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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2012

An Automated Algorithm to Screen Massive Training Samples for a Global Impervious Surface Classification

An algorithm is developed to automatically screen the outliers from massive training samples for Global Land Survey - Imperviousness Mapping Project (GLS-IMP). GLS-IMP is to produce a global 30 m spatial resolution impervious cover data set for years 2000 and 2010 based on the Landsat Global Land Survey (GLS) data set. This unprecedented high resolution impervious cover data set is not only significant to the urbanization studies but also desired by the global carbon, hydrology, and energy balance researches. A supervised classification method, regression tree, is applied in this project. A set of accurate training samples is the key to the supervised classifications. Here we developed the global scale training samples from 1 m or so resolution fine resolution satellite data (Quickbird and Worldview2), and then aggregate the fine resolution impervious cover map to 30 m resolution. In order to improve the classification accuracy, the training samples should be screened before used to train the regression tree. It is impossible to manually screen 30 m resolution training samples collected globally. For example, in Europe only, there are 174 training sites. The size of the sites ranges from 4.5 km by 4.5 km to 8.1 km by 3.6 km. The amount training samples are over six millions. Therefore, we develop this automated statistic based algorithm to screen the training samples in two levels: site and scene level. At the site level, all the training samples are divided to 10 groups according to the percentage of the impervious surface within a sample pixel. The samples following in each 10% forms one group. For each group, both univariate and multivariate outliers are detected and removed. Then the screen process escalates to the scene level. A similar screen process but with a looser threshold is applied on the scene level considering the possible variance due to the site difference. We do not perform the screen process across the scenes because the scenes might vary due to the phenology, solar-view geometry, and atmospheric condition etc. factors but not actual landcover difference. Finally, we will compare the classification results from screened and unscreened training samples to assess the improvement achieved by cleaning up the training samples. Keywords:

Tan, Bin↗
NASA NTRS2023

CFD Integrated Transition Modeling for High-Speed Flows via Coupled OVERFLOW-LASTRAC Analysis

This work details ongoing efforts at the NASA Langley Research Center to develop and validate a general-use CFD tool that includes built-in predictions of boundary-layer transition in high-speed flows. Existing tools for the coupling of the NASA OVERFLOW structured overset RANS solver and LASTRAC stability analysis code have been extended to capture boundary-layer transition in high-speed flows driven by either Mack’s first-mode or secondmode instabilities and/or crossflow instabilities. The efficacy of this coupled approach has been demonstrated by examining a variety of supersonic and hypersonic test cases for which experimental validation data is available. The intermittency prescription parameters inherited from prior low-speed applications are found to be suitable for some, but not all high-speed flow scenarios. The method is found to be robust for straight cone configurations and improvements necessary to accurately capture transition on geometries with spatially complex amplification factor envelopes with intermediate regions of slow N-factor variation are examined. The automated, coupled analysis is demonstrated for a 3d supersonic test case and found to perform well within the limits of the linear stability analysis on which it relies. Finally, a preliminary investigation of the method’s robustness to non-ideal CFD meshes is conducted.

High-speed flow↗
DOE OSTI2021

Microstructural and Micro-Chemical Evolutions in the Irradiated UCO Fuel Kernels of AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO Fuel Particles

AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO fuel particles were fabricated with slightly different fuel kernel chemical compositions, modified fabrication processes, different fuel kernel diameters, and changed 235U enrichments. To correlate those differences with the fuel kernel responses to neutron irradiations in terms of irradiated fuel microstructure, fission products chemical and physical states, and fission gas bubble evolutions, extensive microstructural and analytical characterizations were conducted. The studies used a state of art transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of four silicon solid-state detectors which have super sensitivity and fast speed. The TEM specimens were prepared from selected AGR-1 and AGR-2 irradiated fuel kernels exposed to safety testing after irradiation. The particles were chosen to represent a representative irradiation conditions with a fuel burnup within the range from 10.8 to 18.6% FIMA, and the time-average volume-average temperatures vary from 1070 to 1287°C. The 235U enrichment was 19.74 wt.% for the AGR1 fuel kernels and 14.03 wt.% for the AGR-2 fuel kernels. The TEM results show that there were significant microstructural reconstructions in the irradiated fuel kernels for both the AGR-1 and AGR-2 fuels. There are four major phases including fuel matrix of UO2 and UC, U2RuC2, and UMoC2 in the irradiated AGR2 fuel kernel. Zr and Nb form solid solution in the UC phase. UMoC2 phase often shows a detectable concentration of Tc. Pd was found to mainly locate in the buffer layer or to be associated with fission gas bubble within the UMoC2 phase. The EDS maps qualitatively show that the rare-earth fission products (Nb, et al.) preferentially reside in the UO2 phase. In contrast, in the irradiated AGR1 fuel kernel, no U2RuC2 or UMoC2 precipitates were positively identified. Instead, there is a high number of rod-shape precipitates enriched with Ru, Tc, Rh, and Pd observed in the fuel kernel center and edge zone. The difference of microstructural and micro-chemical evolutions in irradiated fuel kernels between the AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO fuel particle may result from a combined factor of irradiation temperature, fuel geometry and chemical composition. However, the irradiation temperature probably play a more deterministic role. Limited electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) characterizations on the AGR2 fuel kernel show that there is nearly no carbon in the UO2 phase while a small fraction of oxygen was detected in the UC/UMoC2 phase.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Chemical and Radiological Compatibility Testing of 3D Printed Materials

To dramatically increase the adaptability, performance, and safety of processes in support of the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF), Savannah River National Lab (SRNL) plans to perform chemical and radiological compatibility testing on a wide variety of 3D printed materials of interest. The 3D printing process provides numerous strategic operational benefits such as rapid prototyping of complex designs and geometry specific to the needs of the nuclear waste disposition process, as well as on-demand rapid prototyping and iteration with materials that aren’t as accessible through traditional manufacturing methods. Reaction chemistry in simulated waste batches can be matched closely to its radioactive counterpart, but glass reactor vessels have limitations. Vessel geometry can play a big factor in mixing transport limitations, process chemistry, and degradation reaction kinetics. In addition, additive manufacturing allows for much more detailed vessel design than traditional alternatives. Waste processing techniques in DWPF also encounter extreme chemical environments including high pH, strong acids, abrasive slurries, and significant irradiation. To meet these challenges, a matrix of various polymer, ceramic, and metal additive manufacturing materials have been exposed to a suite of chemical environments of interest as well as radioactive dose (such as gamma radiation from 60 Co) to properly test their durability under these conditions. Mass change has been monitored over a period of up to a week in these conditions, as well as added characterization for surface modification through Scanning Electron Microscopy/Electron Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX). Further chemical characterization has been monitored through Fourier-Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR), with planned investigation via thermal and tensile strength degradation. While the direct product of this research is identification of material(s) that can withstand specific hazardous environments encountered by the mercury water wash tank in DWPF process simulation experiments, the reference base of materials will be used for many other nuclear processes in the pursuit of rapidly developed, cost-efficient, and highly specific devices for environmental remediation and much more.

Wilson, Nathan W. [Savannah River National Laborat↗
DOE OSTI2013

Mode analysis of photonic crystal L3 cavities in self-suspended lithium niobate membranes

We report on a multimodal analysis of photonic crystal L3 cavities milled in lithium niobate free-standing membranes. The classical L3 cavity geometry is compared to an L3 cavity containing a second lattice superimposed on the primary one. Those two different geometries are investigated in terms of vertical radiation and quality (Q) factor for each mode of the cavities. Depending on the cavity geometry, some modes undergo an enhancement of their vertical radiation into small angles while other modes experience a higher Q factor. Experimental characterizations are corroborated by three-dimensional finite difference time domain simulations.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2020

Beam impedance and heating analysis of the diagnostic stripline

In this work the heat transfer analysis has been performed for the stripline kicker, design of which is used at many accelerator facilities as a part of the transverse bunch-by-bunch feed-back system, including NSLS-II. The experimental data of the electrode temperature have been collected from a special diagnostic stripline designed with six infrared view ports. The temperature analysis is based on the power loss calculations and the loss factor computed by the 3-D electromagnetic simulation code GdfidL. To estimate the power loss, we analyze the real part of the longitudinal impedance and the loss factor for two different regimes. We use the ANSYS finite element code to correlate the temperature with the power loss. Lambertson and Shafer formalisms of the longitudinal and transverse beam impedances are discussed for the simplified stripline geometries. The required characteristic impedances and the geometric factors are determined analytically for the simplified geometries and compared with the results for the designed stripline geometry using the 2-D POISSON code by solving the Laplace’s equation in two dimensions. Lambertson’s equations are compared with numerical results. We introduce the frequency range, within which we can apply the analytical approach.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
NASA NTRS1992

Friction-factor characteristics for narrow channels with honeycomb surfaces

The experimental determination of friction-factors for the flow of air in a narrow channel lined with various honeycomb geometries has been carried out. Test results show that, generally, the friction-factor is nearly constant or slightly decreases as the Reynolds number increases, a characteristic common to turbulent flow in pipes. However, in some test geometries this trend is remarkably different. The friction factor dramatically drops and then rises as the Reynolds number increases. This phenomenon can be characterized as a 'friction-factor jump'. Further investigations of the acoustic spectrum and friction-factor measurements for a broad range of Reynolds numbers indicate that the 'friction-factor jump' phenomenon is accompanied by an onset of a normal mode resonance excited coherent flow fluctuation structure, which occurs at Reynolds number of the order of 10,000. The purpose of this paper is to explain the friction-factor-jump phenomenon and friction-factor characteristics.

Ha, T. W.↗
DOE OSTI2019

Evaluation of Plastic “Eta” Factor for Welds of SS316L(N) with High Strength Mismatch Ratio

Fracture testing standards of ASTM and ISO recommend expressions for plastic η factor of various fracture test specimen geometries to evaluate the fracture behavior of materials. These are intended for homogenous specimens, but according to ISO 15653, it can be extended for weldments up to a strength mismatch ratio (M) of 1.25. In practice, M > 1.25 is encountered in many applications. In the present study, η factor has been evaluated for welded compact tension specimens using a limit load-based approach. The η factors obtained using this approach for homogenous specimens with elastic–perfectly plastic material model are found to be within ± 4% of those from the ASTM E 1820-17a, thereby validating the procedure. For welds, the limit load is obtained from nonlinear (elastic–plastic) FE simulations. η factors for specimens with various crack lengths (a), weld width (h) and strength mismatch have been evaluated and found to be significantly influenced by these parameters. For M > 1.25, the estimated η values were found to be ~ 16% lower compared to that from the ASTM E 1820-17a. Thus, the use of the η values from the proposed method provides a conservative estimate of J–R curve for the welds. Further, it has been observed that depending on the slope of the blunting line, the J{sub Ic} value may vary significantly with the estimated η values.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Resistive hose modes in tokamak runaway electron beams II

Resistive hose instabilities of runaway electron (RE) beams immersed in resistive background plasmas are examined with analytic and numerical calculations. The RE beam-plasma equilibria considered are characteristic of the situation observed post-thermal quench in a tokamak disruption. An analytic linear dispersion relation is presented for the case of a uniform RE current density profile with a sharp boundary in cylindrical geometry. Initial value linear calculations for a more general profile in toroidal geometry find that reducing aspect ratio increases the resistive hose mode growth rates with fixed safety factor profile. Nonlinear calculations in cylindrical and toroidal geometry find that the resistive hose instability-driven fluctuations relax the gradient of the current density profile. In toroidal geometry, changes to the magnetic topology are observed as a result of the resistive hose activity.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Velocity dependent dislocation drag from phonon wind and crystal geometry

The mobility of dislocations is an important factor in understanding material strength. Dislocations experience a drag due to their interaction with the crystal structure, the dominating contribution at high stress and temperature being the scattering off phonons due to phonon wind. Yet, the velocity dependence of this effect has eluded a good theoretical understanding. In a previous work, dislocation drag from phonon wind as a function of velocity was computed from first principles in the isotropic limit, in part for simplicity, but also arguing that macroscopically, a polycrystalline metal looks isotropic. However, since the single crystal grains are typically a few microns up to a millimeter in size, dislocations travel in single crystals and cross boundaries, but never actually see an isotropic material. In this work we therefore highlight the effect of crystal anisotropy on dislocation drag by accounting for the crystal and slip plane geometries. In particular, we keep the phonon spectrum isotropic for simplicity, but dislocations are modeled according to the crystal symmetry (bcc, fcc, hcp, etc.). We then compare to the earlier purely isotropic results, as well as to experimental data and MD simulations where they are available.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2015

Optimal ancilla-free Pauli+V circuits for axial rotations

We address the problem of optimal representation of single-qubit rotations in a certain unitary basis consisting of the so-called V gates and Pauli matrices. The V matrices were proposed by Lubotsky, Philips, and Sarnak [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 40, 401–420 (1987)] as a purely geometric construct in 1987 and recently found applications in quantum computation. They allow for exceptionally simple quantum circuit synthesis algorithms based on quaternionic factorization. We adapt the deterministic-search technique initially proposed by Ross and Selinger to synthesize approximating Pauli+V circuits of optimal depth for single-qubit axial rotations. Our synthesis procedure based on simple SL{sub 2}(ℤ) geometry is almost elementary.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Impact of Fill Factor on Electro-slag Remelting Operations

Vacuum induction melting (VIM), electro-slag remelting (ESR) and vacuum arc remelting (VAR) are all techniques used to make high quality ingots of complex chemistries. In some cases, all three are used, e.g., alloys for aerospace applications and increasingly those for fossil power applications under extreme conditions. Electroslag remelting operation is a complicated endeavor, dependent upon several factors including operating current, voltage, and geometry. A research scale 440 lb capacity ESR furnace was used to melt low carbon steel (1018 steel) electrodes of different diameters using various melt rates. This was used to assess melt parameters and sidewall and other quality aspects of the product ingots. These observations were compared to results from ESR modeling using MeltFlow-ESR. It was found that fill factor had a significant impact on operating voltage while current had a significant impact on melt rate. Ultimately, a combination of fill factor and power gave the best prediction of melt rate during steady state.

Jablonski, Paul↗
DOE OSTI2014

On geometric factors for neutral particle analyzers

Neutral particle analyzers (NPA) detect neutralized energetic particles that escape from plasmas. Geometric factors relate the counting rate of the detectors to the intensity of the particle source. Accurate geometric factors enable quick simulation of geometric effects without the need to resort to slower Monte Carlo methods. Previously derived expressions [G. R. Thomas and D. M. Willis, “Analytical derivation of the geometric factor of a particle detector having circular or rectangular geometry,” J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum. 5(3), 260 (1972); J. D. Sullivan, “Geometric factor and directional response of single and multi-element particle telescopes,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods 95(1), 5–11 (1971)] for the geometric factor implicitly assume that the particle source is very far away from the detector (far-field); this excludes applications close to the detector (near-field). The far-field assumption does not hold in most fusion applications of NPA detectors. We derive, from probability theory, a generalized framework for deriving geometric factors that are valid for both near and far-field applications as well as for non-isotropic sources and nonlinear particle trajectories.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1992

TRASYS form factor matrix normalization

A method has been developed for adjusting a TRASYS enclosure form factor matrix to unity. This approach is not limited to closed geometries, and in fact, it is primarily intended for use with open geometries. The purpose of this approach is to prevent optimistic form factors to space. In this method, nodal form factor sums are calculated within 0.05 of unity using TRASYS, although deviations as large as 0.10 may be acceptable, and then, a process is employed to distribute the difference amongst the nodes. A specific example has been analyzed with this method, and a comparison was performed with a standard approach for calculating radiation conductors. In this comparison, hot and cold case temperatures were determined. Exterior nodes exhibited temperature differences as large as 7 C and 3 C for the hot and cold cases, respectively when compared with the standard approach, while interior nodes demonstrated temperature differences from 0 C to 5 C. These results indicate that temperature predictions can be artificially biased if the form factor computation error is lumped into the individual form factors to space.

Tsuyuki, Glenn T.↗
DOE OSTI2015

AdS5 solutions from M5-branes on Riemann surface and D6-branes sources

Here, we describe the gravity duals of four-dimensional N = 1 superconformal field theories obtained by wrapping M5-branes on a punctured Riemann surface. The internal geometry, normal to the AdS 5 factor, generically preserves two U(1)s, with generators (J + , J – ), that are fibered over the Riemann surface. The metric is governed by a single potential that satisfies a version of the Monge-Ampère equation. The spectrum of N = 1 punctures is given by the set of supersymmetric sources of the potential that are localized on the Riemann surface and lead to regular metrics near a puncture. We use this system to study a class of punctures where the geometry near the sources corresponds to M-theory description of D6-branes. These carry a natural (p, q) label associated to the circle dual to the killing vector pJ + + qJ – which shrinks near the source. In the generic case the world volume of the D6-branes is AdS 5 × S 2 and they locally preserve N = 2 supersymmetry. When p = –q, the shrinking circle is dual to a flavor U(1). The metric in this case is non-degenerate only when there are co-dimension one sources obtained by smearing M5-branes that wrap the AdS 5 factor and the circle dual the superconformal R-symmetry. The D6-branes are extended along the AdS 5 and on cups that end on the co-dimension one branes. In the special case when the shrinking circle is dual to the R-symmetry, the D6-branes are extended along the AdS 5 and wrap an auxiliary Riemann surface with an arbitrary genus. When the Riemann surface is compact with constant curvature, the system is governed by a Monge-Ampère equation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Achieving High Thermoelectric Performance and Metallic Transport in Solvent-Sheared PEDOT:PSS

Polymer-based materials hold great potential for use in thermoelectric applications but are limited by their poor electrical properties. Through a combination of solution-shearing deposition and directionally applied solvent treatments, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with metallic-like conductivities can be obtained with high power factors in excess of 800 µW m -1 K -2 . X-ray scattering and absorption data indicate that structural alignment of PEDOT chains and larger-sized domains are responsible for the enhanced electrical conductivity. Overall, it is expected that further enhancements to the power factor can be obtained through device geometry and postdeposition solvent shearing optimization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Multiwall carbon nanotube microcavity arrays

Periodic highly dense multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays can act as photonic materials exhibiting band gaps in the visible regime and beyond terahertz range. MWCNT arrays in square arrangement for nanoscale lattice constants can be configured as a microcavity with predictable resonance frequencies. Here, computational analyses of compact square microcavities (≈0.8 × 0.8 μm{sup 2}) in MWCNT arrays were demonstrated to obtain enhanced quality factors (≈170–180) and narrow-band resonance peaks. Cavity resonances were rationally designed and optimized (nanotube geometry and cavity size) with finite element method. Series (1 × 2 and 1 × 3) and parallel (2 × 1 and 3 × 1) combinations of microcavities were modeled and resonance modes were analyzed. Higher order MWCNT microcavities showed enhanced resonance modes, which were red shifted with increasing Q-factors. Parallel microcavity geometries were also optimized to obtain narrow-band tunable filtering in low-loss communication windows (810, 1336, and 1558 nm). Compact series and parallel MWCNT microcavity arrays may have applications in optical filters and miniaturized optical communication devices.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1990

Interactive effects of nutrition, environment, and rat-strain on cortical and vertebral bone geometry and biomechanics

An investigation was conducted to generate comparative data on the sensitivity of cortical- and vertebral-bone adaptations in two different rat strains maintained at conditions typical for spaceborne experiments conducted by U.S.A. and USSR. The effects of cage environment, diet, and rat-strain on the cortical (humerus) and vertebral (T7) bones of male Taconic-Sprague-Dawley and Czechoslovakian-Wistar rats were investigated using different flight-simulation cages (one rat/cage for U.S.A.; ten rats/cage for USSR conditions) and fed either U.S.A. or USSR diet. The results showed significant effects of these factors on the humeral and vertebral geometry and mechanical properties, as well as significant interactive effects on the mechanical properties of the humerus.

Zernicke, R. F.↗