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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Corrosion behavior of Monofrax K-3 refractory in borosilicate-based model low activity waste glass melts

Owing to its good chemical and thermal durabilities at high temperatures, Monofrax K-3 refractory is widely used in nuclear waste vitrification as a lining material in melting vessels. However, the corrosion of K-3 refractory during the vitrification of nuclear waste is a serious problem because it affects the melter's safety, performance, and lifetime. Therefore, in the present study, we have focused on unearthing the impact of glass network formers, such as SiO 2 , B 2 O 3 , and Al 2 O 3 , in a model nuclear waste glass composition on the corrosion of Monofrax K-3 refractory. The corrosion tests have been performed per ASTM C621 at 1150°C for 5 days. The dimensional measurements on corroded K-3 refractory suggest that Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 tend to reduce the refractory corrosion (neck loss), with the effect of Al 2 O 3 being significant. A corroded region on the K-3 refractory at the melt–refractory interface is observed. The corrosion occurs via a coupling of the melt infiltration induced by a capillary effect and the dissolution of Al, Mg, and Fe components from K-3 into the melt through chemical reactions. A Cr-rich layer is retained on the glass contact surface of the corroded K-3 refractory.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1980

Stellar chromospheres

Developments in the understanding and use of chromospheric diagnostics are discussed with emphasis on the following aspects: (1) trends emerging from semiempirical models of single stars; (2) the validity of claims that theoretical models of chromospheres are becoming realistic; (3) the correlation between the widths of Ca 2 H and K line emission cores and stellar absolute luminosity extending over 15 magnitudes (Wilson-Bappu relation); and (4) the existence of systematic flow patterns in stellar chromospheres.

Linsky, J. L.↗
NASA NTRS1984

The 3000 A bump in quasars

New observations of the 3000 A bump in quasars are presented and some simple considerations regarding its physical origin are addressed. Absolute spectrophotometry of 30 quasars with redshifts between 0.53 and 0.70 was obtained with the multichannel spectrometer on the 5 m Hale telescope with a rest wavelength coverage of 2000-5000 A. The continuum observations are well represented by a single power law plus a smooth, broad bump and superposed Fe II multiplets. The strength of the bump correlates fairly well with that of H-beta but poorly with those of the Mg II and Fe II lines. Models consisting of a power law and optically thick hydrogen continua with temperatures of about 12,000 K, and Balmer-edge optical depths equal to three fit the observed energy distributions well. The physical conditions and continuum emission of a dense slab of hydrogen heated by gamma rays are analyzed.

Oke, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Parameterization of near infrared absorption by atmospheric gases

An absorption coefficient (k) distribution model is presented for fast calculation of atmospheric transmittances based solely on essential data from line-by-line (LBL) calculations. The absorption at any site is summed over the spectra obtained by LBL calculations. Application of the scaling model is illustrated with sample calculations for 0.72 micron emissions and the 1.36 micron water vapor band. LBL absorption spectra are calculated for the pressure levels 260 mb, 400 mb and 1000 mb.

Ridgway, W. L.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Information Retrieval from SAGE II and MFRSR Multi-Spectral Extinction Measurements

Direct beam spectral extinction measurements of solar radiation contain important information on atmospheric composition in a form that is essentially free from multiple scattering contributions that otherwise tend to complicate the data analysis and information retrieval. Such direct beam extinction measurements are available from the solar occultation satellite-based measurements made by the Stratospheric and Aerosol Gas Experiment (SAGE II) instrument and by ground-based Multi-Filter Shadowband Radiometers (MFRSRs). The SAGE II data provide cross-sectional slices of the atmosphere twice per orbit at seven wavelengths between 385 and 1020 nm with approximately 1 km vertical resolution, while the MFRSR data provide atmospheric column measurements at six wavelengths between 415 and 940 nm but at one minute time intervals. We apply the same retrieval technique of simultaneous least-squares fit to the observed spectral extinctions to retrieve aerosol optical depth, effective radius and variance, and ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and water vapor amounts from the SAGE II and MFRSR measurements. The retrieval technique utilizes a physical model approach based on laboratory measurements of ozone and nitrogen dioxide extinction, line-by-line and numerical k-distribution calculations for water vapor absorption, and Mie scattering constraints on aerosol spectral extinction properties. The SAGE II measurements have the advantage of being self-calibrating in that deep space provides an effective zero point for the relative spectral extinctions. The MFRSR measurements require periodic clear-day Langley regression calibration events to maintain accurate knowledge of instrument calibration.

Lacis, Andrew A.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Synoptic Study of an X-Ray Nova in Outburst (ADP 2000)

In the completed work listed above, we present an X--ray spectral and timing analysis of 4131543-47 during its 2002 outburst based on 49 pointed observations obtained using the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE). The outburst reached a peak intensity of 4.2 Crab in the 2-12 keV band and declined by a factor of 32 throughout the month-long observation. A 21.9+/-0.6 mJy radio flare was detected at 1026.75 MHz two days before the X-ray maximum; the radio source was also detected late in the outburst, after the X-ray source entered the hard state. The X-ray light curve exhibits the classic shape of a rapid rise and an exponential decay. The spectrum is soft and dominated by emission from the accretion disk. The continuum is fit with a multicolor disk blackbody (kT-max = 1.04 keV) and a power-law (Gamma -2.7). Midway through the decay phase, a strong low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO; nu = 7.3-8.1 Hz) was present for several days. The spectra feature a broad Fe K line that is asymmetric, suggesting that the line is due to relativistic broadening rather than Gomptonization. Relativistic Laor models provide much better fits to the line than non-relativistic Gaussian models, particularly near the beginning and end of our observations. The line fits yield estimates for the inner disk radius that are within 6 GM/c 2; this result and additional evidence indicates that this black hole may have a non-zero angular momentum. In current work, we are in the process of analyzing a huge set of RXTE data (-100 pointed observations) for H1743-322, which was in eruption throughout most of 2003. The source s behavior is remarkable. It displays all of the canonical X-ray states, sometimes in unusual ways. In this short report, we feature a single important result, namely, the detection of a pair of high-frequency QPOs. The bright flaring behavior is of special interest. During the flares the shape of the power spectrum and the presence of low-frequency QPOs indicate that the source is in the steep power-law (SPL or very high) state. It is in this state that the high-frequency QPOs, which are believed to emanate from the very inner accretion disk, were oberved. Specifically, we observe a 240 Hz QPO at a significance of 4.7sigma and a 162 Hz QPO at 3.7sigma. The higher frequency QPO was discovered by Homan et al. in an independent data set; they also found marginal evidence (2.5sigma)

McClintock, Jeffrey↗
NASA NTRS2006

Quenching of Excited Na due to He Collisions

The quenching and elastic scattering of excited Sodium by collisions with Helium have been investigated for energies between 10(exp -13) eV and 10 eV. With the ab initio adiabatic potentials and nonadiabatic radial and rotational couplings obtained from multireference single- and double-excitation configuration interaction approach, we carried out scattering calculations by the quantum-mechanical molecular-orbital close-coupling method. Cross sections for quenching reactions and elastic collisions are presented. Quenching and elastic collisional rate coefficients as a function of temperature between 1 micro-K and 10,000 K are also obtained. The results are relevant to modeling non-LTE effects on Na D absorption lines in extrasolar planets and brown dwarfs.

Lin, C. Y.↗
NASA NTRS2011

Infrared and X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Kes 75 Supernova Remnant Shell: Characterizing the Dust and Gas Properties

We present deep Chandra observations and Spitzer Space Telescope infrared (IR) spectroscopy of the shell in the composite supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 75 (G29.7-0.3). The remnant is composed of a central pulsar wind nebula and a bright partial shell in the south that is visible at radio, IR, and X-ray wavelengths. The X-ray emission can be modeled by either a single thermal component with a temperature of approximately 1.5 keY, or with two thermal components with temperatures of 1.5 and 0.2 keY. Previous studies suggest that the hot component may originate from reverse-shocked supernova (SN) ejecta. However, our new analysis shows no definitive evidence for enhanced abundances of Si, S, Ar, Mg, and Fe, as expected from SN ejecta, or for the IR spectral signatures characteristic of confirmed SN condensed dust, thus favoring a circumstellar or interstellar origin for the X-ray and IR emission. The X-ray and IR emission in the shell are spatially correlated, suggesting that the dust particles are collisionally heated by the X-ray emitting gas. The IR spectrum of the shell is dominated by continuum emission from dust with little, or no line emission. Modeling the IR spectrum shows that the dust is heated to a temperature of approximately 140 K by a relatively dense, hot plasma that also gives rise to the hot X-my emission component. The density inferred from the IR emission is significantly higher than the density inferred from the X-ray models, suggesting a low filling factor for this X-my emitting gas. The total mass of the warm dust component is at least 1.3 x 10(exp -2) x solar mass, assuming no significant dust destruction has occurred in the shell. The IR data also reveal the presence of an additional plasma component with a cooler temperature, consistent with the 0.2 keV gas component. Our IR analysis therefore provides an independent verification of the cooler component of the X-ray emission. The complementary analyses of the X-ray and IR emission provide quantitative estimates of density and filling factors of the clumpy medium swept up by the SNR.

Temim, Tea↗
NASA NTRS2012

Infrared and X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Kes 75 Supernova Shell Characterizing the Dust and Gas Properties

We present deep Chandra observations and Spitzer Space Telescope infrared (IR) spectroscopy of the shell in the composite supernova remnant (SNR) Kes 75 (G29.7-0.3). The remnant is composed of a central pulsar wind nebula and a bright partial shell in the south that is visible at radio, IR, and X-ray wavelengths. The X-ray emission can be modeled by either a single thermal component with a temperature of approx 1.5 keV, or with two thermal components with temperatures of 1.5 and 0.2 keY. Previous studies suggest that the hot component may originate from reverse-shocked SN ejecta. However, our new analysis shows no definitive evidence for enhanced abundances of Si, S, Ar, Mg, and Fe, as expected from supernova (SN) ejecta, or for the IR spectral signatures characteristic of confirmed SN condensed dust, thus favoring a circumstellar or interstellar origin for the X-ray and IR emission. The X-ray and IR emission in the shell are spatially correlated, suggesting that the dust particles are collisionally heated by the X-ray emitting gas. The IR spectrum of the shell is dominated by continuum emission from dust with little, or no line emission. Modeling the IR spectrum shows that the dust is heated to a temperature of approx 140 K by a relatively dense, hot plasma, that also gives rise to the hot X-ray emission component. The density inferred from the IR emission is significantly higher than the density inferred from the X-ray models, suggesting a low filling factor for this X-ray emitting gas. The total mass of the warm dust component is at least 1.3 x 10(exp -2) Solar Mass, assuming no significant dust destruction has occurred in the shell. The IR data also reveal the presence of an additional plasma component with a cooler temperature, consistent with the 0.2 keV gas component. Our IR analysis therefore provides an independent verification of the cooler component of the X-ray emission. The complementary analyses of the X-ray and IR emission provide quantitative estimates of density and filling factors of the clumpy medium swept up by the SNR.

Temim, Tea↗
NASA NTRS1975

Limb-brightening curves of XUV transition zone lines in the quiet sun and in a polar coronal hole observed from Skylab

Solar limb-brightening curves are discussed for XUV spectral lines formed in the upper chromosphere and transition zone of a quiet region and a polar coronal hole. The spectra were recorded with a slit spectrograph on Skylab. The lines considered are emitted from ions formed within the temperature range from 10,000 to 220,000 K. The limb-brightening curves cover a region from -4 sec within the limb to +20 sec above it. The data from 0 sec to +20 sec are compared with predictions based on both homogeneous and inhomogeneous models of the transition zone. The limb-brightening curve of the O I line at 1355.6 A indicates that O I is formed in spicules. The limb brightening of the He II line at 1640.4 A is consistent with a temperature of formation between about 40,000 and 90,000 K for He II.

Doschek, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

The Voyager 1 EUV spectrum of the Io plasma torus

The Voyager 1 EUV spectrum of the hot Io plasma torus obtained before encounter in 1979 at a range of 4,800,000 km is analyzed in terms of a collisional model with improved collision strengths. Model calculations are based entirely on steady-state equilibrium between electron excitation-deactivation and radiative decay in the subspecies structure, and plasma temperature and species number densities are derived by fitting model spectra to the observations. Lines of S II, S III, S IV, O II, and O III are found to be dominant in the plasma torus, at torus half width densities of 44, 160, 220, 50, and 340/cu cm, respectively, and lines of S V and K III may also be present. An effective electron temperature of 80,000 K is estimated for the central dense region near 6 Jupiter radii. Model calculations are in substantial agreement with other spectroscopic observations of the hot torus; however, the observations exhibit strong morphological differences with recent ground-based observations of S II emission, and calculated ion densities differ from in situ Voyager 1 plasma science measurements.

Shemansky, D. E.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Observations of ultraviolet-bright stars in globular clusters with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

Two UV-bright stars in globular clusters, UV5 in NGC 1851 and vZ 1128 in M3, were observed with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT) during the Astro-1 space shuttle mission in 1990 December. The stars' spectra show weak absorption features and no significant emission features other than well known geocoronal lines. Detailed fitting of Kurucz (1991) stellar atmosphere models using a chi(sup 2) minimization technique indicates T(sub eff) = 16 000 K, log g = 2.5, and abundance (-1.0) (logarithm of abundance of elements heavier than helium relative to solar) for UV5, and T(sub eff) = 35 000 K, log g = 4.0, and abundance (-3.5) for vZ 1128. The Kurucz model which best fits vZ 1128 overpredicts the flux in the region below approximately 1000 A, an effect seen in previous models of O-type stars. Our results are robust (to within approximately 1000 K) with respect to uncertainties in interstellar reddening and atomic and molecular hydrogen column densities. We do not see significant molecular hydrogen absorption, which might have indicated material in a circumstellar shell, in either star's spectrum. We estimate the stellar luminosities to be log L/solar luminosity = 3.33 +/- 0.15 for UV5 and log L/solar luminosity = 3.21 +/- 0.12 for vZ 1128. These atmospheric parameters place both stars on the Schoenberner (post-AGB) tracks, though the stellar masses derived from the best-fitting Kurucz models are somewhat less than those predicted by the Schoenberner models. Examination of individual absorption line strengths reveals no significant abundance anomalies in either star.

Van Dyke Dixon, W.↗
DOE OSTI2023

K-shell radiation and bright spot characteristics of high-energy-density Fe-Cr-Ni plasmas influenced by X-pinch load geometry

K-shell radiation is diagnostically advantageous for the study of high-energy-density plasmas. Here, the current work investigates the influence of load geometry on K-shell x-rays in Z-pinch plasmas produced on the 1-MA Zebra generator. Stainless steel (Fe: 69%, Cr: 20%, Ni: 9%) X-pinch wire loads are fielded with an interwire angle of 31° (small-angle) or 62.5° (large-angle), respectively and studied using various x-ray diode, imaging, and spectroscopic diagnostics. The large-angle geometry produced large, individual x-ray-emitting bright spots (> 3 keV) at the wire cross-point averaging areas ≥ 1 mm 2 , with noteworthy soft x-ray (> 0.75 keV) bursts and radiation yields ≤ 14.6 kJ. The small-angle geometry produced multiple x-ray-emitting bright spots extending the pinch axis with smaller average sizes (≤ 0.5 mm 2 ), consistent with stronger current, increased radiation yield (≥ 15.5 kJ), and notable hard x-ray (> 9 keV) bursts, which peak with largest cumulative bright spot size. Spectroscopic analysis is performed with non-LTE collisional-radiative modeling, indicating a cold, nonthermal plasma region radiating from neutral to Ne-like ions, a hot, thermal region radiating from Fe and Cr He- and Li-like ions, and an intermediate region radiating Kα satellites from Li-like to O-like ions. Modeling of the nonthermal and satellite features imply a fractional hot electron abundance ~0.1% and ~0.5% for large- and small-angle geometries, respectively. Relative intensity analysis is performed on Heα and Kα lines, revealing intensity ratios that deviate from the original wire composition. Optical depth estimates allude to optically thick, thermal K-shell plasmas with densities consistent with non-LTE modeling.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
NASA NTRS1988

Unresolved velocity structure in diffuse interstellar clouds

Recent high-resolution observations of interstellar absorption lines of CH and CN toward Zeta Oph obtained by Crane et al. (1986), and Palazzi et al. (1988), exhibit line widths that suggest thermal line broadening at high temperature, T about 1200 K. Observations of CO line emission at 2.6 mm toward Zeta Oph (Langer et al.,1987) indicate that the molecular gas resides in four distinct velocity components that span less than 3 km/s in Doppler velocity. Simulated CH and CN absorption line profiles are compared for high-temperature (T = 1200 K) thermal broadening and for a combination of low-temperature (T = 50 K) thermal plus turbulent broadening. It is shown that the two broadening models reproduce existing observations comparably well and are virtually indistinguishable at a lambda/Delta-lambda ratio of about 100,000. The observed differences in the CH and CN line widths may reflect slightly different distributions of those molecules along the line of sight. The simulations use very recent, improved laboratory spectroscopic data on CH (Bernath). Some related consequences of such unresolved velocity structure on the ultraviolet absorption lines of CO are examined. Indirect diagnostics of temperature in the Zeta Oph cloud favor low-temperature thermal plus turbulent broadening, and the implied rate of dissipation of turbulence is in harmony with estimates of the global input of mechanical energy into to interstellar medium.

Black, John H.↗
NASA NTRS2013

No Vent Tank Fill and Transfer Line Chilldown Analysis by Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP)

The purpose of the paper is to present the analytical capability developed to model no vent chill and fill of cryogenic tank to support CPST (Cryogenic Propellant Storage and Transfer) program. Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP) was adapted to simulate charge‐holdvent method of Tank Chilldown. GFSSP models were developed to simulate chilldown of LH2 tank in K‐site Test Facility and numerical predictions were compared with test data. The report also describes the modeling technique of simulating the chilldown of a cryogenic transfer line and GFSSP models were developed to simulate the chilldown of a long transfer line and compared with test data.

Majumdar, Alok↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Numerical Predictions of the Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics in the Film Boiling Regime During Tube Quenching

Cryogenic fluid management plays a major role in refueling of spacecrafts while in space for NASA’s future human space exploration missions. Due to the low boiling points of cryogens, storage, transport and handling of these fluids becomes difficult and may result in inefficient operation of the space propulsion systems. For refueling applications in space, the cryogenic fluids have to be transported across different locations and hence, the transfer of cryogenic fluids through pipes become critical. The cryogenic chill-down process is characterized by different regimes of flow boiling, viz., film boiling, transition boiling and nucleate boiling. The prediction of these regimes in a single CFD framework available in the literature is challenging and the present work attempts to address this challenge by initially modeling the film boiling regime accurately and to incorporate an user-defined function for transition and nucleate boiling at a later stage. Hence, the aim of the present work is to numerically model and validate the film boiling regime of the chilldown curve for liquid nitrogen experiments available in the literature. The validations are carried out at different inlet mass fluxes to have a robust simulation methodology. A dispersed mixture model is used to predict the vapor-liquid interface dynamics with the phase change phenomena modeled using the Lee model.

line chilldown↗
DOE OSTI2019

Double-core ionization photoelectron spectroscopy of C 6 H 6 : Breakdown of the “intuitive” ortho-meta-para binding energy ordering of K -1 K -1 states

Single-site Double-Core Hole (ss-DCH or K -2 ) and two-site Double-Core Hole (ts-DCH or K -1 K -1 ) photoelectron spectra including satellite lines were experimentally recorded for the aromatic C 6 H 6 molecule using the synchrotron radiation and multielectron coincidence technique. Density functional theory and post-Hartree-Fock simulations providing binding energies and relative intensities allow us to clearly assign the main K -2 line and its satellites. K -1 K -1 states’ positions and assignments are further identified using a core-equivalent model. We predict that, contrary to what has been observed in the C 2 H 2 n series of molecules, the K -1 K -1 energy-level ordering in C 6 H 6 does not reflect the core-hole distances between the two holes.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1980

Solar atmospheric dynamics. I - Formation of optically thick chromospheric lines

Two of the most representative chromospheric lines, Mg II k and Ca II K are used to study the formation of optically thick lines in a time-dependent, one-dimensional model of the solar atmosphere. Time sequences of these line profiles are calculated for two kinds of atmospheric motions: propagation of a pulse through the atmosphere, and free oscillations. The mechanisms of formation (especially the displacement of the emitting layers) are studied for different parts of the profiles. Finally, the deformations of the profiles are analyzed using methods also suitable for observations, and the resulting parameters are compared to physical variables in order to evaluate the diagnostic methods.

Gouttebroze, P.↗