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At least 235 records · Page 13

Factors Controlling Elevated Temperature Strength Degradation of Silicon Carbide Composites

For 5 years, the cooperative agreement NCC3-763 has focused on the development and understanding of Sic-based composites. Most of the work was performed in the area of SiC fiber-reinforced composites for UEET and NGLT and in collaboration with Goodrich Corporation under a partially reimbursable Space Act Agreement. A smaller amount of work was performed on C fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites for NGLT. Major accomplishments during this agreement included: Improvements to the interphase used in melt-infiltrated (MI) SiC/SiC composites which increases the life under stressed-oxidation at intermediate temperatures referred to as "outside-debonding". This concept is currently in the patent process and received a Space Act Award. Mechanistic-based models of intermediate temperature degradation for MI SiC/SiC Quantification and relatively robust relationships for matrix crack evolution under stress in SiC/SiC composites which serve as the basis for stress-strain and elevated temperature life models The furthering of acoustic emission as a useful tool in composite damage evolution and the extension of the technique to other composite systems Development of hybrid C-SiC fiber-reinforced SiC matrix composites Numerous presentations at conferences, industry partners, and government centers and publications in recognized proceedings and journals. Other recognition of the author's accomplishments by NASA with a TGIR award (2004), NASA's Medal for Public Service (2004), and The American Ceramic Society s Richard M. Fulrath Award (2005). The following will briefly describe the work of the past five years in the three areas of interest: SiC/SiC composite development, mechanistic understanding and modeling of SiC/SiC composites, and environmental durability of C/SiC composites. More detail can be found in the publications cited at the end of this report.

Source record↗

Thermal energy storage in concrete: Review, testing, and simulation of thermal properties at relevant ranges of elevated temperature

This study examines the thermal performance of concrete used for thermal energy storage (TES) applications. The influence of concrete constituents (aggregates, cementitious materials, and fibers) on the thermal conductivity and specific heat are summarized based on literature and via experimentation at elevated temperatures. It is indicated that concrete with siliceous aggregate, low water/cement ratios, and steel fibers produces better overall thermal properties. The results of literature review and laboratory testing are used for numerical simulation to evaluate the impact of concrete thermal property variability on TES capabilities. The TES module consists of the heat exchanger and surrounding concrete as the storage media. Both idealized cases without heat loss and realistic cases with insulation and heat losses are considered. Furthermore, the result shows that conventional concrete mixes can be tailored to decrease the module charge/discharge durations and increase the amount of thermal energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

The viscoplastic behavior of SCS6/Ti-15-3 metal matrix composite materials at elevated temperatures

Titanium-based metal matrix composite materials (MMC'S) are being considered for use in the National Aerospace Plane. It is expected that these materials will be subjected to temperatures ranging up to about 820 C (1500 F). The present study was a preliminary investigation intended to quantify the level of viscoplastic behavior exhibited by SCS6/Ti-15-3 MMC's at elevated temperatures. The study consisted of a series of uniaxial creep/creep recovery tests. These tests were conducted in air at a temperature of 535 C (1000 F). Three distinct types of specimens were tested: Ti-15-3 heat matrix specimens (O2/plus or minus 45) sub s composite specimens, and (90 sub 2/plus or minus 45) sub s composite specimens. Tensile loads were applied to the specimens using a lever-arm creep frame equipped with a high temperature furnace. Specimen creep stains were monitored using an LVDT-based extensometer.

Tuttle, Mark E.↗

Foreign Object Damage Behavior of a SiC/SiC Composite at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures

Foreign object damage (FOD) behavior of a gas-turbine grade SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composite (CMC) was determined at 25 and 1316 C, employing impact velocities from 115 to 440 meters per second by 1.59-mm diameter stell-ball projectiles. Two different types of specimen support were used at each temperature: fully supported and partially supported. For a given temperature, the degree of post-impact strength degradation increased with increasing impact velocity, and was greater in a partially supported configuration than in a fully supported one. The elevated-temperature FOD resistance of the composite, particularly under partially supported loading at higher impact velocities greater than or equal to 350 meters per second, was significantly less than the ambient-temperature counterpart, attributed to a weakening effect of the composite. For fully supported loading, frontal contact stress played a major role in generating composite damage; whereas, for partially supported loading, both frontal contact and backside bending stresses were combined sources of damage generation. The SiC/SiC composite was able to survive higher energy impacts without complete structural failure but suffered more strength affecting damage from low energy impacts than AS800 and SN282 silicon nitrides.

Bhatt, Ramakrishna T.↗

The analysis of fatigue crack growth mechanism and oxidation and fatigue life at elevated temperatures

Two quantitative models based on experimentally observed fatigue damage processes have been made: (1) a model of low cycle fatigue life based on fatigue crack growth under general-yielding cyclic loading; and (2) a model of accelerated fatigue crack growth at elevated temperatures based on grain boundary oxidation. These two quantitative models agree very well with the experimental observations.

Liu, H. W.↗

Elevated-Temperature Tests Under Static and Aerodynamic Conditions on Corrugated-Stiffened Panels

Thermal-insulating panels made of 0.005-inch-thick corrugated-stiffened sheets of Inconel X, backed by either bulk or reflective insulation, were tested under static and aerodynamic conditions at elevated temperatures up to 1,8000 F in front of a quartz-tube radiant heater and in a blowdown wind tunnel at a Mach number of 1.4. The tests were performed to provide information on the structural integrity and insulating effectiveness of thermal-insulating panels under the effects of aerodynamic heating. Static radiant-heating tests showed that the bulk insulation protected a load-carrying structure better than did the reflective insulation; however, the bulk insulation was much heavier than the reflective insulation and made the panel assemblies about three times as thick. Three of the four panels tested in the heated supersonic wind tunnel fluttered and failed dynamically. However, one panel demonstrated that flutter can be alleviated considerably with proper edge support. The panels deflected toward the heater (or into the airstream) at a rate which was primarily dependent on the temperature difference through the panel thickness.

Groen, Joseph M.↗

Elevated Temperature Crack Growth Behavior in HSCT Structural Materials

Structures in super-sonic aircraft are subjected to conditions of high temperature and cyclic and sustained loading for extended periods of time. The durability of structures fabricated from aluminum and certain titanium alloys in such demanding conditions is of primary concern to the designers and manufacturers of futuristic transport aircraft. Accordingly, the major goal of this project was to evaluate the performance and durability of high temperature aluminum and titanium alloys for use in high speed civil transport (HSCT) structures. Additional goals were to develop time-dependent fracture mechanics methodology and test methods for characterizing and predicting elevated temperature crack growth behavior in creep-brittle materials such as ones being considered for use in HSCT structures and to explore accelerated methods of simulating microstructural degradation during service and measuring degraded properties in these materials.

Saxena, Ashok↗

Irradiation induced void spheroidization, shrinkage and migration in Cu at elevated temperatures: An in situ study

We show understanding the void evolution in irradiation environment is of great interest and significance, as irradiation-induced voids typically lead to pronounced volumetric swelling and degradation of mechanical properties. In situ studies on the irradiation response of nanovoids at elevated temperature remain limited. In this work, we performed systematic in situ 1 MeV Kr ++ irradiations on Cu with nanovoids in a transmission electron microscope up to 350 °C. The in situ studies revealed intriguing void spheroidization, shrinkage and migration. Furthermore, the morphology evolution and migration of nanovoids showed a strong dependence on irradiation temperature and initial void size. Post-irradiation analyses identified defect clusters in the form of stacking fault tetrahedrons, and the remaining large faceted nanovoids. The underlying mechanisms of irradiation-induced void spheroidization and shrinkage were discussed based on phase-field modeling.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Elevated temperature compressive properties of reaction milled NiAl-AlN and Zr-doped NiAl-AlN composites

Previous studies of a single lot of NiAl powder which had been ground under high intensity conditions in liquid nitrogen (cryomilling) indicated that this processing leads to a high strength, elevated temperature NiAl-AlN composite. Because this was the first known example of the use of the reaction milling process to produce a high temperature composite, the reproducibility of this technique was unknown. Two additional lots of NIAl powder and a lot of a Zr-doped NiAl powder have been cryomilled, and analyses indicate that AlN was formed within a NiAl matrix in all three cases. Compression testing between 1200 K and 1400 K has shown that the deformation resistance of these heats is similar to that of the first lot of NiAl-AlN; thus cryomilling can improve the creep resistance of NiAl by a factor of six. Based on this work, it is concluded that cryomilling of NiAl powder to form high temperature, high strength NiAl-AlN composites is a reproducible process.

Whittenberger, J. D.↗

Tensile properties of HK31XA-H24 magnesium-alloy sheet under rapid-heating conditions and constant elevated temperatures

Specimens of HK31XA-H24 magnesium-alloy sheet from an experimental batch were heated to failure at nominal temperature rates from 0.2 F to 100 F per second under constant-load conditions. Rapid-heating yield and rupture stresses are presented and compared with the yield and ultimate stresses from elevated-temperature tensile stress-strain tests for 1/2-hour exposure. Linear temperature-rate parameters were used to correlate rapid-heating results by constructing master curves which can be used for predicting yield stresses and temperatures and for estimating rupture stresses and temperatures.

MATERIALS, PROPERTIES - THERMAL↗

Grain boundary oxidation and low-cycle fatigue at elevated temperatures

Fatigue life consists of fatigue crack nucleation and propagation periods. In order to predict fatigue life accurately, a methodology for the quantitative assessment of these two fatigue damage processes had to be devised. Grain boundary oxidation penetrates faster than does oxidation within a grain. This faster oxidation penetration causes intergranular fatigue failures at elevated temperatures. Grain boundary oxidation accelerates both crack nucleation and propagation. Grain boundary oxidation kinetics and the statistical distribution of grain boundary oxide penetration depth were measured. Quantitative applications of the grain boundary oxidation kinetics to fatigue crack nucleation and propagation were analyzed. A method, based on the Weibull distribution, of extrapolating the laboratory oxidation data measured with small samples to large engineering structures is presented.

Liu, H. W.↗

Effect of Load Rate on Ultimate Tensile Strength of Ceramic Matrix Composites at Elevated Temperatures

The strengths of three continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites, including SiC/CAS-II, SiC/MAS-5 and SiC/SiC, were determined as a function of test rate in air at 1100 to 1200 C. All three composite materials exhibited a strong dependency of strength on test rate, similar to the behavior observed in many advanced monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures. The application of the preloading technique as well as the prediction of life from one loading configuration (constant stress-rate) to another (constant stress loading) suggested that the overall macroscopic failure mechanism of the composites would be the one governed by a power-law type of damage evolution/accumulation, analogous to slow crack growth commonly observed in advanced monolithic ceramics. It was further found that constant stress-rate testing could be used as an alternative to life prediction test methodology even for composite materials, at least for short range of lifetimes and when ultimate strength is used as the failure criterion.

Choi, Sung R.↗

Biaxial constitutive modelling and testing of a single crystal superalloy at elevated temperatures

A viscoplastic constitutive model for single crystal superalloys is developed from crystallographic slip theory. The model is applied to the tension and torsion deformation behavior of the single crystal superalloy PWA 1480 at 871 C (1600 F). Both octahedral and cube slip behavior are needed to model the deformation behavior of single crystal superalloys at elevated temperature.

Walker, K. P.↗

Effects of elevated temperature on the viscoplastic modeling of graphite/polymeric composites

To support the development of new materials for the design of next generation supersonic transports, a research program is underway at NASA to assess the long term durability of advanced polymer matrix composites (PMC's). One of main objectives of the program was to explore the effects of elevated temperature (23 to 200 C) on the constitutive model's material parameters. To achieve this goal, test data on the observed nonlinear, stress-strain behavior of IM7/5260 and IM7/8320 composites under tension and compression loading were collected and correlated against temperature. These tests, conducted under isothermal conditions using variable strain rates, included such phenomena as stress relaxation and short term creep. The second major goal was the verification of the model by comparison of analytical predictions and test results for off axis and angle ply laminates. Correlation between test and predicted behavior was performed for specimens of both material systems over a range of temperatures. Results indicated that the model provided reasonable predictions of material behavior in load or strain controlled tests. Periods of loading, unloading, stress relaxation, and creep were accounted for.

Gates, Thomas S.↗

Elevated temperature fracture of RS/PM aluminum alloy 8009

The fracture behavior of advanced powder metallurgy Al-Fe-V-Si alloy 8009 (previously called FVS0812) is being characterized under monotonic loads, as a function of temperature. Particular attention is focused on contributions to the fracture mechanism from the fine grained dispersoid strengthened microstructure, dissolved solute from rapid solidification, and the moist air environment. Time-dependent crack growth is characterized in advanced aluminum alloys at elevated temperatures with the fracture mechanics approach, and cracking mechanisms are examined with a metallurgical approach. Specific tasks were to obtain standard load crack growth experimental information from a refined testing system; to correlate crack growth kinetics with the j-integral and time dependent C(sub t)(t); and to investigate the intermediate temperature embrittlement of 8009 alloy in order to understand crack growth mechanisms.

Porr, William C., Jr.↗

Elevated Temperature Effects on Protein Turnover Dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana Seedlings Revealed by 15 N-Stable Isotope Labeling and ProteinTurnover Algorithm

Global warming poses a threat to plant survival, impacting growth and agricultural yield. Protein turnover, a critical regulatory mechanism balancing protein synthesis and degradation, is crucial for the cellular response to environmental changes. We investigated the effects of elevated temperature on proteome dynamics in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings using 15 N-stable isotope labeling and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, coupled with the ProteinTurnover algorithm. Analyzing different cellular fractions from plants grown under 22 °C and 30 °C growth conditions, we found significant changes in the turnover rates of 571 proteins, with a median 1.4-fold increase, indicating accelerated protein dynamics under thermal stress. Notably, soluble root fraction proteins exhibited smaller turnover changes, suggesting tissue-specific adaptations. Significant turnover alterations occurred with redox signaling, stress response, protein folding, secondary metabolism, and photorespiration, indicating complex responses enhancing plant thermal resilience. Conversely, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and mitochondrial ATP synthesis showed minimal changes, highlighting their stability. This analysis highlights the intricate balance between proteome stability and adaptability, advancing our understanding of plant responses to heat stress and supporting the development of improved thermotolerant crops.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Effect of Load Rate on Tensile Strength of Various CFCCs at Elevated Temperatures: An Approach to Life Prediction Testing

Strength of three continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites, including SiC/CAS-11, SiC/MAS-5 and SiC/SiC, was determined as a function of test rate in air at 1100 - 1200 C. All three composite materials exhibited a strong dependency of strength on test rate, similar to the behavior observed in many advanced monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures. The application of the preloading technique as well as the prediction of life from one loading configuration (constant stress-rate) to another (constant stress loading) suggested that the overall macroscopic failure mechanism of the composites would be the one governed by a power-law tyw of damage evolution/accumulation, analogous to slow crack growth commonly observed in advanced monolithic ceramics. It was further found that constant stress-rate testing could be used as an alternative to life prediction test methodology even for the composite materials at least for the short range of lifetime.

Choi, Sung R.↗

Elevated temperature strengthening of a melt spun austenitic steel by TiB2

Mechanical properties of an iron-based alloy containing (by wt pct) 33Ni, 2Al, 6Ti, and 2B (resulting in an alloy containing 10 vol pct TiB2) were evaluated by hardness and tensile testing. The alloy was cast as a ribbon using a dual 'free-jet' variation of Jech et al. (1984) method of chill-block melt-spinning against a copper wheel; to simulate thermal cycles the alloy ribbon would experience during compaction into shapes, various segments of the ribbon were annealed under a vacuum at temperatures ranging from 500 to 1150 C. The results show that maximum strengths at 650 and 760 C were developed in ribbons annealed at 1100 C; in these ribbons an optimal combination of grain coarsening with minimum TiB2 particle growth was observed. However, the elevated-temperature strength of the TiB2-strengthened alloy under optimal annealing conditions was poorer than that of conventional iron-based superalloys strengthened by gamma-prime precipitates.

Michal, G. M.↗