Response of a cylindrical shell to internal blast loading.
Dynamic transient response of cylindrical shell to internal pressure pulse generated by blast wave
DYNAMIC RESPONSE↗
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Electrostrictive limit and focusing effects in pulsed photoacoustic detection
We give an analytical solution in the time and frequency domain for the cylindrical pressure wave generated by a laser pulse traveling in a liquid, which is valid over a wide range of laser beam dimensions and pulse durations. This leads to a simple prediction of the ultimate limitation set by the electrostrictive coupling and an easy analysis of the focusing effects on the photoacoustic signal. Two separate detection schemes were considered and show different behavior.
Heritier, J.-M.↗
Dynamical response to pulse excitations in large space structures
Finite dimensional approximations of large space structures as distributed parameter systems may lead to a loss of contribution of high frequencies to the dynamic response in case of impulsive or concentrated loads. It is shown that the unmodeled part of this response can be represented by a system of thin pulses which propagate as characteristic waves. It is demonstrated that the dynamical response to such a system of pulses can be modeled by a system of equations with delay argument. Fundamental dynamical properties of this system such as Liapunov stability, structural stability, loss of periodicity and transition to ergodicity are analyzed in this study. The results are illustrated by examples.
Zak, Michail↗
Thermal diffusivity of diamond films using a laser pulse technique
Polycrystalline diamond films were deposited using a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. A laser pulse technique was developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of diamond films deposited on a silicon substrate. The effective thermal diffusivity of a diamond film on silicon was measured by observing the phase and amplitude of the cyclic thermal waves generated by laser pulses. An analytical model is presented to calculate the effective in-plane (face-parallel) diffusivity of a two-layer system. The model is used to reduce the effective thermal diffusivity of the diamonds/silicon sample to a value for the thermal diffusivity and conductivity of the diamond film. The average effective diffusivity values are 1.47 + or - 0.03 and 1.83 + or - 0.10 yielding thermal diffusivity values of 7.46 + or - 0.90 and 7.33 + or - 0.70 sq cm/s respectively, for the two samples; the calculated thermal con ductivity values are 13.50 and 13.28 W/cmK, which are better than that of type 1a natural diamond. The phase and amplitude measurements give similar results.
Albin, Sacharia↗
Elastic moduli of precompressed pyrophyllite used in ultrahigh pressure research
The propagation of ultrasonic pulses in pyrophyllite specimens was studied to determine the effect of specimen precompression on the measured elastic moduli. Measurements were made at room pressure and, for the precompressed specimens, to pressures of 3 kbar. Pyrophyllite was found to be elastically anisotropic, apparently the result of the fabric present in our material. The room pressure adiabatic bulk modulus as measured on specimens made of isostatically compacted powered pyrophyllite was determined to be 96.1 kbar. The wave speeds of ultrasonic pulses in pyrophyllite were found to decrease with increasing specimen precompression. A limiting value of precompression was found, above which no further decrease in wave speed was observed. For the shear wave speeds this occurs at 10 kbar while for the longitudinal wave at 25 kbar. In the limit, the shear waves propagate 20% slower than in the unprecompressed samples; for the longitudinal wave the difference is 30%.
Sachse, W.↗
Tetravalent chromium (Cr(4+)) as laser-active ion for tunable solid-state lasers
Major accomplishments under NASA grant NAG-1-1346 are summarized. (1) numerical modeling of the four mirror astigmatically compensated, Z-fold cavity was performed and several design parameters to be used for the construction of a femtosecond forsterite laser were revealed by simulation. (2) femtosecond pulses from a continuous wave mode-locked chromium doped forsterite laser were generated. The forsterite laser was actively mode-locked using an acousto-optic modulator operating at 78 MHz with two Brewster high dispersion glass prisms for intra-cavity chirp compensation. Transform-limited sub-100-fs pulses were routinely generated in the TEM(sub 00) mode with 85 mW of continuous power tunable over 1230-1280 nm. The shortest pulses of 60-fs pulsewidth were measured. (3) Self-mode-locked operation of the Cr:forsterite laser was achieved. Synchronous pumping was used to mode lock the forsterite laser resulting in picosecond pulses, which in turn provided the starting mechanism for self-mode-locking. The pulses generated had an FWHM of 105 fs and were tunable between 1230-1270 nm. (4) Numerical calculations indicated that the pair of SF 14 prisms used in the cavity compensated for quadratic phase but introduced a large cubic phase term. Further calculations of other optical glasses indicated that a pair of SFN 64 prisms can introduce the same amount of quadratic phase as SF 14 prisms but introduce a smaller cubic phase. When the SF 14 prisms were replaced by SFN 64 prisms the pulsewidth was reduced to 50 fs. Great improvement was observed in the stability of the self mode-locked forsterite laser and in the ease of achieving mode locking. Using the same experimental arrangement and a new forsterite crystal with improved FOM the pulse width was reduced to 36 fs.
Seas, A.↗
Boundary Layer Receptivity to Three-Dimensional Freestream Disturbances at Two-Dimensional Roughness
The receptivity of a laminar boundary layer to an isolated three-dimensional convected disturbance is investigated in a low-speed wind tunnel experiment. The disturbance is created by the short-duration pulsed displacement of a small low-aspect-ratio wing located upstream of a flat plate. The height of the wing is set so that the convected disturbance grazes the edge of the flat-plate boundary layer. A receptivity site is provided by a two-dimensional roughness strip on the surface of the plate. The different propagation speeds of acoustic, convected and instability waves cause the various wave packets from the pulsed displacement to arrive at a downstream measurement station at different times, separating the phenomena and allowing them to be studied independently. Ensemble- averaged measurements are made with and without roughness on the plate. Preliminary analysis of the measurements suggest the presence of a two-dimensional T-S wave packet arising from an interaction between an acoustic wave and the roughness, and a three-dimensional T-S wave packet arising from an interaction between the localized convected disturbance and the roughness strip. The growth rates and spatial characteristics of the disturbances and the instability wave packets are measured as they propagate downstream.
Dietz, Anthony↗
Response of the dipole magnetosphere to pressure pulses
The response of the magnetosphere to pressure pulses at the magnetopause has been studied using a three-dimensional model of ULF waves in a dipole geometry. Pressure pulses at the magnetosphere directly excite compressional waves, which then convert to shear mode Alfven waves due to inhomogeneity. The behavior of the system depends on the frequency of the source at the magnetopause, with vortex structure tending to form on field lines resonant with the source frequency. The perturbations between the vortices are skewed toward noon, in agreement with observations.
Lysak, Robert L.↗
Regular radiation field pulses produced by intracloud lightning discharges
Sequences or bursts of uniform pulses have been recorded during a large fraction of intracloud lightning discharges in Florida and Arizona. The wave form of a typical pulse begins with a fast large-amplitude portion followed by a small and slowly varying overshoot. The full width and half maximum of the large amplitude peak is typically 0.75 microsec, and the time intervals between pulses are typically 5 microsec in both maritime and continental storms. The pulse shapes and interval times suggest that the source of these pulses in an intracloud dart-stepped leader process similar to that which has been photographed in discharges to ground.
Krider, E. P.↗
On the sea-state bias of the Geosat altimeter
The sea-state bias in a satellite altimeter's range measurement is caused by the influence of ocean waves on the radar return pulse; it results in an estimate of sea level that is too low according to some function of the wave height. This bias is here estimated for Geosat by correlating collinear differences of altimetric sea-surface heights with collinear differences of significant wave heights (H1/3). Corrections for satellite orbit error are estimated simultaneously with the sea-state bias. Based on twenty 17-day repeat cycles of the Geosat Exact Repeat Mission, the solution for the sea-state bias is 2.6 + or - 0.2 percent of H1/3. The least-squares residuals, however, show a correlation with wind speed U, so the traditional model of the bias has been supplemented with a second term: H1/3 + alpha-2H1/3U. This second term produces a small, but statistically significant, reduction in variance of the residuals. Both systematic and random errors in H1/3 and U tend to bias the estimates of alpha-1 and alpha-2, which complicates comparisons of the results with ground-based measurements of the sea-state bias.
Ray, Richard D.↗
GSFC short pulse radar, JONSWAP-75
In September 1975, the Goddard Space Flight Center operated a short pulse radar during ocean wave measuring experiments off the coast of West Germany in the North Sea. The experiment was part of JONSWAP-75. The radar system and operations during the experiment are described along with examples of data.
Levine, D. M.↗
Test apparatus for locating shorts during assembly of electrical buses
A test apparatus is described for locating electrical shorts that is especially suited for use while an electrical circuit is being fabricated or assembled. A ring counter derives input pulses from a square wave oscillator. The outputs of the counter are fed through transistors to an array of light emitting diodes. Each diode is connected to an electrical conductor, such as a bus bar, that is to be tested. In the absence of a short between the electrical conductors the diodes are sequentially illuminated. When a short occurs, a comparator/multivibrator circuit triggers an alarm and stops the oscillator and the sequential energization of the diodes. The two diodes that remain illuminated identify the electrical conductors that are shorted.
Deboo, G. J.↗
Ultrasonic and mechanical characterizations of fatigue states of graphite epoxy composite laminates
Results of an exploration of the relationship between ultrasonic attenuation and fatigue survivability of graphite fiber epoxy composites fabricated under different cure conditions are reported. A total of 9 27 x 40 cm eight-ply graphite epoxy laminated specimens were formed, and fatigue tests were run on five partial samples at 73.5 N varying at 30 Hz, with tests ending at a 1.27 cm deflection. A pulsed oscillator generated sinusoidal waves and transducers recorded the passage of the ultrasonic waves for display on oscilloscopes. Cure pressures ranged from 0.52-0.85 MPa and cure temperatures were in the 150-200 C interval. Ultrasonic through-transmission at 4 MHz was performed prior to and during fatigue testing. The minimum void volume fraction occurred at 175 C and 0.86 MPa. The flexural stiffness decreased with the number of fatigue cycles past 10,000, when the attenuation also increased. Correlations were found between the 4.0 MHz signal attenuation and the void volume fraction, and between the number of fatigue cycles to failure and the 4.0 MHz signal attenuation.
Williams, J. H., Jr.↗
On the interaction between the quasi-2-day wave and the mean flow
Studies of the quasi-2-day wave show that it is a summertime phenomenon. Long-term measurement of the winds in the 60 to 100 km height range at Adelaide show that the wave appears in the late December but that the peak amplitudes are not reached until mid-January. In the summer of 1983 to 1984 the main phase of the wave appeared as a pulse in mid-January which lasted about 7 cycles (14 days). Little or no amplification with height was observed; peak amplitudes were about 60 m/s for the meridional and 20 m/s for the zonal component. Coincident with the onset of the pulse, a temporary but substantial change occurred throughout a deep layer of the upper mesosphere over a period of about 3 days. A change of more than 10 m/s occurred in the northward flow while the change in the zonal flow (about 30 m/s westward) actually caused a reversal of the prevailing zonal circulation.
Craig, R. L.↗
Temporal sensitivity
Human visual temporal sensitivity is examined. The stimuli used to measure temporal sensitivity are described and the linear systems theory is reviewed in terms of temporal sensitivity. A working model which represents temporal sensitivity is proposed. The visibility of a number of temporal wave forms, sinusoids, rectangular pulses, and pulse pairs, is analyzed. The relation between spatial and temporal effects is studied. Temporal variations induced by image motion and the effects of light adaptation on temporal sensitivity are considered.
Watson, Andrew B.↗
Dendritic sidebranching in the three-dimensional symmetric model in the presence of noise
The time-dependent behavior of sidebranching deformations in the three-dimensional symmetric model of dendritic solidification is studied within a WKB approximation. Localized wave packets generated by pulses in the neighborhood of the tip are found to grow in amplitude and to spread and stretch as they move down the sides of the dendrite. This behavior is shown to imply that noise in the solidifying medium is selectively amplified in such a way as to produce a fluctuating train of sidebranches in qualitative agreement with experimental observations. A rough estimate indicates that purely thermal noise is probably not quite strong enough to fit the data.
Langer, J. S.↗
Direct solar-pumped iodine laser amplifier
The optimum conditions of a solar pumped iodine laser are found in this research for the case of a continuous wave operation and a pulsed operation. The optimum product of the pressure(p) inside the laser tube and the tube diameter(d) was pd=40 approx. 50 torr-cm on the contrary to the case of a high intensity flashlamp pumped iodine laser where the optimum value of the product is known to be pd=150 torr-cm. The pressure-diameter product is less than 1/3 of that of the high power iodine laser. During the research period, various laser materials were also studied for solar pumping. Among the laser materials, Nd:YAG is found to have the lowest laser threshold pumping intensity of about 200 solar constant. The Rhodamine 6G was also tested as the solar pumped laser material. The threshold pumping power was measured to be about 20,000 solar constant. The amplification experiment for a continuously pumped iodine laser amplifier was performed using Vortek solar simulator and the amplification factors were measured for single pass amplification and triple pass amplification of the 15 cm long amplifier tube. The amplification of 5 was obtained for the triple pass amplification.
Han, Kwang S.↗
Atmospheric aerosol and Doppler lidar studies
Experimental and theoretical studies were performed of atmospheric aerosol backscatter and atmospheric dynamics with Doppler lidar as a primary tool. Activities include field and laboratory measurement and analysis efforts. The primary focus of activities related to understanding aerosol backscatter is the GLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE) program. GLOBE is a multi-element effort designed toward developing a global aerosol model to describe tropospheric clean background backscatter conditions that Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder (LAWS) is likely to encounter. Two survey missions were designed and flown in the NASA DC-8 in November 1989 and May to June 1990 over the remote Pacific Ocean, a region where backscatter values are low and where LAWS wind measurements could make a major contribution. The instrument complement consisted of pulsed and continuous-wave (CW) CO2 gas and solid state lidars measuring aerosol backscatter, optical particle counters measuring aerosol concentration, size distribution, and chemical composition, a filter/impactor system collecting aerosol samples for subsequent analysis, and integrating nephelometers measuring visible scattering coefficients. The GLOBE instrument package and survey missions were carefully planned to achieve complementary measurements under clean background backscatter conditions.
Rothermel, Jeff↗