateral displacements are displayed at another location in the display.

Sarma, G. R.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Flight-test verification of a pictorial display for general aviation instrument approach

Results of flight tests of the pictorial "follow me" box display results of the simulator study. The most important item of agreement was the frequency of the vertical and lateral models of motion of the pilot-aircraft-display system, which was 0.4 rad/sec in each study. Successful short, curved, descending approaches, such as are often suggested for use with microwave landing systems, can be executed with the "follow me" box display. Variations of the value of distance from the aircraft to the box were also examined using values of 736 m, 368 m, and 184 m. The results show that successful approaches can be made with all of these values. A sharper final turn and greater precision of position control are obtained with the shorter distance. Deletion of distance measuring equipment from the system was also studies. It was shown that successful approaches can be made with no distance measures included in the system, but the values of distance from the aircraft to the box that can be used are restricted.

Adams, J. J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Display research: Pilot response with the ""follow-me'' box display

A study of display configurations and their effect on pilot-aircraft system response was undertaken. An examination of conventional displays was done to provide a set of data that can be used for comparison with advanced displays. An examination of an advanced display design that includes the use of a digital computer and a cathode ray tube to provide a drawing of a three dimensional box is done. The results show the improvement in system performance that can be obtained with the advanced display. Studies were conducted using the General Aviation Simulator, but verification of the results with the advanced display was also obtained from flight tests.

Adams, J. J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Model-based estimation and prediction of task-imposed mental workload

Mental workload has been an area of intensive research for better than a decade. One specific area of interest in aircrew related workload research is concerned with the development of quantitative indices of workload in aircraft piloting tasks. This paper presents a model-based approach for quantifying mental workload in operational terms. The suggested modeling framework is based on an interpreted Petri net characterization of a task in which 'places' are equated to specific task-related activities and 'transitions' are viewed as internal or external forcing events. It is shown that within this framework quantitative assessments can be made of both cumulative and instantaneous workload associated with the performance of a task and its individual component subtasks. It is suggested that insights gained from analyzing task-specific workload within this modeling paradigm can suggest plausible explanations for reconciling discrepancies between subjectively elicited workload estimates and behavioral/performance measures.

Madni, A. M.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Peripheral vision displays: The future

Several areas of research relating to peripheral vision displays used by aircraft pilots are outlined: fiber optics, display color, and holography. Various capacities and specifications of gas and solid state lasers are enumerated. These lasers are potential sources of green light for the peripheral vision displays. The relative radiance required for rod and cone vision at different wavelengths is presented graphically. Calculated and measured retinal sensitivities (foveal and peripheral) are given for wavelength produced by various lasers.

Assenhein, H. M.↗

NASA NTRS1986

A time-based concept for terminal-area traffic management

An automated air-traffic-management concept that has the potential for significantly increasing the efficiency of traffic flows in high-density terminal areas is discussed. The concept's implementation depends on techniques for controlling the landing time of all aircraft entering the terminal area, both those that are equipped with on-board four-dimensional (4D) guidance systems as well as those aircraft types that are conventionally equipped. The two major ground-based elements of the system are a scheduler which assigns conflict-free landing times and a profile descent advisor. Landing time provided by the scheduler is uplinked to equipped aircraft and translated into the appropriate 4D trajectory by the-board flight-management system. The controller issues descent advisories to unequipped aircraft to help them achieve the assigned landing times. Air traffic control simulations have established that the concept provides an efficient method for controlling various mixes of 4D-equipped and unequipped, as well as low- and high-performance, aircraft. Piloted simulations of profiles flown with the aid of advisories have verified the ability to meet specified descent times with prescribed accuracy.

Erzberger, Heinz↗

NASA NTRS1988

OMV man/system simulation integration: A preliminary analysis and recommendation

The Orbital Maneuvering Vehicle (OMV) presents a series of challenges to the human operator. Some are unique to the OMV system itself, and are largely due to remote control versus control from the cockpit. Other challenges are not necessarily unique to the OMV, but are characteristic of many man-machine space flight systems. All of these challenges affect the operator's ability to perform his portion of the mission, and could lead to human error which might jeopardize the vehicle, mission, or both. It is imperative to make every effort to design the control and displays to facilitate the operator's task. The experimental program should address the perceptual, mediational, and motor dimensions of operator performance. With this in mind, a literature review with relevant design considerations was initiated, and a comprehensive outline of control/display parameters were developed. Out of this, a series of questions not answered in the literature was derived which can be converted into experimental protocols for the simulation program. A major task of the aircraft pilot as well as the OMV operator is prediction. Certain display principles have proved to enhance the pilot's ability to predict. A brief examination of some of these principles in relationship to OMV may be useful.

Rogers, Jon G.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Event-related brain potentials as indices of mental workload and attentional allocation

Over the past decade considerable strides were made in explicating the antecedant conditions necessary for the elicitation, and the modulation of the amplitude and latency, of a number of components of the event-related brain potential (ERP). The focus of this report is on P300. The degree to which the psychophysiological measures contribute to issues in two real-world domains (communication devices for the motor impaired and the assessment of mental workload of aircraft pilots) are examined.

Arthur F Krainer↗

NASA NTRS1990

Visualization of three dimensional data

The objective of research is to characterize patterns of errors observers make when relating the judged exocentric direction of a target presented on a perspective display to their egocentric sense of visual direction. This type of spatial task is commonly faced by operators of telerobotic systems when using a map-like display of their workspace to determine the visual location and orientation of objects seen by direct view. It is also essentially the same task as faced by an aircraft pilot using a cockpit perspective traffic display of his surrounding airspace to locate traffic out his windows. The results of the current study clearly show that the visual direction is a significantly biased metric of virtual space presented by flat panel perspective displays. Modeling and explanation of the causes of the observed biases will allow design of compensated perspective displays.

Ellis, Stephen R.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Managerial leadership assessment - Personality correlates of and sex differences in ratings by leaders, peers, and followers

A performance appraisal was conducted at a Fortune 500 airline. Evaluations of each manager were taken from his or her management, peers and subordinates. These ratings were related to personality clusters revealing patterns for males similar to those found between personality and performance in pilot populations. A case is made that piloting aircraft requires similar skills to managing other complex enterprises and that similar profiles predict success in each.

Gibson, Robert H.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Propagation effects for land mobile satellite systems: Overview of experimental and modeling results

Models developed and experiments performed to characterize the propagation environment associated with land mobile communication using satellites are discussed. Experiments were carried out with transmitters on stratospheric balloons, remotely piloted aircraft, helicopters, and geostationary satellites. This text is comprised of compiled experimental results for the expressed use of communications engineers, designers of planned Land Mobile Satellite Systems (LMSS), and modelers of propagation effects. The results presented here are mostly derived from systematic studies of propagation effects for LMSS geometries in the United States associated with rural and suburban regions. Where applicable, the authors also draw liberally from the results of other related investigations in Canada, Europe, and Australia. Frequencies near 1500 MHz are emphasized to coincide with frequency bands allocated for LMSS by the International Telecommunication Union, although earlier experimental work at 870 MHz is also included.

Goldhirsh, Julius↗

NASA NTRS1990

An overview of results derived from mobile-satellite propagation experiments

During the period 1983-1988, a series of Land Mobile Satellite Service (LMSS) propagation experiments were performed. These experiments were implemented with transmitters on stratospheric balloons, remotely piloted aircraft, helicopters, and geostationary satellites. The earlier experiments were performed at UHF (870 mega-Hz) and the latter at both L band (1.5 giga-Hz) and UHF. The general objective of the above tests was to assess the impairment to propagation caused by trees and terrain for predominantly suburban and rural regions where cellular communication services are impractical. This paper presents an overview of the results derived from the above experiments.

Goldhirsh, Julius↗

NASA NTRS1993

Light-Flash Wind-Direction Indicator

Proposed wind-direction indicator read easily by distant observers. Indicator emits bright flashes of light separated by interval of time proportional to angle between true north and direction from which wind blowing. Timing of flashes indicates direction of wind. Flashes, from high-intensity stroboscopic lights seen by viewers at distances up to 5 miles or more. Also seen more easily through rain and fog. Indicator self-contained, requiring no connections to other equipment. Power demand satisfied by battery or solar power or both. Set up quickly to provide local surface-wind data for aircraft pilots during landing or hovering, for safety officers establishing hazard zones and safety corridors during handling of toxic materials, for foresters and firefighters conducting controlled burns, and for real-time wind observations during any of variety of wind-sensitive operations.

Zysko, Jan A.↗

NASA NTRS1993

System design projects for undergraduate design education

Design education has received considerable in the recent past. This paper is intended to address one aspect of undergraduate design education and that is the selection and development of the design project for a capstone design course. Specific goals for a capstone design course are presented and their influence on the project selection are discussed. The evolution of a series of projects based upon the design of remotely piloted aircraft is presented along with students' perspective on the capstone experience.

Batill, S. M.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Human factor implications of the Eurocopter AS332L-1 Super Puma cockpit

The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe some of the human factor problems which can occur in the cockpit of a modern civilian helicopter. After examining specific hardware and software problems in the cockpit design of the Eurocopter (Aerospatiale) AS332L-1 Super Puma, the author proposes several principles that can be used to avoid similar human factors problems in the design of future cockpits. These principles relate to the use and function of warning lights, the design of autopilots in two-pilot aircraft, and the labeling of switches and warning lights, specifically with respect to abbreviations and translations from languages other than English. In the final section of the paper, the author describes current trends in society which he suggests should be taken into consideration when designing future aircraft cockpits.

Padfield, R. Randall↗

NASA NTRS1985

Human Factor Studies

This video tape looks at research done in the Manned Vehicle Systems Research Facility at ARC to investigate issues related to aircraft pilot and crew performance.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1993

Cloud boundaries during FIRE 2

To our knowledge, previous observations of cloud boundaries have been limited to studies of cloud bases with ceilometers, cloud tops with satellites, and intermittent reports by aircraft pilots. Comprehensive studies that simultaneously record information of cloud top and cloud base, especially in multiple layer cases, have been difficult, and require the use of active remote sensors with range-gated information. In this study, we examined a 4-week period during which the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory (WPL) 8-mm radar and the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) 3-mm radar operated quasi-continuously, side by side. By quasi-continuously, we mean that both radars operated during all periods when cloud was present, during both daytime and nighttime hours. Using this data, we develop a summary of cloud boundaries for the month of November for a single location in the mid-continental United States.

Uttal, Taneil↗

NASA NTRS1994

Turbulent transport and production/destruction of ozone in a boundary layer over complex terrain

The first Intensive Observation Period (IOP) of the Swiss air pollution experiment POLLUMET took place in 1990 in the Aare River Valley between Bern and Zurich. During the IOP, fast response measurements of meteorological variables and ozone concentration were made within the boundary layer aboard a motorglider. In addition, mean values of meteorological variables and the concentrations of ozone and other trace species were measured using other aircraft, pilot balloons, tethersondes, and ground stations. Turbulent flux profiles of latent and sensible heat and ozone are calculated from the fast response data. Terms in the ozone mean concentration budget (time rate of change of mean concentration, horizontal advection, and flux divergence) are calculated for stationary time periods both before and after the passage of a cold front. The source/sink term is calculated as a residual in the budget, and its sign and magnitude are related to the measured concentrations of reactive trace species within the boundary layer. Relationships between concentration ratios of trace species and ozone concentration are determined in order to understand the influence of complex terrain on the processes that produce and destroy ozone.

Greenhut, Gary K.↗