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DOE OSTI2026

Experimental Investigation of Subcritical Neutron and Gamma Noise Methods at the Seven Percent Critical Experiment (7uPCX)

As part of a collaborative international effort organized by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), with key participants from the Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté nucléaire (IRSN), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), a series of high-multiplication subcritical neutron and gamma noise measurements was planned and executed. The primary aim of this article was to advance detector technology, assess the validity of gamma noise for subcriticality measurements, and nuclear criticality safety, focusing on collecting list-mode or time-series data from various reactor configurations with multiplication values ranging from 20 to 310. This comprehensive dataset enabled a detailed comparative analysis of multiple detector systems and the results of both neutron and gamma noise measurements. In this work, we focus on experimentally comparing the results from neutron and gamma noise measurements. We note good agreement between estimations of the prompt neutron decay constant and demonstrate the effects of changing reactor geometry on the efficiency of the differing methods. Our results agree well with independent experimental measurements and simulations performed by LLNL.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

AN ESTIMATE OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL MECHANICAL LOADS IN THE GENERAL 30 CM PACKAGE DROP SCENARIO

The US Department of Energy Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) program is performing research to determine the mechanical loading conditions applied to spent nuclear fuel (SNF) during normal conditions of transport to inform mechanical tests of SNF and close an important knowledge gap related to the practical disposition of SNF in the US. Researchers at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have completed an extensive finite element study to characterize and estimate the potential mechanical loads on SNF during a hypothetical 30 cm drop of an SNF transportation package. This modeling study is validated with test data collected by the SFWST program during a physical test campaign that included one-third scale package drop tests and full-scale single fuel assembly drop tests. The test campaign was led by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and included international collaboration with Equipos Nucleares S.A, S.M.E (ENSA) and Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM). The key contribution of the modeling study is to go beyond the limitations of the limited number of physical tests to estimate the impact response to variations in impact angle, initial gap conditions, fuel assembly design, burnup and other parameters that affect the mechanical loads. The methodology of this study included a classic parametric study to calculate the impact response of highly detailed fuel assemblies over many combinations of parameters. Models of a 17x17 pressurized water reactor fuel assembly and a generic 10x10 boiling water reactor fuel assembly were both used in this study to cover the major fuel assembly types in the US inventory. Over 2,000 impact responses were calculated. The results of the parametric study were evaluated using traditional methods and basic statistics. The results were also used to construct a damage model using multiple nonlinear regression techniques to predict the mechanical loads over the full range of all input parameters. The damage model was found to work very well for all impact angle cases where the cask came to rest on its side. It was concluded that end drop cases where the cask remained vertical (instead of tipping over onto its side) were not sufficiently characterized by the current set of parametric study cases to include in the damage model, but it was not a priority to fully investigate that range because the highest mechanical loads were observed in the broader range of side impact cases. This modeling work provides sufficient insight into the mechanical loads on SNF during a hypothetical 30 cm package drop that, when considered along with the physical test data collected by the SNL-led team, the SFSWT program can consider the knowledge gap closed.

Klymyshyn, Nicholas A.↗
DOE OSTI2022

RESULTS OF A VIRTUAL ROUND ROBIN STUDY TO ESTIMATE PROBABILITY OF DETECTION FOR DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS

This paper presents efforts to overcome challenges with empirical probability of detection (POD) estimations in the nuclear power industry through the utilization of a novel virtual flaw method. A virtual round robin (VRR) study was conducted under the Program for Investigation Of NDE by International Collaboration (PIONIC), organized by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) utilizing data generated by the virtual flaw method. Analysis of results from the VRR was performed by teams from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), and Aalto University. Empirically derived POD estimations are presented, and challenges associated with obtaining these estimations are discussed. The virtual flaw method is introduced and some details of its implementation for the VRR activity are described. Results from POD analysis of the VRR data by PNNL, EPRI, and Aalto University are presented and a discussion regarding differences in analysis results is provided. Finally, potential future efforts to improve the application of the virtual flaw method and its estimation of POD are discussed.

Probability of detection, Dissimilar Metal Weld, P↗
DOE OSTI2025

Future Circular Collider Feasibility Study Report

In response to the 2020 Update of the European Strategy for Particle Physics , the Future Circular Collider (FCC) Feasibility Study was launched as an international collaboration hosted by CERN. This report describes the FCC integrated programme , which consists of two stages: an electron-positron collider (FCC-ee) in the first phase, serving as a high-luminosity Higgs, top, and electroweak factory; followed by a proton-proton collider (FCC-hh) at the energy frontier in the second phase. The FCC-ee is designed to operate at four key centre-of-mass energies: the Z pole, the WW pair production threshold, the ZH production peak, and the top/anti-top production threshold—each delivering the highest possible luminosities to four experiments. Over 15 years of operation, FCC-ee will produce more than 6 trillion Z bosons, 200 million WW pairs, nearly 3 million Higgs bosons, and 2 million top anti-top pairs. Precise energy calibration at the Z pole and WW threshold will be achieved through frequent resonant depolarisation of pilot bunches. The sequence of operation modes between the Z, WW, and ZH substages remains flexible. The FCC-hh will operate at a centre-of-mass energy of approximately 85 TeV—nearly an order of magnitude higher than the LHC—and is designed to deliver 5 to 10 times the integrated luminosity of the upcoming High-Luminosity LHC. Its mass reach for direct discovery extends to several tens of TeV. In addition to proton-proton collisions, the FCC-hh is capable of supporting ion-ion, ion-proton, and lepton-hadron collision modes. This second volume of the Feasibility Study Report presents the complete design of the FCC-ee collider, its operation and staging strategy, the full-energy booster and injector complex, required accelerator technologies, safety concepts, and technical infrastructure. It also includes the design of the FCC-hh hadron collider, development of high-field magnets, hadron injector options, and key technical systems for FCC-hh.

Benedikt, M. [European Organization for Nuclear Re↗
DOE OSTI2023

Python package for machine-readable access to PDG data (PDG Python API) v0.1

This Python package implements a high-level interface to access the data published by the Particle Data Group (PDG) in the Review of Particle Physics (the "Review"). The Particle Data Group is an international collaboration led by the PDG group at LBNL. The PDG summarizes the established knowledge in the field of particle physics in a single publication, the Review of Particle Physics. The Review is published and updated online (see https://pdg.lbl.gov) each year, and published in a scientific journal every other year. It is currently licensed under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license. In 2021 PDG was designated by the Office of Science as a SC PuRe Data Resource. The Review is one of the most highly cited publications in the field of particle physics. The PDG Python API is part of PDG's efforts to make all data provided in the Review available in machine-readable format. This data includes the PDG world averages (or best limits) on particle masses, widths or lifetimes, branching fractions, magnetic moments, form factors, coupling constant ratios, and searches, as well as particle quantum numbers. It also includes detailed information on how PDG arrived at its averages, such as e.g. tables of published measurements with comments and footnotes, information on the consistency of published measurements, and detailed fit information.

Beringer, Juerg↗
DOE OSTI2023

The First 30 Years of GEWEX

The Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges (GEWEX) project was created more than 30 years ago within the framework of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). The aim of this initiative was to address major gaps in our understanding of Earth’s energy and water cycles given a lack of information about the basic fluxes and associated reservoirs of these cycles. GEWEX sought to acquire and set standards for climatological data on variables essential for quantifying water and energy fluxes and for closing budgets at the regional and global scales. In so doing, GEWEX activities led to a greatly improved understanding of processes and our ability to predict them. Such understanding was viewed then, as it remains today, essential for advancing weather and climate prediction from global to regional scales. GEWEX has also demonstrated over time the importance of a wider engagement of different communities and the necessity of international collaboration for making progress on understanding and on the monitoring of the changes in the energy and water cycles under ever increasing human pressures. Here, this paper reflects on the first 30 years of evolution and progress that has occurred within GEWEX. This evolution is presented in terms of three main phases of activity. Progress toward the main goals of GEWEX is highlighted by calling out a few achievements from each phase. A vision of the path forward for the coming decade, including the goals of GEWEX for the future, are also described.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

CEA Contribution to the PIP-II Linear Accelerator

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and will deliver 10 low-beta cryomodules as In-Kind Contribution to the PIP-II project, with cavities supplied by LASA-INFN and power couplers and tuning systems supplied by Fermilab. This paper presents the CEA scope of work that includes the design, manufacturing, assembly and tests of the cryomodules and the upgrade of the existing infrastructures to the PIP-II requirements.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Design of the PIP-II 650 MHz Low Beta Cryomodule

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and is responsible of the 650 MHz low-beta section made of 9 cryomodules, with the design of the cryostat (i.e the cryomodule without the cavities, the power couplers and the frequency tuning systems) and the manufacturing of its components, the assembly and tests of the pre-production cryomodule and the 9 series ones. This paper will present the design of the 650 MHz low-beta cryomodule.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

PIP-II 650 MHz Power Coupler Thermal Studies

The Proton Improvement Plan - II (PIP-II) project is underway at Fermilab with an international collaboration involving CEA in the development and testing of 650 MHz cryomodules. One of the first main contributions of the CEA was the participation in the design efforts for the current 50 KW CW 650 MHz power couplers. This paper reports some of the results of thermal and paramet-ric studies carried out by the CEA on these power couplers

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Final Design of the LB650 Cryomodule for the PIP-II Linear Accelerator

The Proton Improvement Plan II (PIP-II) that will be installed at Fermilab is the first U.S. accelerator project that will have significant contributions from international partners. CEA joined the international collaboration in 2018, and its scope covers the supply of the 650 MHz low-beta cryomodule section, with the design of the cryostat (i.e the cryomodule without the cavities, the power couplers and the frequency tuning systems) and the manufacturing of its components, the assembly and tests of the pre-production cryomodule and 9 production modules. An important milestone was reached in April 2023 with the Final Design Review. This paper presents the detailed design of the 650 MHz low-beta cryomodules.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Detector Instrumentation, Energy Reconstruction and Data Analysis in the DUNE and NOvA Neutrino Experiments

Neutrino oscillations are so far the only experimental observation beyond the standard model since its development four decades ago. The remaining fundamental questions that can be answered by long-baseline neutrino oscillations are (1) the CP violation (whether neutrinos and antineutrinos behave the same way in oscillation), and (2) the mass hierarchy ($m_3>m_{1,2}$ or $m_{1,2}>m_3$), and (3) the octant of $\theta_{23}$ ($\theta_{23}>45^\circ, =45^\circ$ or $<45^\circ$). The PI's group at UCI focuses on long-baseline neutrino experiments DUNE and NOvA, key components of DOE's Intensity Frontier program. NOvA is the current major U.S.-based long-baseline neutrino experiment aiming to solve the mass hierarchy and $\theta_{23}$ octant. It is taking $\nu$ and $\bar{\nu}$ data from the NuMI beam at Fermilab. DUNE is the next-generation flagship neutrino experiment in the U.S. which is designed to decisively determine neutrino CP violation, mass hierarchy and $\theta_{23}$ octant. DUNE is Fermilab's first priority, and has been established as an international collaboration. During the period covered by the report, the PI's group has been exceptionally productive, with leading contributions to DUNE argon-purity monitoring detectors, NOvA/DUNE deep-learning reconstruction, and NOvA oscillation and near detector (ND) analyses. The group also is actively involved in DUNE/NOvA detector operation, data production, calibration, software upgrade and maintenance, and ProtoDUNE cold electronic QA/QC. Specifically, we have made accomplishments in the following four research projects: 1) Purity monitor R\&D and data analysis for DUNE, 2) Deep-learning-based energy reconstruction at NOvA and DUNE, 3) Oscillation analysis at NOvA, and 4) $\nu$-e elastic scattering analysis at NOvA.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2020

US High-Luminosity LHC Accelerator Upgrade Program (AUP)

HL-LHC project aims at increasing luminosity from 300 fb -1 to 3000-4000 fb -1 . The project is led by CERN with the support of an international collaboration of 29 institutions in 13 countries, including the United States.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Power Sector Transformation Pathways: Exploring Objectives, Factors, and Technology Innovations to Inform Power Sector Pathway Decisions

The power and heating sectors are responsible for around 30% of global CO2 emissions and this share is likely to grow as countries move towards electrification of the transportation and building sectors. Therefore, enabling forward-thinking, long term strategies in the power sector is a crucial area for international collaboration and support. The rapid transition of power systems toward modern, low-carbon pathways and technologies will be necessary to meet key climate goals while also enabling other critical objectives such as economic development, energy access, and energy system resiliency, among others. Many developed and developing countries are well-poised to champion power sector transformation (PST), however, further support is needed to identify pathways and implement critical near and long-term actions. To address this need, the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) together with an expert team including Agora Energiewende, Energy Innovation, European Climate Foundation, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research , Prayas Energy Group and LEDS Latin America and Caribbean Platform, developed a framework identifying four key pathways that can be integrated and combined to support low-carbon PST. These four pathways are: (1) Distributed Energy Resource Revolution, (2) Bulk Power Transformation, (3) Transmission and Distribution Interactivity, and (4) Distributed Transactional Future. To support exploration of pathways, this study examines PST objectives and factors that may lead countries or jurisdictions to place a greater relative emphasis on certain pathways as well as a framework and complementary tool for considering the emphasis in a hands on manner. The report provides case studies on application of the approach to bring life to the topic. The case studies include Haiti, Kenya, Mexico, Southeast Asia, and the European Union, among others. The report also presents actions to-be-taken in the near-, medium- and long-term to support the realization of pathways and long-term transformation of the power sector. The report, together with a complementary spreadsheet tool developed under the effort, can be used to enable stakeholder engagement and visioning for the power sector over the long-term, taking into account key factors and potential innovations. It can also be used to understand and inform relevant analysis tools and models based on which pathways are emphasized, and to identify key actions in the near- and medium-term to avoid lock-in of carbon-intensive technologies.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
DOE OSTI2020

LANL Critical Benchmark Comparison Study and Subsequent Revision

As part of an international collaboration within the DOE Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP), LANL is involved in a comparison study to quantify differences in k-effective results from neutron transport simulations of critical benchmark experiments. The DOE NCSP Mission and Vision details the activity in which the French Institut De Radioprotection et De Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) leads the study with LANL and in conjunction with ORNL and LLNL to compare results of various neutron transport codes and nuclear data libraries to compute k-effective for ICSBEP benchmarks held in common by the entities. This report documents results obtained through partial completion of the overall effort with a focus on the changes made to LANL benchmarks modeled with MCNP6 using ENDF/B-VII.1 nuclear data that appeared to have discrepant results when compared with results of other codes. The feedback received through participation in the comparison collaboration has prompted an effort to review particular input files for benchmarks and revise when necessary. This report documents the results of review and revision of specific benchmarks highlighted as possibly discrepant in the comparison study. In addition, this effort prompted a new collaboration between LANL XCP and NCS Divisions in the development of a shared review/revision procedure and use of a new benchmark repository.

22 GENERAL STUDIES OF NUCLEAR REACTORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Engineered Barrier Systems (FY19 Report)

This report describes research and development (R&D) activities conducted during fiscal year 2019 (FY19) specifically related to the Engineered Barrier System (EBS) R&D Work Package in the Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Campaign supported by the United States (U.S.) Department of Eneregy (DOE). The R&D activities focus on understanding EBS component evolution and interactions within the EBS, as well as interactions between the host media and the EBS. A primary goal is to advance the development of process models that can be implemented directly within the Genreric Disposal System Analysis (GDSA) platform or that can contribute to the safety case in some manner such as building confidence, providing further insight into the processes being modeled, establishing better constraints on barrier performance, etc.The FY19 EBS activities involved not only modeling and analysis work, but experimental work as well. The report documents the FY19 progress made in seven different research areas as follows: (1) thermal analysis for the disposal of dual purpose canisters (DPCs) in sedimentary host rock using the semianalytical method, (2) tetravalent uranium solubility and speciation, (3) modeling of high temperature, thermal-hydrologic-mechanical-chemical (THMC) coupled processes, (4) integration of coupled thermalhydrologic- chemical (THC) model with GDSA using a Reduced-Order Model, (5) studying chemical controls on montmorillonite structure and swelling pressure, (6) transmission x-ray microscope for in-situ nanotomography of bentonite and shale, and (7) in-situ electrochemical testing of uranium dioxide under anoxic conditions. The R&D team consisted of subject matter experts from Sandia National Laboratories, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM), the University of California Berkeley, and Mississippi State University. In addition, the EBS R&D work leverages international collaborations to ensure that the DOE program is active and abreast of the latest advances in nuclear waste disposal. For example, the FY19 work on modeling coupled THMC processes at high temperatures relied on the bentonite properties from the Full-scale Engineered Barrier EXperiment (FEBEX) Field Test conducted at the Grimsel Test Site in Switzerland. Overall, significant progress has been made in FY19 towards developing the modeling tools and experimental capabilities needed to investigate the performance of EBS materials and the associated interactions in the drift and the surrounding near-field environment under a variety of conditions including high temperature regimes.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Crystalline Disposal R&D at LBNL: FY20 Progress Report

Within the Spent Fuel & Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) Program, research work continues further with the goal to better understand long-term performance of disposal systems in three main geologic rock types: clay/shale, salt, and crystalline rock. This report documents LBNL’s research activities related to investigations of crystalline host rock according to the scope of two work packages: SF-20LB01030207 “Crystalline International Collaborations – LBNL,” and SF-20LB01030203 “Crystalline Disposal R&D – LBNL.” These research activities correspond are related to key Features, Events, and Processes (FEPs), ranked in importance from medium to high, as listed in Table 7 of the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign Disposal Research and Development Roadmap (FCR&D-USED-2011-000065 REV0) (Nutt, 2011). Specifically, these research activities address FEP 2.2.01, Excavation Disturbed Zone (EZD). The results of these research activities provide important insights into understanding and predicting flow and transport processes that could occur in low-permeability crystalline rocks, in which fractures might serve as main conduits for fluid flow and radionuclide transport. The evolution of the EDZ during the excavation of the tunnel as well as the evolution of microcrack growth within the EDZ after the emplacement of backfill are critical for predicting the long- term behavior of the EDZ. A number of factors including stress, temperature, water activity, capillary pressure, chemistry, and mineralogy can affect the rock evolution, which require advanced experimental tools to study it.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Engineered Barrier System Research Activities at LBNL (FY2020 Progress Report)

The design of a radioactive waste repository typically involves a multi-barrier system, including the natural barrier system (NBS), i.e., the host rock and its surrounding subsurface environment, and an engineered barrier system (EBS). The EBS is to be constructed from the man-made, engineered materials placed within a repository. The repository includes the waste form, waste canisters, buffer materials, backfill, and seals. The most common buffer material for EBS is compacted bentonite, which features low permeability and high retardation of radionuclides. Extensive studies concerning the behavior of bentonite backfill in crystalline and argillite/shale geologic environments for nuclear waste disposal have been conducted by means of laboratory experiments, numerical modeling, and large-scale in situ tests in Underground Research Laboratories (URLs) in Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Japan. This report includes the results of LBNL’s research activities conducted according to the objectives and scope of the work packages “SF-20LB01030802 Engineered Barrier System R&D - LBNL” and “SF-20LB01030806 Engineered Barrier System International Collaborations - LBNL” of the Spent Fuel and Waste Science and Technology (SFWST) (formerly called Used Fuel Disposal) Campaign of the Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Nuclear Energy. LBNL research studies included laboratory scale tests and modeling of the evolution of the EBS bentonite and associated coupled processes, and impacts of high temperature on parameters and processes relevant to the performance of crystalline and argillite repositories, including the evaluation of the technical basis for applying the maximum allowable temperature. The results of these studies are being addressing the technical elements necessary to evaluate the EBS design concepts. Emphasis is on the study of thermal, mechanical, and chemical processes that influence the performance of EBS, and the development of modeling capability for reliable assessment of these processes, and ultimately supporting the development of the GDSA model with detailed coupled THMC process models.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗