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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2001

Evaporation/SST Sensitivity Over the Tropical Oceans During ENSO Events as Estimated from the da Silva, Young, Levitus Surface Marine Data Set

The da Silva, Young and Levitus Surface Marine Atlas, based on observations from the Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) Release 1, has been used to investigate the relationship between evaporation and sea-surface temperature (SST) over the global oceans. For the period 1950 to 1987 SST, surface latent heat flux, and other related variables have been filtered to minimize data uncertainties and to focus upon interannual variations associated with warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) ENSO events. Compositing procedures have enabled identification of systematic variations in latent heat fluxes accompanying these events and the relationship to spatial anomalies in ocean surface wind speed and humidity. The evaporation response associated with ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) variability is systematic in nature and composed of offsetting contributions from the surface wind and humidity variations. During warm events exceeding 1.0 S.D. delta SST, increases in the surface humidity deficit, delta(qs-qa), between the surface and 2m height dominate regions of positive SST anomalies and lead to increases in evaporation of almost 2 Wm (exp -2) at deltaSST = 0.23 K. Despite the increases in specific humidity, relative humidity decreases slightly in regions of elevated SSTs. For the most part, variations in wind speed are consistent with previous investigations. Weakening of the equatorial easterlies (and generation of westerlies) between 160 degrees E and 140 degrees W dominates during the early phases of warm events. Elevated wind speeds in adjacent subtropical regions and in the eastern equatorial Pacific subsequently develop too. The net contribution of these winds, which reflect adjustments in Hadley and Walker circulation components is toward reduced evaporation. Results for cold periods are approximately similar, but opposite in sign to warm events, though evidence of different temporal evolution is noted.

Robertson, F. R.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Simultaneous lidar profiling of water vapor, aerosol, and wind over the eastern Pacific and implications for observational challenges on clouds, circulation, and climate sensitivity

Moist convective processes and related circulations are key components of the Earth’s climate system. Improving our understanding of moisture and cloud processes over oceans is especially challenging due to observational limitations, but also important due to the large radiative effects of cloud over ocean as well as the ties to local and global-scale circulations. A unique dataset for addressing these topics was collected over 5 flights with the NASA HALO (water vapor DIAL and aerosol HSRL) and DAWN (Doppler wind) lidar systems onboard the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the spring 2019 ADM-Aeolus Cal/Val test flight campaign. High-resolution water vapor, aerosol/cloud, and wind profiles were simultaneously collected and complimented with in situ high-resolution dropsonde measurements of temperature, relative humidity, and wind profiles. Airborne lidar measurements of these key variables captured both large-scale spatial variability across different cloud and atmospheric conditions as well as finer features, providing insight into processes from large-scale circulations down to aerosol/cloud interactions. The 5 flights spanned the northeast Pacific and southwest U.S. from 6 N to 52 N and 112 W to 157 W and captured several features of interest including moist layers from the ascending region of the Hadley circulation, very dry layers above midlatitude marine stratocumulus and cloud-free planetary boundary layers, and cloud top height and spatial variability. High covariance of aerosol and water vapor in the free troposphere was also observed for the first time. Preliminary analysis of these data sets will be presented as they apply to clouds and circulations, supplemented by model reanalysis to inform how regional water vapor structure and large-scale motion may contribute to observed shallow cloud formations and other meteorological processes that underpin our current understanding of how these state variables couple to impact the Earth’s weather and climate systems. The potential of complementary measurements in future field campaigns will also be mentioned.

Brian James Carroll↗
NASA NTRS2000

Sensing Clouds via Spacecraft Radio Occultation Observations

The presence of clouds dramatically alters the opacity and radiative transfer within Earth's atmosphere at both short and long wavelengths. Knowledge of cloud top and base is needed to estimate the Outgoing Long wave Radiation (OLR) to space and the net radiation at the surface from a given atmospheric profile. Satellite observations are required to provide the global perspective needed for climate. Cloud top pressure can be determined to some accuracy from spaceborne radiance measurements when cloud opacities are sufficiently large and cloud top temperatures are sufficiently low to readily them from the surface. Cloud base is particularly difficult to determine from space. The relatively small sensitivity of long wavelengths must be used to penetrate the clouds while at the same time providing sufficient sensitivity to detect the cloud base. We are studying the indirect sensitivity of radio occultation observations to clouds through their impact on the refractivity structure. The tradewind inversion is an excellent example where a very sharp refractivity structure coincides with the top of the tradewind cumulus and stratus clouds. In general, any cloud with sufficient IR opacity will have large transmissivity gradient at cloud top (base) which will result in large cooling (heating) which will create a thermal inversion at cloud top (base). Both liquid and ice clouds can reach this critical opacity. The thermal inversion and sharp change in specific humidity will cause a sharp change in the refractivity gradient which can be identified in the radio occultation results, particularly the signal amplitude. The occultations yield very accurate information on the height of such features. The heating at cloud base drives convection causing the air to follow a moist adiabat within the Cloud which further helps constrain the interpretation of the observations. The upward expansion of such opaque clouds due to convection may be an important mechanism supplying moisture into the upper troposphere. We will present simulations using high resolution radiosondes from field campaigns representing the expected signatures of such features. We will also present initial results of comparisons between GPS observations and GOES-derived cloud tops to assess the utility of this concept.

Kursinski, E. R.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Cloud/climate sensitivity experiments

A study of the relationships between large-scale cloud fields and large scale circulation patterns is presented. The basic tool is a multi-level numerical model comprising conservation equations for temperature, water vapor and cloud water and appropriate parameterizations for evaporation, condensation, precipitation and radiative feedbacks. Incorporating an equation for cloud water in a large-scale model is somewhat novel and allows the formation and advection of clouds to be treated explicitly. The model is run on a two-dimensional, vertical-horizontal grid with constant winds. It is shown that cloud cover increases with decreased eddy vertical velocity, decreased horizontal advection, decreased atmospheric temperature, increased surface temperature, and decreased precipitation efficiency. The cloud field is found to be well correlated with the relative humidity field except at the highest levels. When radiative feedbacks are incorporated and the temperature increased by increasing CO2 content, cloud amounts decrease at upper-levels or equivalently cloud top height falls. This reduces the temperature response, especially at upper levels, compared with an experiment in which cloud cover is fixed.

Roads, J. O.↗
NASA NTRS2013

The First X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Clay Minerals from Gale Crater

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover, Curiosity spent approx 150 sols at Yellowknife Bay (YKB) studying a section of fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary rocks (with potential indications of volcanic influence), informally known as the Yellowknife Bay formation. YKB lies in a distal region of the Peace Vallis alluvial fan, which extends from the northern rim of Gale Crater toward the dune field at the base of Mt Sharp. Sedimentological and stratigraphic observations are consistent with the Yellowknife Bay formation being part of a distal fan deposit, which could be as young as middle Hesperian to even early Amazonian in age (approx 3.5 to 2.5 Ga). The Yellowknife Bay formation hosts a unit of mudstone called the Sheepbed member. Curiosity obtained powdered rock samples from two drill holes in the Sheepbed Member, named John Klein and Cumberland, and delivered them to instruments in Curiosity. Data from CheMin, a combined X-ray diffraction (XRD)/X-ray fluorescence instrument (XRF), has allowed detailed mineralogical analysis of mudstone powders revealing a clay mineral component of approx 20 wt.% in each sample. The clay minerals are important indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions and sensitive recorders of post-depositional alteration processes. The XRD pattern of John Klein reveals a 021 band consistent with a trioctahedral phyllosilicate. A broad peak at approx 10A with a slight inflexion at approx 12A indicates the presence of 2:1 type clay minerals in the John Klein sample. The trioctahedral nature of the clay minerals, breadth of the basal reflection, and presence of a minor component with larger basal spacing suggests that John Klein contains a trioctahedral smectite (probably saponite), whose interlayer is largely collapsed because of the low-humidity conditions. The XRD patterns show no evidence of corrensite (mixed-layer chlorite/smectite) or chlorite, which are typical diagenetic products of trioctahedral smectites when subjected to burial and heating >60degC in the presence of water. Given estimated geothermal gradients on Mars temperatures <60 degC might still be consistent with (but do not require) moderate burial. However, our ability to identify interstratified minerals is greatly limited by the lack of access to traditional treatments methods used in the lab (e.g., ethylene glycol solvation). Our preferred explanation for the origin of trioctahedral smectites in Sheepbed mudstone is in situ production via reaction of olivine, water and Si-bearing amorphous material, an important mudstone component detected by XRD. Elevated levels of magnetite in the Sheepbed and the trioctahedral monomineralic nature of the clay minerals support this model. These observations, combined with previous studies of olivine stability, support the persistence of circum-neutral hydrous conditions for thousands of years at YKB.

Bristow, Thomas↗
NASA NTRS2014

Paleoenvironmental Implications of Clay Minerals at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars

The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover, Curiosity spent approx 150 sols at Yellowknife Bay (YKB) studying a section of fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary rocks (with potential indications of volcanic influence), informally known as the Yellowknife Bay formation. YKB lies in a distal region of the Peace Vallis alluvial fan, which extends from the northern rim of Gale Crater toward the dune field at the base of Mt Sharp. Sedimentological and stratigraphic observations are consistent with the Yellowknife Bay formation being part of a distal fan deposit, which could be as young as middle Hesperian to even early Amazonian in age (approx. 3.5 to 2.5 Ga). The Yellowknife Bay formation hosts a unit of mudstone called the Sheepbed member. Curiosity obtained powdered rock samples from two drill holes in the Sheepbed Member, named John Klein and Cumberland, and delivered them to instruments in Curiosity. Data from CheMin, a combined X-ray diffraction (XRD)/X-ray fluorescence instrument (XRF), has allowed detailed mineralogical analysis of mudstone powders revealing a clay mineral component of approx. 20 wt.% in each sample. The clay minerals are important indicators of paleoenvironmental conditions and sensitive recorders of post-depositional alteration processes. The XRD pattern of John Klein reveals a 02l band consistent with a trioctahedral phyllosilicate. A broad peak at approx. 10A with a slight inflexion at approx. 12A indicates the presence of 2:1 type clay minerals in the John Klein sample. The trioctahedral nature of the clay minerals, breadth of the basal reflection, and presence of a minor component with larger basal spacing suggests that John Klein contains a trioctahedral smectite (probably saponite), whose interlayer is largely collapsed because of the low-humidity conditions. The XRD patterns show no evidence of corrensite (mixed-layer chlorite/smectite) or chlorite, which are typical diagenetic products of trioctahedral smectites when subjected to burial and heating >60 C in the presence of water. Given estimated geothermal gradients on Mars temperatures <60 C might still be consistent with (but do not require) moderate burial. However, our ability to identify interstratified minerals is greatly limited by the lack of access to traditional treatments methods used in the lab (e.g., ethylene glycol solvation). Our preferred explanation for the origin of trioctahedral smectites in Sheepbed mudstone is in situ production via reaction of olivine, water and Si-bearing amorphous material, an important mudstone component detected by XRD. Elevated levels of magnetite in the Sheepbed and the trioctahedral monomineralic nature of the clay minerals support this model. These observations, combined with previous studies of olivine stability, support the persistence of circum-neutral hydrous conditions for thousands of years at YKB.

MSL↗
NASA NTRS1983

Spacecraft contamination environment; Proceedings of the Meeting, Arlington, VA, May 4-6, 1982

Aspects of IECM debriefing are considered, taking into account preliminary results of the induced environment contamination monitor measurements of STS-2, the humidity monitor and dew point hygrometer, the induced environment contamination monitor cascade impactor, the optical effects module and passive sample array, temperature-controlled quartz crystal microbalance measurements on STS-2, camera/photometer results, the mass spectrometer, and a summary regarding the induced environment contamination monitor/space transport system. Other subjects explored are related to contamination management and control, contamination/optical degradation, and contamination assessments and measurements. Attention is given to approaches for controlling contamination before launch, the coronagraph as the ultimate device to monitor orbiting particulates in the Space Transport System environment, and the contamination sensitivity of typical mirror coatings.

Maag, C. R.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The roles of dry convection, cloud-radiation feedback processes and the influence of recent improvements in the parameterization of convection in the GLA GCM

The Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres GCM is used to study the sensitivity of the simulated July circulation to modifications in the parameterization of dry and moist convection, evaporation from falling raindrops, and cloud-radiation interaction. It is shown that the Arakawa-Schubert (1974) cumulus parameterization and a more realistic dry convective mixing calculation yielded a better intertropical convergence zone over North Africa than the previous convection scheme. It is found that the physical mechanism for the improvement was the upward mixing of PBL moisture by vigorous dry convective mixing. A modified rain-evaporation parameterization which accounts for raindrop size distribution, the atmospheric relative humidity, and a typical spatial rainfall intensity distribution for convective rain was developed and implemented. This scheme led to major improvements in the monthly mean vertical profiles of relative humidity and temperature, convective and large-scale cloudiness, rainfall distributions, and mean relative humidity in the PBL.

Sud, Y.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Charge-flow structures as polymeric early-warning fire alarm devices

The charge-flow transistor (CFT) and its applications for fire detection and gas sensing were investigated. The utility of various thin film polymers as possible sensing materials was determined. One polymer, PAPA, showed promise as a relative humidity sensor; two others, PFI and PSB, were found to be particularly suitable for fire detection. The behavior of the charge-flow capacitor, which is basically a parallel-plate capacitor with a polymer-filled gap in the metallic tip electrode, was successfully modeled as an RC transmission line. Prototype charge-flow transistors were fabricated and tested. The effective threshold voltage of this metal oxide semiconductor was found to be dependent on whether surface or bulk conduction in the thin film was dominant. Fire tests with a PFI-coated CFT indicate good sensitivity to smouldering fires.

Sechen, C. M.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Observation of Stratospheric Intrusions and Ozone Transport using CrIS SiFSAP Products

The Single Field of View (SFOV) ozone (O3) profiles derived from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) onboard Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership (SNPP), with a high horizontal resolution of approximately 14 km at nadir and good sensitivity to O3 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS), provide a prominent opportunity to examine stratosphere to troposphere (STT) transport. A process-oriented analysis was performed to examine the fine-scale features of a stratospheric intrusion (SI) event on June 11-13, 2017 in the southwestern US using the CrIS SFOV products together with wind and potential velocity (PV) from models. It was found that the location and strength of O3 enhancement correlate well with the PV contours, and the intrusion depth can be characterized using the vertical cross-sections of O3 and relative humidity (RH). In addition, the capability to use total column ozone (TCO) to identify SI events was confirmed through analysis of TCO from CrIS SFOV and other satellite and reanalysis products. The ozone/PV ratio was derived using SFOV O3 and model PV, and the values, ranging from 23.2 to 35.8 ppbv PVU-1 (1 PV unit (PVU) = 10-6 km2 kg-1 s-1), are in the lower end of previous estimations. These results demonstrate the advantages of the SFOV products in monitoring the fine-scale ozone transport and thermodynamic structure of SI events, as well as their potential value for weather and climate study.

Xiaozhen Xiong↗
NASA NTRS2019

Effect of Environments on Parametric Degradation in Polymer Tantalum Capacitors

Chip polymer tantalum capacitors (CPTCs) are more sensitive to environments compared to conventional, MnO2 cathode capacitors. Contrary to MnO2 capacitors, CPTCs can degrade with time of storage even in dry conditions, that might limit their use for space applications. Performance of CPTCs depends on the amount of moisture in the slug, and varies with time of storage after manufacturing. For this reason, characteristics of the parts and qualification testing should be carried out after preconditioning to stabilize moisture content. This work analyzes kinetics of moisture sorption and desorption in different types of CPTCs from three manufacturers. Variations of capacitance, dissipation factor, ESR, and leakage currents caused by exposure to humid, dry, and radiation environments are discussed. Examples of the effects of long-term exposure to vacuum and humid environments at 85%RH are presented. Temperature dependencies of the characteristic times of moisture diffusion allow for assessments of the bake-out times that are necessary to avoid pop-corning failures after soldering and to precondition parts before qualification testing.

Teverovsky, Alexander↗
NASA NTRS2007

Variations in Upper-Tropospheric Humidity and Convective Processes as Seen from SSM/T-2

Water vapor feedback, particularly involving water vapor in the upper troposphere (UTH), is widely regarded as the process with the most potential to amplify anthropogenic greenhouse forcing. Yet, our ability to quantify observationally water vapor variations in the current climate and the relationships to convective processes remains rather crude. Remote sensing from polar orbiting instruments has played a major role in documenting UTH variability, supplementing highly undersampled and poorly calibrated rawinsonde measurements. Most of our observational understanding of UTH has come from the 6.7 micrometer channel measurements which are subject to cloud contamination uncertainties. In this work we examine UTH variations present in the Special Sensor Microwave Temperature Sounder 2 (SSM/T-2) sensors flying aboard Defense Military Satellite Program (DMSP) polar orbiting satellites during the period 1993 through 2001. We employ data from the the 183.3 +/- 1 GHz channel which is far less sensitive to cirrus than IR methods. Our primary focus is on obtaining more reliable statistics of interannual behavior; i.e. How close to constant RH are interannual variations in T2 UTH over the tropics? How do temperature and moisture variations contribute regionally? The 1997/1998 strong ENS0 warming event and adjacent cool periods provide a strong signal to study, albeit a perturbation of natural climate variability. Modeling the 183.3 GHz channel using reanalysis temperature data, but with climatological water vapor, allows us to infer the separate contribution by water vapor in the observations. In addition, frozen hydrometeors produced by deep convection are also captured in the 150 GHz oxygen channel, providing an opportUnity to relate the incidence of deep convection to water vapor variability. Our results indicate a much larger variation of 183.3 GHz brightness temperatures would be observed were it not for water vapor variations positively correlated with tropical SSTs. Comparisons are made with previous studies using both IR and microwave observations to characterize UTH response to tropical SSTs.

Robertson, Franklin R.↗
NASA NTRS2018

On the Increasing Importance of Air-Sea Exchanges in a Thawing Arctic: A Review

Forty years ago, climate scientists predicted the Arctic to be on of Earth’s most sensitive climate regions and thus extremely vulnerable to increased CO2. The rapid and unprecedented changes observed in the Arctic confirm this prediction, which has consequences that ripple through the global climate system. Especially significant, sea ice loss is altering the exchange of mass, energy, and momentum between the atmosphere and Arctic Ocean. A thick, extensive, and multiyear ice cover has historically limited such exchanges, however, the summertime Arctic Ocean is expected to be nearly ice‐free within 15 years increasing the potential for air‐sea exchange. Changes in surface turbulent fluxes can alter the Arctic surface energy budget, sea ice, clouds, boundary layer temperature and humidity, and atmospheric and oceanic circulations. This paper reviews current knowledge of surface turbulent fluxes across the Arctic Ocean and the known effects on climate. We conclude that Arctic air‐sea energy exchanges are becoming an increasingly consequential factor driving Arctic climate. Arctic Ocean surface turbulent energy exchanges are not smooth and steady but rather irregular and episodic, considering this nature of air‐sea energy exchanges is essential for improving Arctic climate projections. New field data focusing on the episodic nature of air‐sea exchange will accelerate our understanding of Arctic climate change.

Taylor, Patrick C.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Global Evaluation of Terrestrial Near-Surface Air Temperature and Specific Humidity Retrievals from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

Global observations of near-surface air temperature and specific humidity over land are needed for a variety of applications, including to constrain global estimates of evapotranspiration (ET). Spaceborne hyperspectral observations, such as those from NASA’s Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) mission, show promise for meeting this need, yet there are surprisingly few validation studies of AIRS near-surface atmospheric state retrievals. In this study, we use triple collocation to validate AIRS Level 3 retrievals of near-surface atmospheric state over land using twelve years of gridded station observations and two reanalyses. Deseasonalized AIRS retrievals correlate well with deseasonalized ground observations outside the tropics, but correlate less well in the tropics. Lower temporal sensitivity near the surface in the tropics contributes to the lower correlation for near-surface air temperature and is consistent with known physics of the tropical atmosphere, in which temperatures outside the boundary layer (which dominate the AIRS retrieval signal) are poorly correlated with those near the surface. Retrievals in the tropics may also be more susceptible to errors in cloud-clearing algorithms, and to uncertainty in surface emissivity. Since ET is greatest in the tropics, and tropical measurement networks are particularly sparse, this work motivates new approaches for measuring ET in the tropics.

Evapotranspiration↗
NASA NTRS2001

Ice Nucleation in Deep Convection

The processes controlling production of ice crystals in deep, rapidly ascending convective columns are poorly understood due to the difficulties involved with either modeling or in situ sampling of these violent clouds. A large number of ice crystals are no doubt generated when droplets freeze at about -40 C. However, at higher levels, these crystals are likely depleted due to precipitation and detrainment. As the ice surface area decreases, the relative humidity can increase well above ice saturation, resulting in bursts of ice nucleation. We will present simulations of these processes using a large-eddy simulation model with detailed microphysics. Size bins are included for aerosols, liquid droplets, ice crystals, and mixed-phase (ice/liquid) hydrometers. Microphysical processes simulated include droplet activation, freezing, melting, homogeneous freezing of sulfate aerosols, and heterogeneous ice nucleation. We are focusing on the importance of ice nucleation events in the upper part of the cloud at temperatures below -40 C. We will show that the ultimate evolution of the cloud in this region (and the anvil produced by the convection) is sensitive to these ice nucleation events, and hence to the composition of upper tropospheric aerosols that get entrained into the convective column.

Jensen, Eric↗
NASA NTRS2021

Observing System Simulation Experiments Investigating Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Radiances from a Constellation of 4–5-μm Infrared Sounders

A set of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) was performed to investigate the utility of a constellation of passive infrared spectrometers, strategically designed with the aim of deriving the three-dimensional retrievals of the horizontal wind via atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from instruments with the spectral resolution of an infrared sounder. The instrument and constellation designs were performed in the context of the Midwave Infrared Sounding of Temperature and humidity in a Constellation for Winds (MISTiC Winds). The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office OSSE system, which includes a full suite of operational meteorological observations, served as the control. To illustrate the potential impact of this observing strategy, two experiments were performed by adding the new simulated observations to the control. First, perfect (error free) simulated AMVs and radiances were assimilated. Second, the data were made imperfect by adding realistic modeled errors to the AMVs and radiances that were assimilated. The experimentation showed beneficial impacts on both the mass and wind fields, as based on analysis verification, forecast verification, and the assessment of the observations using the forecast sensitivity to observation impact (FSOI) metric. In all variables and metrics, the impacts of the imperfect observations were smaller than those of the perfect observations, although much of the positive benefit was retained. The FSOI metric illustrated two key points. First, the largest impacts were seen in the middle troposphere AMVs, which is a targeted capability of the constellation strategy. Second, the addition of modeled errors showed that the assimilation system was unable to fully exploit the 4.3-μm carbon dioxide absorption radiances.

Will McCarty↗
NASA NTRS2013

Miniature Sensor Probe for O2, CO2, and H2O Monitoring in Portable Life Support Systems

A miniature sensor probe, composed of four sensors which monitor the partial pressure of O2, CO2, H2O, and temperature, designed to operate in the portable life support system (PLSS), has been demonstrated. The probe provides an important advantage over existing technology in that it is able to operate reliably while wet. These luminescence-based fiber optic sensors consist of an indicator chemistry immobilized in a polymeric film, whose emission lifetime undergoes a strong change upon a reversible interaction with the target gas. Each sensor includes chemistry specifically sensitive to one target parameter. All four sensors are based on indicator chemistries that include luminescent dyes from the same chemical family, and therefore exhibit similar photochemical properties, which allow performing measurements of all the sensors by a single, compact, low-power optoelectronic unit remotely connected to the sensors by an electromagnetic interference-proof optical fiber cable. For space systems, using these miniature sensor elements with remote optoelectronics provides unmatched design flexibility for measurements in highly constrained volume systems such as the PLSS. A 10 mm diameter and 15 mm length prototype multiparameter probe was designed, fabricated, tested, and demonstrated over a wide operational range of gas concentration, humidity, and temperature relevant to operation in the PLSS. The sensors were evaluated for measurement range, precision, accuracy, and response time in temperatures ranging from 50 aF-150 aF and relative humidity from dry to 100% RH. Operation of the sensors in water condensation conditions was demonstrated wherein the sensors not only tolerated liquid water but actually operated while wet.

Delgado, Jesus↗
NASA NTRS2020

Observing System Simulation Experiments Investigating Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Radiances from a Constellation of 4-5 μm Infrared Sounders

A set of Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) was performed to investigate the utility of a constellation of passive infrared spectrometers, strategically designed with the aim of deriving the three-dimensional retrievals of the horizontal wind via atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) from instruments with the spectral resolution of an infrared sounder. The instrument and constellation designs were performed in the context of the Midwave Infrared Sounding of Temperature and humidity in a Constellation for Winds, or MISTiC Winds. The Global Modeling and Assimilation Office OSSE system, which includes a full suite of operational meteorological observations, served as the control. To illustrate the potential impact of this observing strategy, two experiments were performed by adding the new simulated observations to the control. First, perfect (error-free) simulated AMVs and radiances were assimilated. Second, the data were made imperfect by adding realistic modeled errors to the AMVs and radiances that were assimilated. The experimentation showed beneficial impacts on both the mass and wind fields, as based on analysis verification, forecast verification, and the assessment of the observations using the Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI) metric. In all variables and metrics, the impacts of the imperfect observations were smaller than those of the perfect observations, though much of the positive benefit was retained. The FSOI metric illustrated two key points. First, the largest impacts were seen in the middle troposphere AMVs, which is a targeted capability of the constellation strategy. Second, the addition of modeled errors showed that the assimilation system was unable to fully exploit the 4.3 μm carbon dioxide absorption radiances.

Will McCarty↗