Study of the average vertical distribution of temperature in the martian atmosphere final report
Convective-radiative equilibrium model for computing temperature profile - vertical temperature distribution in Martian atmosphere
TEMPERATURE PROFILE↗
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Microwave brightness of polar firn as measured by Nimbus 5 and 6 ESMR
The microwave emission from a half-space medium characterized by coordinate dependent scattering and absorbing centers was calculated by numerically solving the radiative transfer equation by the method of invariant imbedding. A Mie scattering phase function and surface polarization was included in the calculation. Also included are the physical temperature profile and the temperature variation of the index of refraction for ice. Using published values of grain size and temperature profile data of polar firn, the brightness temperature was calculated for the 1.55 cm and 0.8 cm wavelengths. For selected regions in Greenland and Antarctica, the results are in reasonable agreement with the observed Nimbus-5 and Nimbus-6 ESMR data.
Chang, A. T. C.↗
The effect of gravity induced free convection upon the melting phenomena of a finite paraffin slab for thermal control
Two theoretical models were developed to predict the thermal response of the phase change material to a given hot plate temperature. A two-dimensional pure conduction model was developed to predict the melting of the phase change material when heat transfer was a function of conduction. A combined conduction-convection model, also two-dimensional, was developed to predict the phase change phenomena when heat transfer was a function of conduction and gravity-induced free convection. Both models were solved using explicit finite difference approximations on a digital computer. The experimental equipment consisted of a rectangular cell utilizing a heat chamber, an expansion chamber, and a test chamber; a sixteen channel multipoint recorder, and a fluid flow system. The recorder monitered hot and cold plate temperatures and interior node temperatures at two second intervals. A comparison of theoretical temperature profiles and experimental temperature profiles is presented for six runs at various angles of inclination of the test cell with respect to the horizontal direction. A detailed discussion of results is presented.
Bain, R. L.↗
Investigation of remote sensing techniques of measuring soil moisture
Major activities described include development and evaluation of theoretical models that describe both active and passive microwave sensing of soil moisture, the evaluation of these models for their applicability, the execution of a controlled field experiment during which passive microwave measurements were acquired to validate these models, and evaluation of previously acquired aircraft microwave measurements. The development of a root zone soil water and soil temperature profile model and the calibration and evaluation of gamma ray attenuation probes for measuring soil moisture profiles are considered. The analysis of spatial variability of soil information as related to remote sensing is discussed as well as the implementation of an instrumented field site for acquisition of soil moisture and meteorologic information for use in validating the soil water profile and soil temperature profile models.
Newton, R. W.↗
Convective thinning of the lithosphere - A mechanism for the initiation of continental rifting
A model of lithospheric thinning, in which heat is convected to the base and conducted within the lithosphere, is presented. An analytical equation for determinining the amount of thinning attainable on increasing the heat flux from the asthenosphere is derived, and a formula for lithosphere thickness approximations as a function of time is given. Initial and final equilibrium thicknesses, thermal diffusivity, transition temperature profile, and plume temperature profile are all factors considered for performing rate of thinning determinations. In addition, between initial and final equilibrium states, lithospheric thinning occurs at a rate which is inversely proportional to the square root of the time. Finally, uplift resulting from thermal expansion upon lithospheric thinning is on the order of 10 to the 2nd to 10 to the 3rd m.
Spohn, T.↗
Applications of Some Artificial Intelligence Methods to Satellite Soundings
Hard clustering of temperature profiles and regression temperature retrievals were used to refine the method using the probabilities of membership of each pattern vector in each of the clusters derived with discriminant analysis. In hard clustering the maximum probability is taken and the corresponding cluster as the correct cluster are considered discarding the rest of the probabilities. In fuzzy partitioned clustering these probabilities are kept and the final regression retrieval is a weighted regression retrieval of several clusters. This method was used in the clustering of brightness temperatures where the purpose was to predict tropopause height. A further refinement is the division of temperature profiles into three major regions for classification purposes. The results are summarized in the tables total r.m.s. errors are displayed. An approach based on fuzzy logic which is intimately related to artificial intelligence methods is recommended.
Munteanu, M. J.↗
Ground based infrared measurements of the global distribution of ozone in the atmosphere of Mars
The global distribution of ozone in the atmosphere of Mars was determined from Doppler-limited infrared heterodyne spectroscopy measurements at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) facility during June 3-7, 1988. Mars spectra near two O3 lines arising from the v sub 3 band near 1031.45 cm (-1) were used. The lines were Doppler shifted out of the strong terrestrial ozone absorption spectrum and its effect was removed. Ozone measurements were obtained at eight beam positions over a range of latitudes and local solar zenith angles. The beam size of the planet was 1.4 arcsec. A Martian CO2 line appeared in the spectra and was inverted to retrieve local temperature profiles. Using these temperature profiles, the total ozone column abundance at each position was retrieved by fitting the measured line with synthetic spectra generated by a radiative transfer program. The only previous measurement of ozone at this season was made above the South polar cap by Mariner 7 and revealed an abundance of 10 micron-atm. However, the retrieved O3 column abundances from this investigation are less than 2.2 micron-atm at all positions sampled. These results are consistent with mid-spring abundances predicted by photochemical models of Liu and Donahue, and Shimazaki and Shimizu.
Kostiuk, Theodor↗
Development of a Sodium LIDAR for Spaceborne Missions
We are currently developing laser and electro-optic technologies to remotely measure Sodium (Na) by adapting existing lidar technology with space flight heritage. The developed instrumentation will serve as the core for the planning of a Heliophysics mission targeted to study the composition and dynamics of Earths mesosphere based on a spaceborne lidar that will measure the mesospheric Na layer. There is a pressing need in the Ionosphere Thermosphere - Mesosphere (ITM) community for high-resolution measurements that can characterize small-scale dynamics (i.e. Gravity Waves with wavelengths smaller than a few hundred km) and their effects in the Mesosphere-Lower-Termosphere (MLT) on a global basis. This is compelling because they are believed to be the dominant contributors to momentum transport and deposition in the MLT, which largely drive the global circulation and thermal structure and interactions with the tides and planetary waves in this region. We are developing a spaceborne remote sensing technique that will enable acquisition of global Na density, temperature and wind measurements in the MLT with the spatial and temporal resolution required to resolve issues associated with the structure, chemistry, dynamics, and energetics of this regionA nadir-pointing spaceborne Na Doppler resonance fluorescence LIDAR on board of the ISS will essentially make high-resolution, in time and space, Na density, temperature and vertical wind measurements, from 75-115 km (MLT region). Our instrument concept consisted of a high-energy laser transmitter at 589 nm and highly sensitive photon counting detector that allows for range-resolved atmospheric-sodium-temperature profiles. The atmospheric temperature is deduced from the linewidth of the resonant fluorescence from the atomic sodium vapor D2 line as measured by our tunable laser. We are currently developing a high power energy laser that allows for some day time sodium lidar observations with the help of a narrow bandpass filter based on etalon or atomic sodium Faraday filter with 5 to 10 pm optical bandwidth. The current baseline detector for the lidar instrument is a 16-channel Photomultiplier Tube with receiver electronics that has been space-qualified for the ICESat-2ATLAS mission. Our technique uses the 16-channels as a photon-number-resolving single detector to provide the required full-spectroscopic sodium lineshape waveform for recovering Mesospheric temperature profiles. In this paper, we will describe our instrument concept for a future Heliophysics space mission based on board of the International Space Station (ISS).
lidar↗
Environmental Effects on the Metallicities of Early-Type Galaxies
We completed and published two papers in the Astrophysical Journal based on research from grant. In the first paper we analyzed nine X-ray-bright Virgo early-type galaxies observed by both ASCA and ROSAT. Through spatially resolved spectroscopy, we determined the radial temperature profiles and abundances of Mg, Si, and Fe for six galaxies. The temperature profiles are consistent with isothermal temperatures outside of cooler regions at the galaxies' centers. We present new evidence for iron abundance gradients in NGC 4472 and NGC 4649 and confirm the previous results on NGC 4636. Mg and Si abundance gradients on average are flatter than those of iron and correspond to an underabundance of α-process elements at high Fe values, while at low iron the element ratios favor enrichment by Type II supernovae (SNe). We explain the observed trend using the metallicity dependence of SN Ia metal production and present constraints on the available theoretical modeling for low-metallicity inhibition of SNe Ia. In the second paper We analyzed nine X-ray-bright Virgo early-type galaxies observed by both ASCA and ROSAT. Through spatially resolved spectroscopy, we determined the radial temperature profiles and abundances of Mg, Si, and Fe for six galaxies. The temperature profiles are consistent with isothermal temperatures outside of cooler regions at the galaxies' centers. We present new evidence for iron abundance gradients in NGC 4472 and NGC 4649 and confirm the previous results on NGC 4636. Mg and Si abundance gradients on average are flatter than those of iron and correspond to an underabundance of α-process elements at high Fe values, while at low iron the element ratios favor enrichment by Type I1 supernovae (SNe). We explain the observed trend using the metallicity dependence of SN Ia metal production and present constraints on the available theoretical modeling for low-metallicity inhibition of SNe Ia.
Jones, Christine↗
Data Assimilation Experiments Using Quality Controlled AIRS Version 5 Temperature Soundings
The AIRS Science Team Version 5 retrieval algorithm has been finalized and is now operational at the Goddard DAAC in the processing (and reprocessing) of all AIRS data. The AIRS Science Team Version 5 retrieval algorithm contains a number of significant improvements over Version 4. Two very significant improvements are described briefly below. 1) The AIRS Science Team Radiative Transfer Algorithm (RTA) has now been upgraded to accurately account for effects of non-local thermodynamic equilibrium on the AIRS observations. This allows for use of AIRS observations in the entire 4.3 micron CO2 absorption band in the retrieval algorithm during both day and night. Following theoretical considerations, tropospheric temperature profile information is obtained almost exclusively from clear column radiances in the 4.3 micron CO2 band in the AIRS Version 5 temperature profile retrieval step. These clear column radiances are a derived product that are indicative of radiances AIRS channels would have seen if the field of view were completely clear. Clear column radiances for all channels are determined using tropospheric sounding 15 micron CO2 observations. This approach allows for the generation of accurate values of clear column radiances and T(p) under most cloud conditions. 2) Another very significant improvement in Version 5 is the ability to generate accurate case-by-case, level-by-level error estimates for the atmospheric temperature profile, as well as for channel-by-channel clear column radiances. These error estimates are used for quality control of the retrieved products. Based on error estimate thresholds, each temperature profiles is assigned a characteristic pressure, pg, down to which the profile is characterized as good for use for data assimilation purposes. We have conducted forecast impact experiments assimilating AIRS quality controlled temperature profiles using the NASA GEOS-5 data assimilation system, consisting of the NCEP GSI analysis coupled with the NASA FVGCM, at a spatial resolution of 0.5 deg by 0.5 deg. Assimilation of Quality Controlled AIRS temperature profiles down to pg resulted in significantly improved forecast skill compared to that obtained from experiments when all data used operationally by NCEP, except for AIRS data, is assimilated. These forecasts were also significantly better than to those obtained when AIRS radiances (rather than temperature profiles) are assimilated, which is the way AIRS data is used operationally by NCEP and ECMWF.
Susskind, Joel↗
Acoustic propagation in a thermally stratified atmosphere
Acoustic propagation in an atmosphere with a specific form of temperature profile has been investigated by analytical means. The temperature profile used is representative of an actual atmospheric profile and contains three free parameters. Both lapse and inversion cases have been considered. Although ray solution have been considered the primary emphasis has been on solutions of the acoustic wave equation with point force where the sound speed varies with height above the ground corresponding to the assumed temperature profile. The method used to obtain the solution of the wave equation is based on Hankel transformation of the wave equation, approximate solution of the transformed equation for wavelength small compared to the scale of the temperature (or sound speed) profile, and approximate or numerical inversion of the Hankel transformed solution. The solution displays the characteristics found in experimental data but extensive comparison between the models and experimental data has not been carried out.
Vanmoorhem, W. K.↗
Acoustic propagation in a thermally stratified atmosphere
Acoustic propagation in an atmosphere with a specific form of a temperature profile has been investigated by analytical means. The temperature profile used is representative of an actual atmospheric profile and contains three free parameters. Both lapse and inversion cases have been considered. Although ray solutions have been considered, the primary emphasis has been on solutions of the acoustic wave equation with point source where the sound speed varies with height above the ground corresponding to the assumed temperature profile. The method used to obtain the solution of the wave equation is based on Hankel transformation of the wave equation, approximate solution of the transformed equation for wavelength small compared to the scale of the temperature (or sound speed) profile, and approximate or numerical inversion of the Hankel transformed solution. The solution displays the characteristics found in experimental data but extensive comparison between the models and experimental data has not been carried out.
Vanmoorhem, W. K.↗
Helium-Like Iron Line Temperature Diagnostics in Clusters of Galaxies
The emission complex around 6.7 keV, arising from He-like Fe lines and their dielectronic satellites, has been observed at low resolution in a number of clusters of galaxies. With sufficient spectral resolution as in, e.g., solar flare observations, the ratio, G = (x + y + z)/w, of the intercombination (x and y) and forbidden (z) to the resonance (w) lines arising from the n = 2 level of the He-like ion, is a sensitive temperature diagnostic. We examine this role for G in the context of spatially and spectrally resolved observations of clusters of galaxies. The temperature behavior of this ratio is strongly dependent on the spectral resolution. We introduce an alternative definition for G that includes the contribution of satellite lines and improves the temperature fidelity of this diagnostic. We find that deprojection of the observed value of G along a line of sight through the cluster can yield accurate temperature profiles for temperatures in the range 10(exp 7)-10(exp 8) K that do not suffer from the cluster model uncertainties inherent in deconvolution of broad-band X-ray surface brightness profiles.
Swartz, Douglas A.↗
Temperature and pressure effects on capacitance probe cryogenic liquid level measurement accuracy
The inaccuracies of liquid nitrogen and liquid hydrogen level measurements by use of a coaxial capacitance probe were investigated as a function of fluid temperatures and pressures. Significant liquid level measurement errors were found to occur due to the changes in the fluids dielectric constants which develop over the operating temperature and pressure ranges of the cryogenic storage tanks. The level measurement inaccuracies can be reduced by using fluid dielectric correction factors based on measured fluid temperatures and pressures. The errors in the corrected liquid level measurements were estimated based on the reported calibration errors of the temperature and pressure measurement systems. Experimental liquid nitrogen (LN2) and liquid hydrogen (LH2) level measurements were obtained using the calibrated capacitance probe equations and also by the dielectric constant correction factor method. The liquid levels obtained by the capacitance probe for the two methods were compared with the liquid level estimated from the fluid temperature profiles. Results show that the dielectric constant corrected liquid levels agreed within 0.5 percent of the temperature profile estimated liquid level. The uncorrected dielectric constant capacitance liquid level measurements deviated from the temperature profile level by more than 5 percent. This paper identifies the magnitude of liquid level measurement error that can occur for LN2 and LH2 fluids due to temperature and pressure effects on the dielectric constants over the tank storage conditions from 5 to 40 psia. A method of reducing the level measurement errors by using dielectric constant correction factors based on fluid temperature and pressure measurements is derived. The improved accuracy by use of the correction factors is experimentally verified by comparing liquid levels derived from fluid temperature profiles.
Edwards, Lawrence G.↗
A study of planetary meteorology
Inversion techniques are applied to the few earth based observations of the Jovian emission spectrum to obtain directly the profiles of atmospheric temperature and ammonia abundance. The temperature profile is characterized by a definite tropopause region with a temperature of about 115K and a stratospheric region in which the temperature slowly increases with altitude. The derived ammonia profile indicates the presence of a saturated ammonia layer with a base temperature of approximately 14OK. The concept is described deducing the temperature and constituent profile of a planetary atmosphere from orbiter measurements of the planet's IR limb radiance profile. Analysis of the weighting functions for the Martian atmosphere indicates that a limb radiance profile in the 15 micron CO2 band can be used to determine the Martian atmospheric temperature profile from 20 to 60 km.
Ohring, G.↗
An Efficient Monte Carlo Method for Modeling Radiative Transfer in Protoplanetary Disks
Monte Carlo methods have been shown to be effective and versatile in modeling radiative transfer processes to calculate model temperature profiles for protoplanetary disks. Temperatures profiles are important for connecting physical structure to observation and for understanding the conditions for planet formation and migration. However, certain areas of the disk such as the optically thick disk interior are under-sampled, or are of particular interest such as the snow line (where water vapor condenses into ice) and the area surrounding a protoplanet. To improve the sampling, photon packets can be preferentially scattered and reemitted toward the preferred locations at the cost of weighting packet energies to conserve the average energy flux. Here I report on the weighting schemes developed, how they can be applied to various models, and how they affect simulation mechanics and results. We find that improvements in sampling do not always imply similar improvements in temperature accuracies and calculation speeds.
radiative transfer↗
Analysis and testing of high entrainment single nozzle jet pumps with variable mixing tubes
An analytical model was developed to predict the performance characteristics of axisymmetric single-nozzle jet pumps with variable area mixing tubes. The primary flow may be subsonic or supersonic. The computer program uses integral techniques to calculate the velocity profiles and the wall static pressures that result from the mixing of the supersonic primary jet and the subsonic secondary flow. An experimental program was conducted to measure mixing tube wall static pressure variations, velocity profiles, and temperature profiles in a variable area mixing tube with a supersonic primary jet. Static pressure variations were measured at four different secondary flow rates. These test results were used to evaluate the analytical model. The analytical results compared well to the experimental data. Therefore, the analysis is believed to be ready for use to relate jet pump performance characteristics to mixing tube design.
Hickman, K. E.↗
A multi-sensor analysis of Nimbus 5 data on 22 January 1973
The Nimbus 5 meteorological satellite carried aloft a full complement of radiation sensors, the data from which were analyzed and intercompared during orbits 569-570 on 22 January 1973. The electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR) which sensed passive microwave radiation in the 19.35 GHz region, delineated rain areas over the ocean off the U.S. east coast, in good agreement with WSR-57 and FPS-77 radar imagery and permitted the estimation of rainfall rates in this region. Residual ground water in the lower Mississippi Valley, which resulted from abnormal rainfall in previous months, was indicated under clear sky conditions by soil brightness temperature values in the Nimbus 5 ESMR and U.S. Air Force Data Acquisition and Processing Program (DAPP) IR data. The temperature-humidity infrared radiometer showed the height and spatial configuration of frontal clouds along the east coast and outlined the confluence of a polar jet stream with a broad sub-tropical jet stream along the U.S. Gulf Coast. Temperature profiles from three vertical temperature sounders, the infrared temperature profile radiometer (ITPR), the Nimbus E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) and the selective chopper radiometer (SCR) were found to be in good agreement with related radiosonde ascents along orbit 569 from the sub-tropics to the Arctic Circle.
Allison, L. J.↗