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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Stress engineering for crack and dendrite prevention in solid electrolytes via ion implantation

Solid-state batteries represent a promising technology that offers safer and more densely packed energy storage. A primary cause of failure in solid-state cells is the penetration of metal dendrites through the solid electrolyte. Here, we report that fluorine-ion implantation can enhance the mechanical resistance of solid electrolyte Li 6.5 La 3 Zr 1.5 Ta 0.5 O 12 to dendrite propagation by inducing residual compressive stress in the subsurface of the electrolyte. Ion implantation modifies subsurface residual stress and also alters the electrolyte’s surface, resulting in multifunctional enhancement. The combined chemical and mechanical effects of ion implantation enable reversible lithium metal stripping and plating at elevated current densities while enhancing air stability and mitigating the formation of a harmful carbonate layer at the surface. This study provides new insights into a scalable dendrite-suppression strategy for designing solid-state batteries suitable for cycling at room temperature and low stack pressures.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Strain-driven surface reconstruction and cation segregation in layered Li(Ni 1– x – y Mn x Co y )O 2 (NMC) cathode materials

The composition, structure and phase transformations occurring on cathode surfaces greatly affect the performance of Li-ion batteries. Li-Ion diffusion and surface–electrolyte interaction are two major phenomena that impact the capacity and cell impedance. The effects of surface reconstruction (SR) of cathode materials on the performance of Li-ion batteries are of current interest. However, the origin and evolution of the SR are still not well understood. In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are used to investigate the processes taking place during surface segregation and reconstruction. Facet dependent segregation was found in Li(Ni 1– x – y Mn x Co y )O 2 (NMC) cathodes. Specifically, Co tends to segregate to the (104) surface of the primary particles within the transition metal layer, while Ni ions tend to segregate to the (012) surface in the Li layer, forming a SR. Experimental evidence shows the SR to be epitaxial with the bulk of the as-synthesized material, and the new SR phase is pinned to the NMC unit cell leading to a strained SR. Here, we demonstrate that strain can stabilize a spinel structure of the SR layers. Understanding the effects of surface strain opens a new avenue for the design of cathode materials with enhanced surface properties.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Regenerative Fuel Cell System (Cooperative Research and Development Final Report, CRADA Number CRD-16-635)

Grid energy storage is required to maintain reliable electricity delivery from energy producers to their customers. As electrical loads on the grid change throughout the day, stored energy supplies electricity during increased power demand periods. Further, as more renewable and alternative energy sources are added, energy storage will maximize the usefulness of these technologies. Currently, the United States has over 24.6 GW of grid storage, about 2% of the total electrical production capacity. About 95% of energy storage comes from pumped hydro. However, pumped hydro energy storage is dependent on existing geographic features, making it difficult to integrate with widespread renewable energy sources. As energy demands continue to expand, and more renewable energy (i.e. wind and solar) is added to the grid, new energy storage technologies will be needed that are not dependent on geographic features. Battery technologies can provide energy storage for some applications, but are not economically well-suited for long duration charge/discharges, such as load-leveling of renewable energy. Consequently, development of new energy storage devices will augment the existing grid and reduce the capital investment in construction upgrades. As ever-increasing mandates for renewable energy are implemented, lower-cost energy storage solutions for renewable energy will be necessary to keep electricity costs low for consumers.

13 HYDRO ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrochemically Stable High Energy Density Lithium-Sulfur Batteries

Lithium-Sulfur batteries (LSB) have emerged as one of the strong contenders for high energy density rechargeable batteries in the Li-ion battery domain. The LSB system is considered as the most promising to achieve the next milestone in energy density of 500 Wh/kg. However, the LSB system is plagued with problems of polysulfide formation which are soluble in the organic electrolyte leading to loss in capacity and eventual cell failure. The problem is further compounded by dendrite formation on the Li anode during electrochemical cycling leading to puncturing of the separator causing eventual short-circuiting of the cell and consequent heat generation resulting in major safety hazards of flammability of the organic liquid electrolyte and impending explosion. This chapter describes various approaches developed to combat both cathode and anode issues. These involve synthesis and characterization of complex framework materials (CFMs) for confining the polysulfides and sulfur in the LSB cathodes. The CFMs include a CFM host and a coating applied to the CFM host, which includes one or more form of an electronic conductor, a lithium-ion conductor and a functional electrocatalyst for electrocatalytically converting the soluble polysulfides to Li 2 S. Further, sulfur is infiltrated into the CFM host creating a sulfur-carbon linkage serving as effective anchors for trapping the ensuing polysulfides. The systems have been tested in coin cells and pouch cells with metallic Li anodes under lean electrolyte conditions of 3-4 μl/mg of electrolyte (E) to sulfur (S) ratios showing promise and feasibility. New emergent dendrite-free alloys have also been identified to test against pure Li and CFM cathodes in coin cell and pouch cell configurations under lean electrolyte conditions. Results of these studies are described and discussed with thoughts on future directions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Making Plasticized Polymer Electrolytes Stable Against Sodium Metal for High‐Energy Solid‐State Sodium Batteries

Solid polymer electrolytes based on plastic crystals are promising for solid-state sodium metal (Na 0 ) batteries, yet their practicality has been hindered by the notorious Na 0 -electrolyte interface instability issue, the underlying cause of which remains poorly understood. Here, in this study, by leveraging a model plasticized polymer electrolyte based on conventional succinonitrile plastic crystals, we uncover its failure origin in Na 0 batteries is associated with the formation of a thick and non-uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and whiskery Na 0 nucleation/growth. Furthermore, we design a new additive-embedded plasticized polymer electrolyte to manipulate the Na 0 deposition and SEI formulation. For the first time, we demonstrate that introducing fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive into the succinonitrile-plasticized polymer electrolyte can effectively protect Na 0 against interfacial corrosion by facilitating the growth of dome-like Na 0 with thin, amorphous, and fluorine-rich SEIs, thus enabling significantly improved performances of Na//Na symmetric cells (1,800 h at 0.5 mA cm −2 ) and Na//Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 full cells (93.0 % capacity retention after 1,200 cycles at 1 C rate in coin cells and 93.1 % capacity retention after 250 cycles at C/3 in pouch cells at room temperature). Our work provides valuable insights into the interfacial failure of plasticized polymer electrolytes and offers a promising solution to resolving the interfacial instability issue.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mechanisms of Water-Stimulated Mg 2+ Intercalation in Vanadium Oxide: Toward the Development of Hydrated Vanadium Oxide Cathodes for Mg Batteries

As lithium-ion batteries approach their theoretical limits for energy density, magnesium-ion batteries are emerging as a promising next-generation energy storage technology. However, progress in magnesium-ion battery research has been stymied by a lack of available high capacity cathode materials that can reversibly insert magnesium ions. Vanadium Oxide (V 2 O 5 ) has emerged as one of the more promising candidate cathode materials, owing to its high theoretical capacity, facile synthesis methods, and relatively high operating voltage. This review focuses on the outlook of hydrated V 2 O 5 structures as a high capacity cathode material for magnesium-ion batteries. In general, V 2 O 5 structures exhibit poor experimental capacity for magnesium-ion insertion due to sluggish magnesium-ion insertion kinetics and poor electronic conductivity. However, several decades ago, it was discovered that the addition of water to organic electrolytes significantly improves magnesium-ion insertion into V 2 O 5 . This review clarifies the various mechanisms that have been used to explain this observation, from charge shielding to proton insertion, and offers an alternative explanation that examines the possible role of structural hydroxyl groups on the V 2 O 5 surface. While the mechanism still needs to be further studied, this discovery fueled new research into V 2 O 5 electrodes that incorporate water directly as a structural element. The most promising of these hydrated V 2 O 5 materials, many of which incorporate conductive additives, nanostructured architectures, and thin film morphologies, are discussed. Ultimately, however, these hydrated V 2 O 5 structures still face a significant barrier to potential applications in magnesium-ion batteries. During full cell electrochemical cycling, these hydrated structures tend to leach water into the electrolyte and passivate the surface of the magnesium anode, leading to poor cycle life and low capacity retention. Recently, some promising strides have been made to remedy this problem, including the use of artificial solid electrolyte interphase layers as an anode protection scheme, but a call to action for more anode protection strategies that are compatible with trace water and magnesium metal is required.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Stable Tetrasubstituted Quinone Redox Reservoir for Enhancing Decoupled Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution

In this report, we discuss Redox reservoirs (RRs) that may be used to decouple the two half-reactions of water electrolysis, enabling the spatial and temporal separation of hydrogen and oxygen evolution. Organic RRs are appealing candidates for this application; however, their instability limits their utility. Here we show that a tetrathioether-substituted quinone, tetramercaptopropanesulfonate quinone (TMQ), exhibits significantly enhanced stability relative to anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonate, the most effective organic RR reported previously. The enhanced stability, confirmed by symmetric flow-battery experiments under relevant conditions, enables the stable electrochemical production of H 2 and O 2 in a continuous-flow electrolysis cell. The reduced RR, tetramercaptopropanesulfonate hydroquinone, is not susceptible to decomposition, whereas the oxidized state, TMQ, undergoes slow decomposition, evident only after sustained operation (>60 h). The analysis of the byproducts provides a basis for a decomposition mechanism, establishing a foundation for the design of new organic RRs with even better performance.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Transition Metal Blocking Microporous Polymer Separators for Energy-Dense and Long-Lived Li-ion Batteries

A revolution in electric-powered mobility is imminent, catalyzed by breakthroughs in Li-ion battery technology that have dramatically lowered the $/kWh price tag of electrochemical energy storage. Increases in production have also enabled greater penetration in key markets. World-wide registration of new plug-in hybrid electric and battery-only electric vehicles (PHEV and BEV) increased by 70% from 2014 to 2015, and sales of PHEVs and BEVs are predicted to be 35% of all vehicle sales by 2040, reaching 41 million units per year—a 90-fold increase from 2015.1,2 In stride with industry giants such as Tesla, EV manufacturers rely on Li-ion cell Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) for relentless improvements in Li-ion battery technology necessary to drive this bullish market penetration outlook. Advancing energy and power density is critical to alleviating EV-customer range anxiety. Furthermore, strategies to extend battery-pack life beyond 1000 cycles—particularly when operating under aggressive duty cycles—requires fresh perspectives and innovation in cell components.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Extending the operating range and safety of Li-ion batteries with new fluorinated electrolytes

Orbia Fluor and Energy Materials (formerly Koura) has successfully developed a new class of fluorinated electrolyte solvents for lithium-ion batteries. In collaboration with Silatronix and Argonne National Laboratory, the team synthesized and screened over 20 novel fluorinated compounds, optimizing formulations that significantly enhance battery performance across critical metrics such as thermal stability, fast-charging capability, and cycling life at extreme temperatures. Electrolytes with fluorinated molecules developed in this program demonstrated superior performance in 2 Ah pouch cells, achieving over 1000 fast-charge cycles with minimal capacity fade, outperforming conventional carbonate-based electrolytes. Mechanistic studies revealed that the fluorinated electrolytes promote a stable solid electrolyte interphase at the anode and reduce cathode metal dissolution, contributing to improved long-term stability. These advancements mark a significant step toward safer, more efficient batteries for applications ranging from grid storage to defense systems to electric vehicles. We gratefully acknowledge DOE’s financial support through contract DE-EE0009642.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Optimal Power Management for Large-Scale Battery Energy Storage Systems via Bayesian Inference

Large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESS) have found ever-increasing use across industry and society to accelerate clean energy transition and improve energy supply reliability and resilience. However, their optimal power management poses significant challenges: the underlying high-dimensional nonlinear nonconvex optimization lacks computational tractability in real-world implementation, and the uncertainty of the exogenous power demand makes exact optimization difficult. This paper presents a new solution framework to address these bottlenecks. The solution pivots on introducing power-sharing ratios to specify each cell’s power quota from the output power demand. To find the optimal power-sharing ratios, we formulate a nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) problem to achieve power-loss-minimizing BESS operation while complying with safety, cell balancing, and power supply-demand constraints. We then propose a parameterized control policy for the power-sharing ratios, which utilizes only three parameters, to reduce the computational demand in solving the NMPC problem. This policy parameterization allows us to translate the NMPC problem into a Bayesian inference problem for the sake of 1) computational tractability, and 2) overcoming the nonconvexity of the optimization problem. We leverage the ensemble Kalman inversion technique to solve the parameter estimation problem. Concurrently, a low-level control loop is developed to seamlessly integrate our proposed approach with the BESS to ensure practical implementation. This low-level controller receives the optimal power-sharing ratios, generates output power references for the cells, and maintains a balance between power supply and demand despite uncertainty in output power. We conduct extensive simulations and experiments on a 20-cell prototype to validate the proposed approach.

Battery energy storage systems (BESSs)↗
DOE OSTI2021

Light-Duty Vehicle Choice Modeling and Benefits Analysis (van018)

The U.S. Department of Energy’s Vehicle Technologies and Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Offices (VTO and HFTO) support research and development of efficient and sustainable transportation technologies that will improve energy efficiency, minimize emissions, and enable America to use less petroleum. The analysis in this poster is based on technical progress goals established in VTO and HFTO in the years immediately prior to and including 2020, and it summarizes the estimated energy and emissions benefits corresponding with achievement of those goals. The goals span research activities on batteries, electric drive technologies (EDT), combustion, lightweight materials, fuel cells, and hydrogen storage. The Automotive Deployment Options Projection Tool (ADOPT) is used to estimate the benefits for light-duty vehicles. ADOPT is a vehicle choice and stock model that estimates vehicle technology improvement impacts on sales, energy, and emissions. It includes all the existing vehicle options for realism, estimates their sales using extensively validated consumer preferences, creates new market-driven vehicle options through time, and rolls up sales to estimate energy and emissions. ADOPT takes in technology progress assumptions and applies these to the modeled vehicles through time. The assumptions are represented by a No Program scenario that reflects the technology improvements assumed to occur without further contributions from VTO or HFTO, and a Program Success scenario under which VTO and HFTO program goals are realized. The benefits are calculated by comparing ADOPT's estimated national-level energy and emissions resulting from the Program Success relative to the No Program scenario. By 2050, the Program Success scenario results in 11% less annual petroleum consumption and 10% less annual carbon emissions than the No Program scenario.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Eliminating chemo-mechanical degradation of lithium solid-state battery cathodes during >4.5 V cycling using amorphous Nb2O5 coatings

Abstract Lithium solid-state batteries offer improved safety and energy density. However, the limited stability of solid electrolytes (SEs), as well as irreversible structural and chemical changes in the cathode active material, can result in inferior electrochemical performance, particularly during high-voltage cycling (>4.3 V vs Li/Li + ). Therefore, new materials and strategies are needed to stabilize the cathode/SE interface and preserve the cathode material structure during high-voltage cycling. Here, we introduce a thin (~5 nm) conformal coating of amorphous Nb 2 O 5 on single-crystal LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 cathode particles using rotary-bed atomic layer deposition (ALD). Full cells with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 anodes and Nb 2 O 5 -coated cathodes demonstrate a higher initial Coulombic efficiency of 91.6% ± 0.5% compared to 82.2% ± 0.3% for the uncoated samples, along with improved rate capability (10x higher accessible capacity at 2C rate) and remarkable capacity retention during extended cycling (99.4% after 500 cycles at 4.7 V vs Li/Li + ). These improvements are associated with reduced cell polarization and interfacial impedance for the coated samples. Post-cycling electron microscopy analysis reveals that the Nb 2 O 5 coating remains intact and prevents the formation of spinel and rock-salt phases, which eliminates intra-particle cracking of the single-crystal cathode material. These findings demonstrate a potential pathway towards stable and high-performance solid-state batteries during high-voltage operation.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
DOE OSTI2022

Achieving High Stability and Performance in P2-Type Mn-Based Layered Oxides with Tetravalent Cations for Sodium-Ion Batteries

We report P2-type sodium-manganese-based layered cathodes, owing to their high capacity from both cationic and anionic redox, are a potential candidate for Na-ion batteries to replace Li-ion technology in certain applications. Still, the structure instability originates from irreversible oxygen redox at high voltage remains a challenge. Here, a high sustainability cobalt-free P2- Na 0.72 Mn 0.75 Li 0.24 X 0.01 O 2 (X= Ti/Si) cathode is developed. The outstanding capacity retention and voltage retention after 150 cycles are obtained in Na half-cells. Our finding shows Ti locates on the surface while Si diffuses to the bulk of the particles. Thus, Ti can act as protective layer that alleviate side reactions in carbonate-based electrolyte. Meanwhile, Si can regulate the local electronic structure and suppress oxygen redox activities. Notably, full-cells with hard carbon (≈300-335 Whkg -1 based on the cathode mass) deliver the capacity retention of 83% for P2- Na 0.72 Mn 0.75 Li 0.24 Si 0.01 O 2 and 66% for P2-Na 0.72 Mn 0.75 Li 0.24 Ti 0.01 O 2 after 500 cycles; this electrochemical stability is the best compared to other reported cathodes based on oxygen redox at present. The superior cycle performance also stems from the ability to inhibit microcracking and planar gliding within the particles. Altogether, this finding offers new composition towards developing high performance low-cost cathodes for Na-ion batteries and highlights the unique role of Ti/Si ions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accelerated Short Circuiting in Anode-Free Solid-State Batteries Driven by Local Lithium Depletion

“Anode-free” solid-state batteries (SSBs), which have no anode active material, can exhibit extremely high energy density (≈1500 Wh L -1 ). However, there is a lack of understanding of the lithium plating/stripping mechanisms at initially lithium-free solid-state electrolyte (SSE) interfaces because excess lithium metal is often used. Here, it is demonstrated that commercially relevant quantities of lithium (>5 mAh cm -2 ) can be reliably plated at moderate current densities (1 mA cm -2 ) using the sulfide SSE Li 6 PS 5 Cl. Investigations of lithium plating/stripping mechanisms, in conjunction with cryo-ocused ion beam (FIB) imaging, synchrotron tomography, and phase-field modeling, reveal that the cycling stability of these cells is fundamentally limited by the nonuniform presence of lithium during stripping. Local lithium depletion causes isolated lithium regions toward the end of stripping, decreasing electrochemically active area and resulting in high local current densities and void formation. This accelerates subsequent filament growth and short circuiting compared to lithium-excess cells. Despite this degradation mode, here it is shown that anode-free cells exhibit comparable Coulombic efficiency to lithium-excess cells, and improved resistance to short circuiting is achieved by avoiding local lithium depletion through retention of thicker lithium at the interface. These new insights provide a foundation for engineering future high-energy anode-free SSBs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Research and Development on Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices Enabling a Spectrum of Electrified Vehicles

The USABC Advanced Battery development plan had the following three focus areas: 1. Existing technology validation, implementation, and cost reduction 2. Identification of the next viable technology with emphasis on the potential to meet USABC cost and energy density goals. 3. Support high-risk, high-reward battery technology R&D The primary aim of this project was focused on the barriers that most impede wider public adoption of electrification in vehicles-cost, energy density, low-temp performance, calendar life, and improvements in abuse tolerance. The specific objectives are as follows: Cost Reduction: drive to significantly reduce battery cost to be in-line with the $\$$100/kWh or less (by the end of calendar year 2020) DOE cost goals. Additionally, goals of $\$$75/KWh were set for 2023 aligned with fast charge and some offset of energy density. Energy Density Increase: focus on improving the cell-level specific energy and energy densities to >350 watt hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) and >750Wh/L. Low Temperature Performance Increase: strive toward developments that improve the discharge power and eliminate or dramatically reduce the life limiting lithium plating associated with regenerative braking at low temperatures, during the program. Calendar Life Increase: drive to achieve a 15-year calendar life. Abuse Tolerance Improvement: strive to develop improvements in Li-ion abuse tolerance and/or development of electrochemical energy storage technologies with inherently better response to abuse circumstances. Emerging Areas: initiate new programs that address emerging technologies that arise during the contract period.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

In-situ polymerized and crosslinked electrolytes with interchangeable Li/Na transport for battery applications

The next generation of batteries requires electrolytes with high conductivity, mechanical stability, good adhesion with electrodes, wide electrochemical windows, and scalability. The present study introduces a concept of doped quasi single-ion conducting copolymers based on methacrylate-(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) and vinyl ethylene carbonate which at room temperature are mechanically robust and display ionic conductivities of ~0.1 mS/cm. These electrolytes can be polymerized/crosslinked in-situ, making them easily implementable in current battery manufacturing technologies. They also allow for switching between Li + and Na + transport using simple chemistry procedures. To demonstrate their potential for battery applications, the newly developed Li conductors have been tested in symmetric cells, exhibiting overall impedance below 350 Ohm and plating/stripping stability up to 1 mA/cm 2 . Moreover, lithium metal batteries incorporating this electrolyte and high-voltage Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) cathodes show good capacity retention (~79%) during charging and discharging for 80 cycles at C/10 rate and a Coulombic efficiency close to 100% in the entire measurement range. The compositional, mechanical and electrochemical versatility of these electrolytes opens new venues for the design of polymer-based batteries capable of fast charging and extended cycle life, aligning with the current global green energy storage strategies.

Polymer electrolytes↗
DOE OSTI2021

Principle in developing novel fluorinated sulfone electrolyte for high voltage lithium-ion batteries

A new class of fluorinated sulfones, β-fluorinated sulfones, were designed and synthesized as electrolyte solvents for high voltage lithium-ion batteries. While the oxidation potential of β-fluorinated sulfones is slightly lower than that of α-fluorinated sulfones, it is still significantly higher than the oxidation potential of regular sulfones, which already possess fairly high anodic stability. However, β-fluorinated sulfones exhibit a significant decrease in reduction potential compared to α-fluorinated sulfones, rendering them more stable towards graphite anodes. Moreover, the reduced lithium solvating power of β-fluorinated sulfones compared to regular sulfones mitigates the transition metal dissolution of cathodes. Taken together, these middle ground properties of β-fluorinated sulfone-based electrolytes enable the very stable long-term cycling of graphite||LiNi 0.6 Co 0.2 Mn 0.2 O 2 full cells. Finally, the outstanding performance of β-fluorinated sulfones designed by applying the “golden middle way” paves a new path for the development of an effective electrolyte system.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗