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Results for “Youngs Modulus”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Simulation of dilatancy-controlled gas migration processes in saturated bentonite using a coupled multiphase flow and elastoplastic H 2 M model

Dilatancy-controlled gas flow in preferential pathways plays a key role in the safety analysis of radioactive waste repositories. This is particularly the case for bentonite, an often-preferred barrier material. Gas flow in preferential pathways is characterized by localization and spontaneous behavior, which is challenging to simulate in numerical models due to strong hydro-mechanical coupling. To analyze a laboratory experiment in the framework of the DECOVALEX-2023 project, this study introduced a new approach of combining continuous modelling methods with spatial material properties derived from material heterogeneities and experimental observations. The proposed model utilized hydro-mechanical spatial distributions, namely Young's modulus and gas entry pressure, and elastoplasticity combined with a linear swelling model. A conceptual strain-dependent permeability approach simulated dilatancy-controlled gas flow based on hydro-mechanical coupling. To test the effectiveness of the presented approach, a gas injection test in a compacted, saturated bentonite sample was simulated using the open-source code OpenGeoSys 5.8 and compared with experimental observations. The presented methodology is capable of simulating localized gas flow in preferential pathways. The spatial distributions of Young's modulus and gas entry pressure affect the swelling pressure, relative permeability and, in combination with the strain-dependent permeability model, also the intrinsic permeability.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Irradiation-induced damage in concrete-forming aggregates: revisiting literature data through micromechanics

The radiation-induced volumetric expansion (RIVE) of aggregate-forming minerals causes damage in concrete exposed to high levels of fast neutrons fluence ( \(>\,\sim \,10^{19}\, \hbox {n}\,\hbox {cm}^{-2}\) at kinetics energy above 0.1 MeV). Historical post-irradiation RIVE and Young’s modulus data obtained in test reactors were revisited using a polycrystalline homogenization model (self-consistent scheme) accounting for the aggregates’ minerals content and the formation of voids/cracks during irradiation. It was found that the formation of extra voids/cracks can contribute to the aggregate expansion more substantially than the cumulated expansions of aggregate-forming minerals. Furthermore, the rate of void creation appears to be inversely correlated to the silica content, although aggregates of higher silicate contents exhibit higher RIVEs. The loss of Young’s modulus decreases exponentially with the aggregates’ expansion. At a comparable RIVE level, the relative loss of modulus is more significant in aggregates of higher silica content.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Strain Gradient Elasticity in SrTiO 3 Membranes: Bending versus Stretching

Young’s modulus determines the mechanical loads required to elastically stretch a material and also the loads required to bend it, given that bending stretches one surface while compressing the opposite one. Flexoelectric materials have the additional property of becoming electrically polarized when bent. The associated energy cost can additionally contribute to elasticity via strain gradients, particularly at small length scales where they are geometrically enhanced. Here, we present nanomechanical measurements of freely suspended SrTiO 3 crystalline membrane drumheads. In this work, we observe an unexpected nonmonotonic thickness dependence of Young’s modulus upon small deflections. Furthermore, the modulus inferred from a predominantly bending deformation is three times larger than that of a predominantly stretching deformation for membranes thinner than 20 nm. In this regime we extract a strain gradient elastic coupling of ~2.2 μN, which could be used in new operational regimes of nanoelectro-mechanics.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of cobalt doping on the mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires

In this work, we investigate the influence of doping on the mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires (NWs) by comparing the mechanical properties of pure and Co-doped ZnO NWs grown in similar conditions and having the same crystallographic orientation [0001]. The mechanical characterization included three-point bending tests made with atomic force microscopy and cantilever beam bending tests performed inside scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the Young's modulus of ZnO NWs containing 5% of Co was approximately a third lower than that of the pure ZnO NWs. Bending strength values were comparable for both materials and in both cases were close to theoretical strength indicating high quality of NWs. Dependence of mechanical properties on NW diameter was found for both doped and undoped ZnO NWs. - Highlights: •Effect of Co doping on the mechanical properties of ZnO nanowires is studied. •Co substitutes Zn atoms in ZnO crystal lattice. •Co addition affects crystal lattice parameters. •Co addition results in significantly decreased Young's modulus of ZnO. •Bending strength for doped and undoped wires is close to the theoretical strength.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Delamination analysis of metal-ceramic multilayer coatings subject to nanoindentation

Internal damage has been experimentally observed in aluminum (Al)/silicon carbide (SiC) multilayer coatings subject to nanoindentation loading. Post-indentation characterization has identified that delamination at the coating/substrate interface is the most prominent form of damage. In this study the finite element method is employed to study the effect of delamination on indentation-derived hardness and Young's modulus. The model features alternating Al/SiC nanolayers above a silicon (Si) substrate, in consistence with the actual material system used in earlier experiments. Cohesive elements with a traction–separation relationship are used to facilitate delamination along the coating/substrate interface. Delamination is observed numerically to be sensitive to the critical normal and shear stresses that define the cohesive traction–separation behavior. Axial tensile stress below the edge of indentation contact is found to be the largest contributor to damage initiation and evolution. Delamination results in a decrease in both indentation-derived hardness and Young's modulus. As a result, a unique finding is that delamination can occur during the unloading process of indentation, depending on the loading condition and critical tractions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1986

Leaf spring made of fiber-reinforced resin

A leaf spring made of a matrix reinforced by at least two types of reinforcing fibers with different Young's modulus is described in this Japanese patent. At least two layers of reinforcing fibers are formed by partially arranging the reinforcing fibers toward the direction of the thickness of the leaf spring. A mixture of different types of reinforced fibers is used at the area of boundary between the two layers of reinforced fibers. The ratio of blending of each type of reinforced fiber is frequently changed to eliminate the parts where discontinuous stress may be applied to the leaf spring. The objective of this invention is to prevent the rapid change in Young's modulus at the boundary area between each layer of reinforced fibers in the leaf spring.

Hori, J.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Technical Note: Multipurpose CT, ultrasound, and MRI breast phantom for use in radiotherapy and minimally invasive interventions

Purpose: To develop a multipurpose gel-based breast phantom consisting of a simulated tumor with realistic imaging properties in CT, ultrasound and MRI, or a postsurgical cavity on CT. Applications for the phantom include: deformable image registration (DIR) quality assurance (QA), autosegmentation validation, and localization testing and training for minimally invasive image-guided procedures such as those involving catheter or needle insertion. Methods: A thermoplastic mask of a typical breast patient lying supine was generated and then filled to make an array of phantoms. The background simulated breast tissue consisted of 32.4 g each of ballistic gelatin (BG) powder and Metamusil™ (MM) dissolved in 800 ml of water. Simulated tumors were added using the following recipe: 12 g of barium sulfate (1.4% v/v) plus 0.000 14 g copper sulfate plus 0.7 g of MM plus 7.2 g of BG all dissolved in 75 ml of water. The phantom was evaluated quantitatively in CT by comparing Hounsfield units (HUs) with actual breast tissue. For ultrasound and MRI, the phantoms were assessed based on subjective image quality and signal-difference to noise (SDNR) ratio, respectively. The stiffness of the phantom was evaluated based on ultrasound elastography measurements to yield an average Young’s modulus. In addition, subjective tactile assessment of phantom was performed under needle insertion. Results: The simulated breast tissue had a mean background value of 24 HU on CT imaging, which more closely resembles fibroglandular tissue (40 HU) as opposed to adipose (−100 HU). The tumor had a mean CT number of 45 HU, which yielded a qualitatively realistic image contrast relative to the background either as an intact tumor or postsurgical cavity. The tumor appeared qualitatively realistic on ultrasound images, exhibiting hypoechoic characteristics compared to background. On MRI, the tumor exhibited a SDNR of 3.7. The average Young’s modulus was computed to be 15.8 ± 0.7 kPa (1 SD). Conclusions: We have developed a process to efficiently and inexpensively produce multipurpose breast phantoms containing simulated tumors visible on CT, ultrasound, and MRI. The phantoms have been evaluated for image quality and elasticity and can serve as a medium for DIR QA, autosegmentation QA, and training for minimally invasive procedures.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Ab initio study of anisotropic mechanical properties of LiCoO{sub 2} during lithium intercalation and deintercalation process

The mechanical properties of Li{sub x}CoO{sub 2} under various Li concentrations and associated anisotropy have been systematically studied using the first principles method. During the lithium intercalation process, the Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and ultimate strength increase with increasing lithium concentration. Strong anisotropy of mechanical properties between a-axis and c-axis in Li{sub x}CoO{sub 2} is identified at low lithium concentrations, and the anisotropy decreases with increasing lithium concentration. The observed lithium concentration dependence and anisotropy are explained by analyzing the charge transfer using Bader charge analysis, bond order analysis, and bond strength by investigating partial density of states and charge density difference. With the decrease of Li concentration, the charge depletion in the bonding regions increases, indicating a weaker Co-O bond strength. Additionally, the Young's modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus, and toughness are obtained by simulating ab initio tensile tests. From the simulated stress-strain curves, Li{sub x}CoO{sub 2} shows the highest toughness, which is in contraction with Pugh criterion prediction based on elastic properties only.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1981

Thermal shock resistance of silicon oxynitride

The thermal shock resistance of Si2N2O refractory material was studied. The thermal expansion coeff. is 3.55x10 to the -6th power at 20 to 800 C and 2.86x10 to the -6th power m/m/deg at 20 to 200 C. The breaking loads are high at high stress. Young's modulus E and the shear modulus G decrease linearly with increasing porosity. For dense material E sub o approx. = 216,500 N/mm2 and G approx = 90,600 N/mm2. The Vickers hardness of the dense material is comparable to that of sapphire. The results on thermal shock show that R, the breaking load, stays constant for T T sub c, the first cracks appear and R decreases sharply for T=T sub c. As the severity of the thermal shock is increased at T T sub c, a small no. of new, large-size cracks appears. The shock's cumulative effect is negligible, and repeated shocks do not change the cracks. The low values of the thermal expansion coefficient and Young's modulus and the high tension breaking load are considered. Sintered Si2N2O with 5% MgO shows excellent cracking resistance under thermal shock.

Glandus, J. C.↗
DOE OSTI2015

Mechanical Properties of Niobium Cavities

The mechanical stability of bulk Nb cavity is an important aspect to be considered in relation to cavity material, geometry and treatments. Mechanical properties of Nb are typically obtained from uniaxial tensile tests of small samples. In this contribution we report the results of measurements of the resonant frequency and local strain along the contour of single-cell cavities made of ingot and fine-grain Nb of different purity subjected to increasing uniform differential pressure, up to 6 atm. Measurements have been done on cavities subjected to different heat treatments. Good agreement between finite element analysis simulations and experimental data in the elastic regime was obtained with a single set of values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. The experimental results indicate that the yield strength of medium-purity ingot Nb cavities is higher than that of fine-grain, high-purity Nb.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Micro-cantilever beam experiments and modeling in porous polycrystalline UO 2

Understanding the impact of microstructure on the thermo-mechanical behavior of oxide nuclear fuels is vital to predicting their performance through multiscale models. Evaluating the mechanical properties at the sub-grain length scale is key to developing these multiscale models. In this work, 3D finite element (FE) models were constructed to simulate the micrometer-scale bending of micro-cantilever beams fabricated using porous polycrystalline uranium dioxide (UO 2 ) and tested at room temperature. Here, the results showed that the porosity and elastic anisotropy of individual grains can play a significant role in determining the effective mechanical properties of the material deduced from the tests. Specifically, the porosity had a non-negligible effect, given that the pore size was of the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of the micro-beams. Correlations between load-deflection data, pore location, and elastic properties (effective Young's modulus) were investigated using UO 2 micro-beam FE models, where pore clusters were included and placed at different locations along the length of the beam. Results indicated that the presence of pore clusters near the substrate, i.e., the clamp of the micro-cantilever beam, has the strongest effect on the load-deflection behavior, with the porosity leading to a reduction of stiffness that is the largest for any location of the pore clusters. Furthermore, it was also found that pore clusters located towards the middle of the span and close to the end of the beam have a comparatively small effect on the load-deflection behavior. Therefore, it is concluded that accurate estimates of Young's modulus can be obtained from micro-cantilever experiments after accounting for porosity on the one third of the beam length close to the clamp. This, in turn, provides an avenue to improve microscale experiments and their analysis in porous, anisotropic elastic materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

The Influence of the Cobalt Content on the Strength Properties of Tungsten Carbide Ceramics under Dynamic Loads

Based on the registration and analysis of the full wave profiles, the Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strength of ceramics based on tungsten carbide with different cobalt content are measured. We also study the influence of the cobalt content on the mechanical characteristics of tungsten carbide such as hardness, fracture strength, Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and sound velocity. It is shown that in the process of spalling, the failure stresses grow and the dynamic elastic limit decreases almost linearly within the scatter of their values with growing cobalt content; moreover, the value of the Hugoniot elastic limit is abruptly practically halved as the cobalt content grows from 0 to 2 wt %.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2019

Development of Pore-Free Ti-Si-C MAX/Al-Si Composite Materials Manufactured by Squeeze Casting Infiltration

Open-porous MAX phase skeletons from Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} were manufactured by Microwave-Assisted Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (MASHS) and subsequently subjected to squeeze casting infiltration with an Al-Si lightweight casting alloy (EN AC-44200). This alloy was chosen due to its high flowability, corrosion resistance and good machinability. The manufactured composites, together with a reference sample of the original alloy, underwent testing of thermal properties, including thermal conductivity and diffusivity, specific heat and thermal expansion in the temperature range 50-500 °C, which corresponds to the expected working temperatures of the material. The fabricated AlSi/Ti{sub 3}SiC{sub 2} composites have significantly increased thermal stability, with coefficients of thermal expansion (approximately 10-11 × 10{sup −6} °C{sup −1}) half that of the original alloy. As regards mechanical properties, the instrumental Young’s modulus and Vickers hardness of the composite materials are 170.8 and 8.5 GPa, respectively. Moreover, the microstructure and phase composition, structural defects and potential impacts between constituents of the manufactured composites were characterized using SEM, TEM and STEM microscopy and EDS and XRD analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Zirconium dioxide nanofilled poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) complexed with lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate as composite polymer electrolyte for electrochromic devices

Highlights: • Successful synthesis of electrolyte by blending PVdF-HFP, ZrO{sub 2} and LiCF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}. • ZrO{sub 2} increased electrolyte conductivity by two orders of magnitude. • ZrO{sub 2} doubled bulk mechanical strength of electrolyte in terms of Young’s modulus. • Electrolytes gave a optimum optical transmittance of 52.6%. - Abstract: Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP) polymer electrolyte containing zirconium dioxide nanocrystals (ZrO{sub 2}-NC) and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}) has been synthesized using the conventional solution casting method. The addition of ZrO2-NC into the polymeric substrate gave remarkable properties in terms of the electrolyte’s ionic conductivity as well as its bulk mechanical strength. The enhanced amorphicity of the polymeric substrate due to ZrO{sub 2} and the nanofiller’s high dielectric constant make an excellent combination to increase the ionic conductivity (above 10{sup −4} S cm{sup −1}). Increasing the nanofiller content raises the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte by two orders of magnitude of which the optimum is 2.65 × 10{sup −4} S cm{sup −1} at 13.04 wt% ZrO{sub 2}-NC loading. Also, the Young’s modulus, an indicator of electrolyte’s mechanical stability, dramatically increased to 207 MPa upon loading 13.04 wt% ZrO{sub 2}-NC. Using UV–vis spectroscopy, the electrolytes with 13.04% ZrO{sub 2}-NC scanned from 200–800 nm wavelengths exhibited a maximum optical transmittance of 52.6% at 10 μm film thickness. The enhanced conductivity, high mechanical strength and reasonable optical transmittance shown by our composite polymer electrolyte make an excellent electrolyte for future energy saving smart windows such as electrochromic devices.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Dissimilar Tendencies of Innovative Green Clay Organo-Modifier on the Final Properties of Poly(ε-caprolactone) Based Nanocomposites

Composites based on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) were prepared by melt blending the polymer with natural and modified bentonite. Soy lecithin (SL), a natural and nontoxic biosurfactant, was used as modifier agent. Three organoclays with different SL contents were employed as fillers and composites containing 1 and 2 wt% of each clay, were prepared. Thermal (by thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry), morphological (by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and melt rheology), mechanical (by tensile tests) and barrier properties (by means of water vapor permeability tests) of matrix and composites were studied as a function of clay type and content. Morphological analysis by XRD showed nanocomposites with intercalated-exfoliated structures while melt rheology suggests thermal degradation of PCL matrix catalyzed by SL bentonite modifier. Thermal and mechanical properties were consistent with this assumption, due to the slight increment in crystallinity percentage and detriment in the Young’s modulus of the nanocomposites in comparison with the neat matrix. On the other hand, water vapor permeability of PCL significantly decreased in composites, as is expected for polymer/clay nanocomposites, favoring its potential application as food packaging. Thus, dissimilar tendencies were found in the final properties of the nanocomposites that were attributed to the matrix molecular weight degradation catalyzed by the novel green clay organo-modifier.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Temperature effect of elastic anisotropy and internal strain development in advanced nanostructured alloys: An in-situ synchrotron X-ray investigation

Nanostructured ferritic alloys (NFAs) are a promising structural material for advanced nuclear systems due to their exceptional radiation tolerance and high-temperature mechanical properties. Their remarkable properties result from the ultrafine ultrahigh density Y-Ti-O nanoclusters dispersed within the ferritic matrix. In this work, we performed in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction tests to study the tensile deformation process of the three types of NFAs: 9YWTV, 14YWT-sm13, and 14YWT-sm170 at both room temperature and elevated temperatures. A technique was developed, combining Kroner’s model and X-ray measurement, to determine the intrinsic monocrystal elastic-stiffness constants, and polycrystal Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the NFAs. Temperature dependence of elastic anisotropy was observed in the NFAs. An analysis of intergranular strain and strengthening factors determined that 14YWT-sm13 had a higher resistance to temperature softening compared to 9YWTV, attributed to the more effective nanoparticle strengthening during high-temperature mechanical loading.

Gan, Yingye↗
DOE OSTI2019

Investigation of Stress Field and Fracture Development During Shale Maturation Using Analog Rock Systems

The emergence of hydrocarbons within shale as a major recoverable resource has sparked interest in fluid transport through these tight mudstones. Recent studies suggest the importance to recovery of microfracture networks that connect localized zones with large organic content to the inorganic matrix. This paper presents a joint modeling and experimental study to examine the onset, formation, and evolution of microfracture networks as shale matures. Both the stress field and fractures are simulated and imaged. A novel laboratory-scale, phase-field fracture propagation model was developed to characterize the material failure mechanisms that play a significant role during the shale maturation process. The numerical model developed consists of coupled solid deformation, pore pressure, and fracture propagation mechanisms. Benchmark tests were conducted to validate model accuracy. Laboratory-grade gelatins with varying Young’s modulus were used as scaled-rock analogs in two dimensional Hele-Shaw cell apparatus. Yeast within the gelatin generates gas in a fashion analogous to hydrocarbon formation as shale matures. These setups allow study and visualization of host rock elastic-brittle fracture and fracture network propagation mechanisms. The experimental setup was fitted to utilize photoelasticity principles coupled with birefringence properties of gelatin to explore visually the stress field of the gelatin as the fracture network developed. Stress optics image analysis and Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) principles for crack propagation were used to monitor fracture growth for each gelatin type. Observed and simulated responses suggest gas diffusion within and deformation of the gelatin matrix as predominant mechanisms for energy dissipation depending on gelatin strength. LEFM, an experimental estimation of principal stress development with fracture growth, at different stages was determined for each gelatin rheology. Here, the interplay of gas diffusion and material deformation determines the resulting frequency and pattern of fractures. Results correlate with Young’s modulus. Experimental and computed stress fields reveal that fractures resulting from internal gas generation are similar to, but not identical to, type 1 opening mode.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Physicochemical, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Characteristics of Corn Starch Film Containing Propolis for Wound Dressing

Modern dressings increase the rate of wound healing rather than just covering them. Dressing can protect the injured skin and keep it appropriately moist to speed up the healing process. In this study, the ethanolic extract of propolis loaded with corn starch was successfully prepared using solvent casting. Characterizations of the samples performed in respect to their mechanical properties were examined by scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, and attenuated total reflectance—fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, as well as antimicrobial capacities. The MTT assay using fibroblast cells showed the cell viability of corn starch in the ethanolic extract of propolis wound dressing. The results showed that by increasing the amount of ethanolic propolis extract from 0.25 to 1%, the tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the samples were decreased, the elongation at the break increased about 15% as compared to the control films, and the contact angle properties were detected by a slightly hydrophobic character of the films in the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus even at low ethanolic extract of propolis concentrations (1%), mainly due to its phenolic compounds. Therefore, ethanolic extract of propolis loaded with corn starch film will be a potential candidate for wound dressing and skin tissue engineering.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗