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At least 235 records · Page 13

Thermophysical properties of the Ghareb formation relevant for nuclear waste disposal

The Ghareb formation, a shallowly buried porous chalk in Israel, is currently a candidate for nuclear waste disposal. The potential repository is somewhat unique for its host rock and emplacement in shallow (500 m) engineered large diameter boreholes. Herein, the thermal properties of the Ghareb are determined to support design and performance assessment; the relevant properties measured are thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion coefficient along with their relationship with varying temperature. For the temperature range of 40 to 275 °C, the thermal conductivity ranges from 0.30 to 1.10 W/m·K, the thermal diffusivity ranges from 0.20 to 0.72 mm 2 /s, and volumetric heat capacity ranges from 0.86 to 2.00 MJ/m 3 ·K. Thermal strain measurements were used to estimate the linear thermal expansion coefficient to be 6·10 –4 –9·10 –2 °C -1 from 40 to 300 °C. These measured properties were used in a thermomechanical model to estimate near-field stresses an hour and 10 years after waste emplacement; the borehole was found to be stable. Thermal loading after 10 years was predicted to elevate local pore pressures by 1–1.5 MPa. The laboratory measurements coupled with analyses are the first attempts at performance assessment characterization for this first of its kind potential repository setting with this chosen host rock.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Space Station auxiliary thrust chamber technology

The objective was to establish a technical data base to support future development of GO2/GH2 flight thrusters for a Space Station Auxiliary Propulsion System. Specific issues of concern were thruster performance and cycle life. To address these issues, NASA funded Aerojet to design, fabricate, and altitude test two 25-lbf GO2/GH2 thrusters. The first thruster was designed to operate at a nominal mixture ratio (O/F) of 4.0 and expansion area ratio (epsilon) of 100:1. It was tested over a range of O/F from 2.0 to 8.0, achieving a range of specific impulse (Isp) from 440 to 310 lbf-sec/Ibm. The second thruster was optimized for a nominal O/F of 8.0 at a lower nozzle expansion area ratio, epsilon, of 30:1. This second thruster was tested over an O/F range of 3.0 to 9.5, achieving an Isp range of 416 to 3323 lbf-sec/Ibm, respectively. At O/F = 8.0, the Isp was 360 lbf-sec/Ibm, as predicted.

Robinson, Philip J.↗

Effective field theory for two-body systems with shallow S -wave resonances

Resonances are of particular importance to the scattering of composite particles in quantum mechanics. We build an effective field theory for two-body scattering which includes a low-energy S-wave resonance. Our starting point is the most general Lagrangian with short-range interactions. We demonstrate that these interactions can be organized into various orders so as to generate a systematic expansion for an S matrix with two low-energy poles. The pole positions are restricted by renormalization at leading order, where the common feature is a non-positive effective range. We carry out the expansion explicitly to next-to-leading order and illustrate how it systematically accounts for the results of a toy model — a spherical well with a delta shell at its border.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Potential Availability of and Supply Curves for Low-Cost, Dispatch-Constrained Electricity

Among other changes, variable renewable energy (VRE) - primarily wind and solar photovoltaics - is achieving a growing share of total generation. High VRE penetrations may result in an increased level of curtailment and thus suppress the value of additional VRE. This VRE, that either would not be built due to price suppression or would be curtailed, can be considered a resource that we define as low-cost, dispatch-constrained electricity (LDE). LDE could be used for various applications which value low-cost electricity and can operate at reduced capacity factors. Examples include electrolytic hydrogen production and carbon capture. This report provides initial estimates of the quantity and availability of the potential LDE resource in the U.S. under scenarios with high VRE penetrations. It also provides supply curves that can be used in subsequent analysis of the opportunity to use the LDE. We modeled several scenarios using capacity expansion and production cost models for LDE prices ranging from $\$ $0/MWh to $\$ $30/MWh. These LDE prices, coupled with low renewable energy cost assumptions, resulted in VRE penetrations ranging from 48-66% in 2050. The resulting LDE supplies range from 100 - 300 TWh/yr at a price of $\$ $0/MWh to 3,500 - 4,200 TWh/yr at $\$ $30/MWh. Increasing LDE prices increases wind and photovoltaics deployment; however, other generation technology capacities do not decrease equivalently in our models. Thus, additional generation is available but the capacity of traditional dispatchable generation is only reduced slightly. The available LDE is concentrated in the central and southwest U.S. regions because of their high wind and solar resources.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

EXPANSE: A time-of-flight EXPanded Angle Neutron Spin Echo spectrometer at the Second Target Station of the Spallation Neutron Source

EXPANSE, an EXPanded Angle Neutron Spin Echo instrument, has been proposed and selected as one of the first suite of instruments to be built at the Second Target Station of the Spallation Neutron Source at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This instrument is designed to address scientific problems that involve high-energy resolution (neV– μeV) of dynamic processes in a wide range of materials. The wide-angle detector banks of EXPANSE provide coverage of nearly two orders of magnitude in scattering wavenumbers, and the wide wavelength band affords approximately four orders of magnitude in Fourier times. This instrument will offer unique capabilities that are not available in the currently existing neutron scattering instruments in the United States. Specifically, EXPANSE will enable direct measurements of slow dynamics in the time domain over wide Q-ranges simultaneously and will also enable time-resolved spectroscopic studies. The instrument is expected to contribute to a diverse range of science areas, including soft matter, polymers, biological materials, liquids and glasses, energy materials, unconventional magnets, and quantum materials.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Shape and Orientation of Mercury from Radar Ranging Data

If Mercury's radius is expanded in Legendre functions to the second degree and order, the systematic error in radar ranging can be reduced significantly. We interpret the expansion coefficients in terms of a best-fit ellipsoid displaced with respect to the center of mass in the equatorial plane. The ellipsoid's principal axes are rotated in the equatorial plane such that the long axis is aligned with cartographic longitude 15.3 deg +/- 2.9 deg (west). The pole location is consistent with the IAU pole, normal to Mercury's orbital plane. There is a significant equatorial ellipticity (a - b)/a = (540 +/- 54) x 10(exp -6). The center of figure is offset from the center of mass (C.F.-C.M.) by 640 +/- 78 m in the equatorial plane in the direction of cartographic longitude 319.5 deg +/- 6.9 deg. The magnitude of the equatorial center of figure offset implies an excess crustal thickness of 12 km or less, comparable to the Moon's excess. By comparing the equatorial ellipticity with the Mariner 10 gravity coefficient C(sub 22) and assuming Airy isostatic compensation, we conclude that Mercury's crustal thickness is in the range from 100 to 300 km.

Anderson, J. D.↗

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction of pyrolusite (MnO 2 ) and rutile (TiO 2 ) during heating to ~1000 °C

To compare thermal expansion behaviors in isomorphic structures with different redox behaviors, we separately heated pyrolusite (Mn 4+ O 2 ) and rutile (Ti 4+ O 2 ) powders from 25 to ~1000 °C at a rate of 0.05 °C/s at ambient pressure and analyzed them using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement. The pyrolusite exhibited two reduction-induced phase decompositions. Between 531 and 583 °C, pyrolusite decomposed to bixbyite (Mn 3+ 2 O 3 ), and between 972 and 998 °C, bixbyite decomposed to hausmannite (Mn 2+ Mn 3+ 2 O 4 ). The rutile experienced no phase decompositions or transitions over this same temperature interval. The refined bond lengths and angles for pyrolusite showed that the Mn 4+ coordination octahedron became more distorted near the phase decomposition to bixbyite due to the approach of two coordinating oxygen atoms. The 3d electrons of each Mn 4+ ion in pyrolusite make π bonds with the 2p electrons of the surrounding O 2- ions, whereas the Ti 4+ of rutile has no 3d electrons. Thus, π bonding between octahedral Mn 4+ and the surrounding O 2- anions increases the strength of the Mn–O bonds of pyrolusite relative to the Ti–O bonds of rutile. However, we observed a small decrease in O–O distances in pyrolusite before the decomposition, suggesting that at high temperature, increased π bonding between adjacent O anions precedes the release of O 2 and the reduction of Mn 4+ to Mn 3+ . Analogous behavior was observed for bixbyite before its reductive phase decomposition to hausmannite. In contrast, no anomalous changes in the O–O distances occurred for rutile. Our X-ray diffraction analyses provided accurate thermal expansion coefficients for these materials over a broader temperature range than reported in previous studies. The Mn–O bond lengths in pyrolusite were shorter and stronger than the Ti–O bonds of rutile; for example, at 60 °C, bond distances in pyrolusite refined to 1.8854(6) Å whereas the bond lengths of rutile were 1.9575(4) Å. Accordingly, the axial and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients refined for rutile were greater than those for pyrolusite. Further, the axial coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) for pyrolusite were 96% (a-axis) and 69% (c-axis) of the corresponding values for rutile, and the volumetric CTE for pyrolusite was 85% of that for rutile.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Landau-Ginzburg theory of charge density wave formation accompanying lattice and electronic long-range ordering

Here we propose an analytical Landau-Ginzburg (LG) theory of the charge density waves coupled with lattice and electronic long-range order parameters. Examples of long-range order include the electronic wave function of superconducting Cooper pairs, structural distortions, electric polarization, and magnetization. We formulate the LG free energy density as a power expansion with respect to the charge density and other long-range order parameters as well as their spatial gradients and biquadratic coupling terms. We introduced a biquadratic coupling between the charge density gradient and long-range order parameters as well as nonlinear higher gradients of the long-range order parameters. The biquadratic gradient coupling is critical to the appearance of different spatially modulated phases in charge-ordered ferroics and high-temperature superconductors. We derived the thermodynamic conditions for the stability of the spatially modulated phases, which are the intertwined spatial waves of charge density and lattice/electronic long-range order. The analytical expressions for the energies of different phases, corresponding order parameters, charge density waves amplitudes, and modulation periods obtained in this paper can be employed to guide the comprehensive physical explanation, deconvolution, and Bayesian analysis of experimental data on quantum materials ranging from charge-ordered ferroics to high-temperature superconductors.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Methods for Translating ReEDS Solutions to Production Cost Modeling Tools

Capacity expansion modeling tools are increasingly being utilized to investigate a wide range of potential future scenarios, particularly with high penetrations of variable and energy-constrained resources that may be operated differently than current dispatch paradigms. While capacity expansion models are particularly adept at making investment decisions for future years, they must make compromises in operational aspects to maintain computational tractability. However, it is of high interest to determine if such future systems would be able to maintain reliability during a variety of grid conditions, and to identify any potential operational challenges for these systems at finer temporal resolution than is typically captured in CEMs. As such, there is value in having an automated tool that can convert many CEM investment pathways into inputs for a more detailed production cost model, in this case the PLEXOS commercial software package. This paper describes the methodology used to make that translation for the NREL-developed ReEDS model, making use of two internally developed tools - PIDG and beetle - along with a set of processing scripts. We describe the current assumptions, data sets, and important operational characteristics of these translations along with an example of the extended analyses that may be done through this connection.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

Regular expansion solutions for small Peclet number heat or mass transfer in concentrated two-phase particulate systems

Steady state heat or mass transfer in concentrated ensembles of drops, bubbles or solid spheres in uniform, slow viscous motion, is investigated. Convective effects at small Peclet numbers are taken into account by expanding the nondimensional temperature or concentration in powers of the Peclet number. Uniformly valid solutions are obtained, which reflect the effects of dispersed phase content and rate of internal circulation within the fluid particles. The dependence of the range of Peclet and Reynolds numbers, for which regular expansions are valid, on particle concentration is discussed.

Yaron, I.↗

Isovector Axial Charge and Form Factors of Nucleons from Lattice QCD

A survey of the calculations of the isovector axial vector form factor of the nucleon using lattice QCD is presented. Attention is paid to statistical and systematic uncertainties, in particular those due to excited state contributions. Based on a comparison of results from various collaborations, a case is made that lattice results are consistent within 10%. A similar level of uncertainty is in the axial charge gAu−d, the mean squared axial charge radius ⟨rA2⟩, the induced pseudoscalar charge gP∗, and the pion–nucleon coupling gπNN. Even with the current methodology, a significant reduction in errors is expected over the next few years with higher statistics data on more ensembles closer to the physical point. Lattice QCD results for the form factor GA(Q2) are compatible with those obtained from the recent MINERνA experiment but lie 2–3σ higher than the phenomenological extraction from the old ν–deuterium bubble chamber scattering data for Q2>0.3 GeV2. Current data show that the dipole ansatz does not have enough parameters to fit the form factor over the range 0≤Q2≤1 GeV2, whereas even a z2 truncation of the z expansion or a low order Padé are sufficient. Looking ahead, lattice QCD calculations will provide increasingly precise results over the range 0≤Q2≤1 GeV2, and MINERνA-like experiments will extend the range to Q2∼2 GeV2 or higher. Nevertheless, improvements in lattice methods to (i) further control excited state contributions and (ii) extend the range of Q2 are needed.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗

Cryogenic fiber optic temperature sensor and method of manufacturing the same

This invention teaches the fiber optic sensors temperature sensors for cryogenic temperature range with improved sensitivity and resolution, and method of making said sensors. In more detail, the present invention is related to enhancement of temperature sensitivity of fiber optic temperature sensors at cryogenic temperatures by utilizing nanomaterials with a thermal expansion coefficient that is smaller than the thermal expansion coefficient of the optical fiber but larger in absolute value than the thermal expansion coefficient of the optical fiber at least over a range of temperatures.

Kochergin, Vladimir↗

Low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant supermarket refrigeration system modeling and its application

As an environmentally friendly low global warming potential (GWP) refrigerant, Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has continuously gained popularity and research attention as alternative refrigerant for supermarket refrigeration system. In this paper, to fulfill the increasing need of accurate Low-GWP supermarket refrigeration models for development of supervisory level control and optimization strategies, a high fidelity model is developed for CO 2 transcritical supermarket refrigeration system which includes compressor rack of low temperature (LT) compressors and medium temperature (MT) compressors, air-cooled gas cooler, evaporator, expansion valves and other auxiliary equipment. A resistance-capacity model structure is proposed to simulate the display cases. Semi-thermodynamic models are proposed to estimate reciprocating compressors volumetric efficiency and power consumption. Furthermore the zone modeling approach is used for evaporator simulation, and air-cooled gas cooler is modeled with distributed modeling method. The expansion valve simulation is based on orifice flow model. To calibrate these models, both manufacture performance data and experimental data are used. The experiments are conducted with a full instrumental CO 2 supermarket refrigeration system installed in Oak Ridge National Lab Flexible Research Platform (FRP). The simulation model can predict the system performance, including power consumption, cooling capacity, mass flow rate, temperature, and pressure, with high accuracy (within ±4%) compared to experimental data. In addition, this developed model has been used to create the system optimum high side pressure for high side expansion valve control, and to generate wide operating range simulation data for developing the batter-equivalent commercial refrigeration system model which can be used in grid interactive control development.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

The life and accomplishments of Alex Chernov

We report in the last two decades, crystal growth science has experienced explosive expansion. The primary driver has been the vast range of natural and engineered materials whose understanding and optimization require in-depth knowledge of how molecules cooperate to erect perfect three dimensional translationally-symmetric arrays - the miracle that we call crystallization. These huge fundamental and applied advances were possible only because we, the current generation of researchers, stand on the shoulders of our giant forefathers. Alex Chernov is among the tallest of the crystal growth giants.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗

Thermal properties of the metallic delafossite PdCo⁢O 2 : A combined experimental and first-principles study

Metallic delafossite materials (e.g., PdCo⁢O 2 , PtCo⁢O 2 ), have attracted much recent attention due to record-high oxide conductivities, the origins of which remain unclear. Relatively little attention has been paid to their related thermal properties, however. Here, we address this via wide temperature range experimental studies of the crystal structure, thermal expansion, and specific heat of single-crystal PdCo⁢O 2 , combined with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electronic and phononic densities of states, and thus thermal properties. PdCo⁢O 2 is shown to retain the $R\bar{3}m$ space group from 12 to 1000 K, exhibiting a- and c-axis thermal expansion in good quantitative agreement with DFT-based lattice dynamics calculations. The Co-O bond lengths additionally elucidate the stability of the low-spin state of the nominally Co 3+ ions, which is a notable difference between the edge-shared Co-O octahedra in PdCo⁢O 2 and the corner-shared octahedra in Co-based perovskites. Measurements of specific heat from 1.9 to 400 K provide accurate values for the Debye temperature and Sommerfeld coefficient, the phononic part being describable via a combined Debye-Einstein approach (accounting for high-frequency oxygen-related optical phonons), with excess intermediate-temperature specific heat due to a prominent low-energy peak in the phonon density of states. Most significantly, all electronic and phononic contributions to the specific heat are shown to be remarkably closely reproduced by DFT-based calculations, establishing quantitative understanding of key thermal properties of the metallic delafossite PdCo⁢O 2 .

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Design and experimental results of a highly loaded, low solidity, jet flap rotor

The overall performance of a single-stage turbine with a low solidity jet flap rotor blade assembly was tested over a range of cavity pressure ratios, equivalent speeds, and expansion ratios. The rotor blades were designed with negative hub reaction and a mean-line axial chord solidity of 0.922. The results of the investigation are compared with the performance of a modified jet flap rotor blade which was designed to similar velocity diagrams but with a mean-section, axial chord solidity of 1.541. Both rotors were tested with the same stator.

Bettner, J. L.↗

A 5 x 40 cm rectangular-beam multipole ion source

A rectangular ion source particularly suited for the continuous sputter processing of materials over a wide area is discussed. A multipole magnetic field configuration was used to design an ion source with a 5 x 40 cm beam area, while a three-grid ion optics system was used to maximize ion current density at the design ion energy of 500 eV. An average extracted current density of about 4 mA/sq cm could be obtained from 500 eV Ar ions. The difference between the experimental performance and the design value of 6 mA/sq cm is attributed to grid misalignment due to thermal expansion. The discharge losses at typical operating conditions ranged from about 600 to 1000 eV/ion, in reasonable agreement with the design value of 800 eV/ion. The use of multiple rectangular-beam ion sources to process wider areas than would be possible with a single source was also studied, and the most uniform coverage was found to be obtainable with a 0 to 2 cm overlap.

Robinson, R. S.↗

The Formation of Preplanetary Disks from the Collapse of Rotating Molecular Cloud Cores

Solutions that describe the collapse of a molecular cloud core that is initially in unstable equilibrium, embedded within an envelope of uniform density, and rotating at the same rate as the envelope are given. Hydrodynamic equations, including self gravity, are deduced to a set of ordinary differential equations, which are solved by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Results of these calculations are: (1) the range of stellar masses derived seems to correspond to realistic ranges of observed stellar masses and interstellar cloud parameters, (2) the proper measure of dissipation rate is the ratio of accretion time to viscous diffusion time, and (3) the pressure distribution on the surface of an accreting protostar is nonuniform in a way that favors the channeling of a stellar wind into a bipolar flow directed along the rotation axis.

Cassen, P.↗