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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Ammonia - Did it have a role in chemical evolution

The significance of ammonia in the chemical evolution related to the origin of life is evaluated. A computer program was employed to calculate the time needed for the decomposition of ammonia by means of a photochemical reaction. Various possible protection mechanisms for ammonia are discussed, giving attention to hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, ozone, and CO. It is concluded that in the absence of a sufficiently high pressure of hydrogen, any ammonia present in the primitive atmosphere would have been decomposed by photolysis in a million years.

Ferris, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Models of prebiological phosphorylation

The model of phosphorylation in aqueous solutions considered involves the cyanogen-induced activation of orthophosphate. In this reaction, preferential phosphorylation of reducing sugars occurs, to produce the corresponding glycosyl phosphates. Attention is given to the molecular mechanism of phosphate uptake as it occurs in contemporary cells. It is proposed that the site of prebiological phosphorylation may have been in the interstitial water of sediment. It is also suggested that the site to search for forms of life on other planets is in the interstitial water, which possibly may be found, e.g., in the canyons of Mars.

Halmann, M.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Materials and processes for Shuttle engine, external tank, and Solid Rocket Booster

The paper deals with the materials and processes for three Space Shuttle elements: Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSME), the External Tank (ET), and the Solid Rocket Boosters (SRB), beginning with an overview of the materials selection, tracking and control system. SSME materials and processes are considered with emphasis on hydrogen environment embrittlement, LOX/GOX compatibility, stress corrosion cracking, and hydraulic fluid testing and qualification. The ET is examined with attention given to welding and fracture mechanics, and the thermal protection system. The SRB is discussed with emphasis on corrosion prevention, stress corrosion and fracture toughness, the integrated test bed for in situ corrosion protection verification, aluminum processing, and the thermal protection system.

Schwinghamer, R. J.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Photoassisted electrolysis of water - Conversion of optical to chemical energy

A description is given of devices, termed photoelectrochemical cells, which can, in principle, be used to directly convert light to fuels and/or electricity. The fundamental principles on which the photoelectrochemical cell is based are related to the observation that irradiation of a semiconductor electrode in an electrochemical cell can result in the flow of an electric current in the external circuit. Attention is given to the basic mechanisms involved, the energy conversion efficiency, the advantages of photoelectrochemical cells, and the results of investigations related to the study of energy conversion via photoelectrochemical cells.

Wrighton, M. S.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Origin of earth's moon

The major geochemical properties of the moon are briefly considered along with the significant facts of the moon's geologic history, and then the three current hypotheses regarding the moon's origin, namely, fission, capture, and binary accretion, are reviewed. The individual merits and improbabilities associated with each mechanism are taken into consideration. Special attention is given to the binary accretion model as the most promising one. In the variants of this model, of crucial importance is the nature of the more general hypothesis assumed for planetary formation from the solar nebula. The two main models differ considerably in the amount of chemical fractionation they allow to accompany planetary formation.

Wood, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

High-stability Shuttle pointing system

It was recognized that precision pointing provided by the Orbiter's attitude control system would not be good enough for Shuttle payload scientific experiments or certain Defense department payloads. The Annular Suspension Pointing System (ASPS) is being developed to satisfy these more exacting pointing requirements. The ASPS is a modular pointing system which consists of two principal parts, including an ASPS Gimbal System (AGS) which provides three conventional ball-bearing gimbals and an ASPS Vernier System (AVS) which magnetically isolates the payload. AGS performance requirements are discussed and an AGS system description is given. The overall AGS system consists of the mechanical hardware, sensors, electronics, and software. Attention is also given to system simulation and performance prediction, and support facilities.

Van Riper, R.↗
NASA NTRS1980

On the early global melting of the terrestrial planets

Attention is given to all the mechanisms currently known which might have been responsible for the melting of the moon. A comparison is conducted of the terrestrial planets and the moon, taking into account the conditions in the early solar system as a function of time. The assumption is made that the terrestrial planets and the moon all reached sizes comparable to their present sizes at the same time, so that the same heating mechanisms were operating on all of the bodies when their early crusts were formed. A chronology of the early solar system is established in order to evaluate the time periods during which each of the mechanisms might have been active. If the moon and planets formed within 2,000,000 years after the formation of the protosun, the conclusion appears inescapable that all of the terrestrial planets melted.

Hostetler, C. J.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Microwave remote sensing: Active and passive. Volume 2 - Radar remote sensing and surface scattering and emission theory

The fundamental principles of radar backscattering measurements are presented, including measurement statistics, Doppler and pulse discrimination techniques, and associated ambiguity functions. The operation of real and synthetic aperture sidelooking airborne radar systems is described, along with the internal and external calibration techniques employed in scattering measurements. Attention is given to the physical mechanisms responsible for the scattering emission behavior of homogeneous and inhomogeneous media, through a discussion of surface roughness, dielectric properties and inhomogeneity, and penetration depth. Simple semiempirical models are presented. Theoretical models involving greater mathematical sophistication are also given for extended ocean and bare soil surfaces, and the more general case of a vegetation canopy over a rough surface.

Ulaby, F. T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Steps towards 8m honeycomb mirrors. V - A method for polishing aspheres as fast as f/1

The present method for the polishing of near-f/1 aspherics employs a lap whose shape is continuously changed under computer control as it moves over the rigid mirror blank. Required changes of radius, astigmatism, and coma in a circular lap are accomplished by means of edge-bending levers and tensioning members that use screw actuators. Attention is given to the case of an f/1, 8-m diameter paraboloid whose mirror blank has been cast in a centrifugally stressed, rotating furnace to within 1 mm of the desired optical figure. Attention is also given to the mechanical design of the active lap.

Angel, J. R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1986

1986 Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 23rd, Providence, RI, July 21-23, 1986, Proceedings

The present conference on the effects of nuclear and space radiation on electronic hardware gives attention to topics in the basic mechanisms of radiation effects, dosimetry and energy-dependent effects, electronic device radiation hardness assurance, SOI/SOS radiation effects, spacecraft charging and space radiation, IC radiation effects and hardening, single-event upset (SEU) phenomena and hardening, and EMP/SGEMP/IEMP phenomena. Specific treatments encompass the generation of interface states by ionizing radiation in very thin MOS oxides, the microdosimetry of meson energy deposited on 1-micron sites in Si, total dose radiation and engineering studies, plasma interactions with biased concentrator solar cells, the transient imprint memory effect in MOS memories, mechanisms leading to SEU, and the vaporization and breakdown of thin columns of water.

Ellis, Thomas D.↗
NASA NTRS1991

The second generation Wide-Field/Planetary Camera on the Hubble Space Telescope

The general design and principal features of the second generation Wide-Field/Planetary Camera (WFPC-2) for the Hubble Space Telescope are reviewed. The discussion covers the background of WFPC-2 development, science capabilities, key performance parameters, optical and electronic equipment, mechanisms, thermal control, and contamination control. Attention is also given to on-orbit operations, including commanding and telemetry and on-orbit servicing.

Leschly, Kim↗
NASA NTRS1992

Mars - Epochal climate change and volatile history

The epochal climate change and volatile history of Mars are examined, with special attention given to evidence for and mechanisms of long-term climate change. Long-term climate change on Mars is indicated most directly by the presence, age, and distribution of the valley networks. They were almost certainly formed by running water, but it seems more likely that they were formed by groundwater sapping than by rainfall. It is argued to be physically plausible that a higher early intensity of surface insolation caused by a CO2 greenhouse effect could have overcompensated for an early weak sun and raised temperatures to the freezing point near the equator under favorable conditions of obliquity and eccentricity. This could account for the morphological changes.

Fanale, Fraser P.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Construction and development of a human base on Mars

Ways in which various construction-oriented activities might be carried out on the surface of Mars are addressed, with emphasis on determining the power, mass, and manpower requirements for these activities. Attention is given to the soil mechanics of Mars, a series of guidelines and fundamental calculations for building various structures such as inflatables, foundations, and in situ material buildings, construction procedures such as laying pipe or cables and setting up solar arrays, and equipment needs and uses for a nominal base on Mars. Under the assumption of some types of construction machines, the construction time is estimated. Most of the work is shown to be completable within a reasonable time scale (10 yr or more), although some work requires impractical construction time. This work includes the covering of both rigid and inflatable habitat modules. It is suggested that alternative types of construction machines are required for this type of work.

Gwynne, Owen↗
NASA NTRS1994

Third International Workshop on Squeezed States and Uncertainty Relations

The purpose of these workshops is to bring together an international selection of scientists to discuss the latest developments in Squeezed States in various branches of physics, and in the understanding of the foundations of quantum mechanics. At the third workshop, special attention was given to the influence that quantum optics is having on our understanding of quantum measurement theory. The fourth meeting in this series will be held in the People's Republic of China.

Han, D.↗
NASA NTRS1995

On the deficit problem of mass and energy of solar coronal mass ejections connected with interplanetary shocks

Mean values of a number of parameters of the most powerful coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and interplanetary shocks generated by these ejections are estimated using an analysis of data obtained by the cosmic coronagraphs and spacecrafts, and geomagnetic storm measurements. It was payed attention that the shock mass and mechanical energy, averaging 5 x 10(exp 16) grm and 2 x 10(exp 32) erg respectively, are nearly 10 times larger than corresponding parameters of the ejections. So, the CME energy deficit problem seems to exist really. To solve this problem one can make an assumption that the process of the mass and energy growth of CMEs during their propagation out of the Sun observed in the solar corona is continued in supercorona too up to distances of 10-30 solar radii. This assumption is confirmed by the data analysis of five events observed using zodiacal light photometers of the HELIOS- I and HELIOS-2 spacecrafts. The mass growth rate is estimated to be equal to (1-7) x 10(exp 11) grm/sec. It is concluded that the CME contribution to mass and energy flows in the solar winds probably, is larger enough than the value of 3-5% adopted usually.

Ivanchuk, V. I.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nonclassical Crystallization Pathway in Biomolecular Self-assembly

Biomolecular self-assembly plays a vital role in synthetic and biological material systems and has therefore attracted tremendous interest due to its great potential for applications in biomedical and tissue engineering, biosensing, materials science, and nanotechnology. Although there have been numerous studies focusing on these systems’ designs, structures, and functions, little attention has been given to the mechanisms by which they nucleate. In this chapter, we review some recent advances in understanding the nucleation pathways of self-assembling biomolecular systems. We will mainly focus on crystallization via nonclassical nucleation mechanisms, which involve the addition of oligomers and more complex species or passage through transient metastable states, including dense liquids, amorphous clusters, and crystalline polymorphs. However, some cases that go through classical pathways are also introduced and discussed.

Chen, Jiajun↗
NASA NTRS1974

On the theory of H2 rotational excitation

A number of mechanisms for exciting higher-J states in the ground vibrational level are considered. Attention is given to collisions with H atoms and electrons. Other mechanisms involve a cascading down from upper vibrational levels, following absorption and reemission of photons in the Lyman and Werner bands, or a cascading down from upper vibrational levels, following formation of hydrogen molecules in excited vibrational and rotational levels. Theoretical population densities of rotational levels are shown in a graph.

Spitzer, L., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The classification of wind shears from the point of view of aerodynamics and flight mechanics

A study of international statistical data shows that in about three quarters of all serious accidents which occurred with jet propelled airliners wind shear was either one of the main causes of the accident or represented a major contributory cause. Wind shear related problems are examined. The necessity of a use of different concepts, definitions, and divisions is explained, and the concepts and definitions required for the division of wind and wind shear into different categories is discussed. A description of the context between meteorological and aerodynamics-flight mechanics concepts, definitions, and divisions is also provided. Attention is given to wind and wind components, general characteristics of wind shear and the meteorological terms, the basic types of wind shear for aerodynamics-flight mechanics investigations, special types of wind shear for aerodynamics-flight mechanics investigations, and possibilities regarding a change of the wind component.

Seidler, Fritz↗