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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Improved $^{95}\mathrm{Mo}$ neutron resonance parameters and astrophysical reaction rates

We report improved 95 Mo neutron resonance parameters and reaction rates are important for nuclear astrophysics, testing nuclear models, and nuclear criticality safety. However, despite many previous neutron-capture and total cross-section measurements on this nuclide, there still is much room for improvement as well as several discrepancies. For example, there are very few firm resonance spin and parity assignments; average resonance parameters are available only for each parity, the currently recommended astrophysical reaction rate results in disagreements between stellar models and meteoric isotopic anomalies, and there are substantial disagreements in the neutron-capture cross section at low energies important for nuclear criticality safety. To obtain an improved set of neutron resonance parameters and astrophysical reaction rates for 95 Mo. High-resolution neutron-capture and transmission data were measured at the Oak Ridge Electron Linear Accelerator (ORELA) using highly isotopically enriched 95 Mo samples. The neutron-capture apparatus, data reduction, and analysis were improved so that information contained in the γ-ray cascade following neutron capture were used to assign resonance J π values. Following this, simultaneous analysis of the new neutron-capture and transmission data was used to obtain resonance energies, gamma widths, and neutron widths and their uncertainties to a maximum energy of 10 keV. Accurate neutron-capture cross sections also were obtained for the unresolved resonance region to a maximum energy of 500 keV and, together with the new resonance parameters, used to calculate the astrophysical reaction rates in the temperature range from 5 to 30 keV. A vastly improved set of 95Mo neutron resonance parameters and an astrophysical reaction rate accurate to about 3% were obtained. Firm J π assignments were determined for 261 of the 314 observed resonances. This is a very large improvement over the previously published 32 firm J π assignments for 108 resonances. Also, the number of resonances having both firm J π assignments and Γ γ values was increased by almost a factor of 24—from 11 to 261. Neutron- and total-radiation-width distributions and average resonance spacings, average total radiation widths, and neutron strength functions were obtained for the six different s- and p-wave possibilities. Parameters for the lowest s-wave resonance, which is most important for criticality benchmarks, were obtained with high accuracy. Simple modification of the neutron-capture apparatus and expansion and improvement of data analysis techniques led to a large increase in firm J π assignments for 95 Mo neutron resonances. The resulting astrophysical reaction rate is 20%–30% larger than the currently recommended rate at s-process temperatures, which should lead to better agreement between stellar models and meteoric isotopic anomalies. The neutron-capture cross section at low energies is substantially larger than recommended in the latest evaluation, which is problematical for criticality benchmarks. The average resonance spacing as a function of spin and parity is significantly different from current models. The total-radiation-width distributions are significantly broader than predicted by theory and show significant departures from the expected Gaussian shapes.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fast emulation of quantum three-body scattering

Here, we develop a class of emulators for solving quantum three-body scattering problems. They are based on combining the variational method for scattering observables and the recently proposed eigenvector continuation concept. The emulators are first trained by the exact scattering solutions of the governing Hamiltonian at a small number of points in its parameter space, and then employed to make interpolations and extrapolations in that space. Through a schematic nuclear-physics model with finite-range two and three-body interactions, we demonstrate the emulators to be extremely accurate and efficient. The computing time for emulation is on the scale of milliseconds (on a laptop), with relative errors ranging from 10 –13 to 10 –4 depending on the case. The emulators also require little memory. We argue that these emulators can be generalized to even more challenging scattering problems. Furthermore, this general strategy may be applicable for building the same type of emulators in other fields, wherever variational methods can be developed for evaluating physical models.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Results of time-of-flight transmission measurements for 142 Ce at a 50 m station of GELINA

Transmission measurements have been performed at the time-of-flight facility GELINA to provide data for a new evaluation of neutron resonance parameters for 142 Ce. The measurements were carried out at a 50 m transmission station using a Li-glass scintillator with the accelerator operating at 400 Hz. This report provides the experimental details required to deliver the data to the EXFOR data library, maintained by the International Network of Nuclear Reaction Data Centres (NRDC). The experimental conditions and data reduction procedures are described. In addition, the full covariance information based on the AGS concept is given such that resonance parameters together with their covariances can be derived in a least-squares adjustment to the data.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Investigation of Benchmark $k$ eff Sensitivity and Uncertainty for 239 Pu fission in Specific Energy Ranges

Nuclear data at intermediate energies (from 1 to 100s of keV) are evaluated based on scarce differential data and theory unable to capture physics’ expected structure. There is also a lack of integral data. This is a known deficiency and is challenging to address. Calculated effective multiplication factor, k eff , values for intermediate energy experiments are ~25× further from experiment than for fast energies and are often well outside the experimental uncertainties. The goal of the PARADIGM (PARallel Approach of Differential and InteGral Measurements) project is to significantly re duce the uncertainties of intermediate energy nuclear data for 239 Pu. To this end, PARADIGM simultaneously optimizes experiments at both the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) and National Criticality Experiments Research Center (NCERC). The combined set of data will inform new intermediate-energy nuclear data. By execution of differential and integral experiments, establishment of new theory, and undertaking nuclear data evaluation in parallel, the timeline to deliver improved nuclear data to users will be reduced significantly that is to three years. For the PARADIGM project, it was decided to optimize an integral experiment for two neutron energy ranges, within the full intermediate energy range. The low energy range goes from 1 to 30 keV, while the higher energy range goes from 30 to 600 keV. This work focuses on nuclear data sensitivities and uncertainties for 239 Pu fission for existing experiments in the International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP). When designing new experiments, it is important to understand what benchmarks currently exist. For a more traditional experiment design (in which a specific application model(s) exists), comparisons would be made between the application model(s) and existing benchmarks. For PARADIGM, there is no specific application model, but instead the specific nuclear data reaction and energy ranges of interest can be explored for existing benchmarks.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ab initio calculations of scattering and fusion reactions

We review recent advancements achieved within the ab initio no-core shell model with continuum (NCSMC), a unified first-principle (or, ab initio) approach to nuclear bound and continuum states. We highlight its application to reactions of astrophysical interests, including the 7 Be(p, γ) 8 B solar fusion and α-α scattering, and to the structure of the exotic 12 Be nucleus. Furthermore, our findings provide a solid foundation for integrating ab initio calculations with experimental measurements, allowing for more precise evaluations of key thermonuclear reaction rates at astrophysical energies, and offer new insights into the factors that contribute to the emergence of clustering.

Quaglioni, Sofia [Lawrence Livermore National Labo↗
DOE OSTI2023

Improved thermonuclear rate of 42 Ti( p , γ ) 43 V and its astrophysical implication in the rp process

Context. Accurate 42 Ti(p,γ) 43 V reaction rates are crucial for understanding the nucleosynthesis path of the rapid capture process (rp process) that occurs in X-ray bursts. Aims. We aim to improve the thermonuclear rates of 42 Ti(p,γ) 43 V based on more complete resonance information and a more accurate direct component, together with the recently released nuclear masses data. We also explore the impact of the newly obtained rates on the rp process. Methods. We reevaluated the reaction rate of 42 Ti(p,γ) 43 V by the sum of the isolated resonance contribution instead of the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model. We used a Monte Carlo method to derive the associated uncertainties of new rates. The nucleosynthesis simulations were performed via the NuGrid post-processing code ppn. Results. The new rates differ from previous estimations due to the use of a series of updated resonance parameters and a direct S factor. Compared with the previous results from the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model, which assumes compound nucleus 43 V with a sufficiently high-level density in the energy region of astrophysical interest, large differences exist over the entire temperature region of rp-process interest, up to two orders of magnitude. We consistently calculated the photodisintegration rate using our new nuclear masses via the detailed balance principle, and found the discrepancies among the different reverse rates are much larger than those for the forward rate, up to ten orders of magnitude at the temperature of 10 8 K. Using a trajectory with a peak temperature of 1.95×10 9 K, we performed the rp-process nucleosynthesis simulations to investigate the impact of the new rates. Our calculations show that the adoption of the new forward and reverse rates result in abundance variations for Sc and Ca of 128% and 49%, respectively, compared to the variations for the statistical model rates. On the other hand, the overall abundance pattern is not significantly affected. The results of using new rates also confirm that the rp-process path does not bypass the isotope 43 V. Conclusions. Our study found that the Hauser-Feshbach statistical model is inappropriate to the reaction rate evaluation for 42 Ti(p,γ) 43 V. The adoption of the new rates confirms that the reaction path of 42 Ti(p,γ) 43 V(p,γ) 44 Cr(β + ) 44 V is a key branch of the rp process in X-ray bursts.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Influence of curing temperature on belite cement hydration: A comparative study with Portland cement

Belite cements (BCs) could be a more sustainable binder than Portland cements (PCs) but adequate knowledge of the hydration features has still to be built. In particular, the mild curing hydration temperature effects have been extensively studied for PCs but not for BCs. This research was triggered by a previous work reporting improved mechanical strengths of BCs at higher curing temperatures. Here, we report the hydration characteristics of a BC at 20, 40 and 60 °C and compared to those of a typical PC. We have corroborated previous findings and used a multi-technique approach including Rietveld phase analysis, thermal analysis, calorimetry, silicon MAS-NMR, mercury intrusion porosimetry and chiefly synchrotron X-ray microtomography, to thoroughly understand the different behavior. In a nutshell, the improved mechanical performances at mild curing temperatures for BCs are mainly due to a much larger belite degree of reaction, with lower porosity coarsening of belite cements also playing a role.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Nuclear Data Sheets for A=64

The evaluated experimental data are presented and evaluated for 13 known nuclides of mass 64 (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se). For each nuclide, the best values combining all available data are recommended for spectroscopic properties. No excited states have been identified in 64 Ti, 64 As, and 64 Se. Only one excited state in 64 V as an isomer, and three in 64 Cr have been identified. Data for excited states in 64 Mn, 64 Fe, and 64 Co remain limited. 64 Ni, 64 Cu, and 64 Zn are the most studied nuclides through various reactions and decays, followed by 64 Ga and 64 Ge. In the opinion of the evaluators, there are several incomplete or discrepant aspects of the high-spin portion of the level scheme for 64 Zn above ≈5 MeV excitation which need to be resolved in further experiments using large γ-detector arrays. The decay schemes of 64 Ti β - , 64 As ε and 64 Se ε are unknown, while very little information is available for 64 V β - and 64 Cr β - . The decay schemes of 64 Mn β - , 64 Fe β - , 64 Co β - and 64Ge ε are somewhat better known, but still considered incomplete by evaluators. The decay scheme of 64 Ga ε decay is known in detail, however there is the possibility of additional levels populated above 4713 keV, as the Q(ε) value is 7171 keV. The β - , β + and ε decay modes of 64 Cu are well known, as this radionuclide is of great importance in applications, for example, as a dosimeter for neutron flux determination in nuclear reactors, and as a radiopharmaceutical for positron emission tomography (PET). This work supersedes earlier full evaluations of A=64 by 2007Si04, 1996Si12, 1991Si03, 1979Ha35 and 1974Au04.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Gaussian Process Optimization of Sensitivity-Based Similarity Metrics between New Nuclear Applications and New/Existing Benchmarks [Slides]

This presentation discusses Nuclear Criticality Safety (NCS) and how designing safe, new nuclear criticality experiments requires expert judgement, which could take years of experience. Sensitivity/uncertainty (S/U) analysis can be utilized by less experienced individuals to conservatively estimate uncertainties in important parameters, such as k eff , in newly proposed nuclear experiments. The presentation poses the question of how this analysis can be performed and states that the answer lies in matching new nuclear experiments with existing benchmark experiments using similarity metrics. By increasing the criticality safety of the application in this work, higher mass limits could be used in PF-4 operations. Additionally, the presentation discusses MCNP6.2®, Whisper-1.1, the software that can be used in this analysis. Also discussed is the fact that International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) benchmarks rarely match new nuclear applications and that there are significant differences in given set of materials and/or geometry. If there are no benchmarks that match the application, the presentation discusses the possibility of creating new benchmarks. In conclusion, this work presents a Gaussian process (GP) optimization scheme that was used to generate new benchmarks with the highest sensitivity-based similarity metrics to user-defined nuclear applications. The Gaussian process optimization successfully designed 3 new experimental benchmarks that were highly correlated to the application of interest and had k eff values near critical. Optimization over c k,i-r has shown that investigating specific isotope reactions for different applications is crucial to designing benchmark experiments. Partial contribution from Pu dominates c k similarity metric. Future work includes testing new stand-alone similarity metrics or new combinations of similarity metrics as the design criterion of this optimization – design criterion is application dependent.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Fast Muon Capture Monitoring in Mu2e with the CAPHRI Detector

The Mu2e experiment at Fermilab will search for the charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) process of a neutrinoless muon-to-electron conversion in the field of an aluminum nucleus. Reaching the experiment’s target sensitivity requires precise normalization of the physics signal through accurate monitoring of the muon capture rate on the stopping target. For this purpose, the Calorimeter Precise High-Resolution Intensity detector (CAPHRI) has been developed. The detector is composed of four LYSO crystals installed in the upstream disk of the Mu2e calorimeter and read out with the standard calorimeter readout. CAPHRI measures the muon capture rate by detecting the characteristic 1.8~MeV gamma emission line of the $^{27}Al(\mu^−, \nu n \gamma) ^{26}Mg$ nuclear reaction. The fast, precise response enables injection-by-injection monitoring of proton beam intensity fluctuations. We report on the commissioning and performance characterization of CAPHRI. The response of each channel is calibrated at two SiPM overvoltages using both the intrinsic self-emission of the LYSO crystals and cosmic ray signals. In parallel, Monte Carlo simulations are used to evaluate the detector acceptance and the expected signal-to-background ratio under realistic running conditions. Preliminary results show a crystal light yield consistent with expectations and a channel inter-calibration at the 2--4% level. Simulation studies indicate that the detector acceptance and background rejection satisfy the requirements for physics operations, with about 1000 detected events per beam injection at a beam power of 1.5~kW. These results demonstrate that CAPHRI is an effective tool for beam monitoring and signal normalization in Mu2e.

Ciccarella, V. [Frascati; U. Rome La Sapienza (mai↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fast-neutron/gamma-ray radiography using a broad-energy neutron source

Transmission radiography is a well-established nondestructive examination technique with widespread application to fields ranging from medicine to security. Traditionally, inspection is performed using a single particle type (such as x-rays). However, the information available using a single probe for traditional radiography is limited. The present work evaluates material discrimination via transmission radiography using the attenuation ratio of monoenergetic gamma rays to a broad spectrum of fast neutrons. Here, the method was assessed using an 241 Am/Be radioisotope source that provides both 4.4 MeV gamma rays and a spectrum of fast neutrons up to 12 MeV. A total of 14 object configurations were measured: seven different materials each with two thicknesses (2.5 cm and 5 cm). The ability to distinguish materials was evaluated and shows more significant variation among atomic numbers than for high-energy x-rays alone, making it easier to distinguish between classes such as low-, mid-, and high-Z materials. These results suggest that superior material discrimination is also possible using a combination of monoenergetic gamma rays and broad-spectrum fast neutrons from a variety of nuclear reactions, such as 11 B(d,nγ) 12 C, that could be implemented in future inspection systems.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

CSEWG Meeting Minutes

Work has been done at LANL to validate various updated evaluations from ENDF/BVIII.1b0 including: Fe, Cu, Si, U, Pu. Continuous energy tables were processed with NJOY2016 and output to ACE files. For non-Pu legacy critical benchmarks, all calculations were within the experimental benchmark uncertainty, with some benchmarks having shown lower bias using ENDF/B-VIII.1b0. In HST systems, ENDF/B-VIII.0 shows reasonable results above the thermal leakage fraction. ENDF/B-VIII.0.1 is doing slightly worse than ENDF/B- VIII.0. b0.2 and it also includes a new 19 F evaluation, so more work is needed to examine its impact. 233 U thermal and intermediate bare and water-reflected benchmarks agree well with ENDF/B-VIII.0. From ENDF/B-VIII.0 to ENDF/B-VIII.0b0.1, HMF-007 C/E are increasing and the new 19 F evaluation is helping the HMF-007 cases containing Teflon which have historically had high C/E. The Pu legacy benchmark suite is within experimental uncertainty with the exception of THOR. The INDEN evaluation followed by LANL gave the lowest mean absolute bias, but it remains difficult to make a determination on which Pu evaluation is the best. INDEN performs slightly better for the JEZEBEL series, while the LANL Pu evaluation is better for THOR and flattop benchmarks. For the PMI benchmark series INDEN outperforms the LLNL evaluation. For the PST benchmark series ENDF/B-VIII.0 and LLNL Pu evaluations are better than the INDEN evaluation. C/E ratios for Jezebel and Godiva reaction rate ratios show all the Pu evaluations are very close to one another, making it again difficult to say which is best. When examining neutron reactor kinetics parameters, each Pu evaluation is once again very close. Each individual Pu evaluation seems to have advantages in their own applications.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Thermonuclear reaction rate of 30 Si($p, γ$) 31 P

Silicon synthesis in high-temperature hydrogen burning environments presents one possible avenue for the study of abundance anomalies in globular clusters. This was suggested in a prior study, which found that the large uncertainties associated with the Si 30 ( p , γ ) P 31 reaction rate preclude a firm understanding of the stellar conditions that give rise to the Mg-K anticorrelation observed in the globular cluster NGC 2419. In an effort to improve the reaction rate, we present new strength measurements of the E r lab = 435 keV and E r lab = 501 keV resonances in Si 30 ( p , γ ) P 31 . For the former, which was previously unobserved, we obtain a resonance strength of ω γ = ( 1.14 ± 0.25 ) × 10 – 4 eV. For the latter, we obtain a value of ω γ = ( 1.88 ± 0.14 ) × 10 – 1 eV, which has a smaller uncertainty compared to previously measured strengths. Based on these results, the thermonuclear reaction rate has been re-evaluated. The impact of the new measurements is to lower the reaction rate by a factor of ≈ 10 at temperatures important to the study of NGC 2419. The rate uncertainty at these temperatures has also been reduced significantly.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Project Update for “Designing Nuclear-data Measurements that Resolve Discrepancies in Existing Data” [Slides]

AIACHNE has made key progress this past year and will contribute to the larger scientific community. We recovered input data for the current 252 Cf(sf) PFNS evaluation that was previously lost. We render a standard to the best of our ability reproducible. We critically reviewed past data as input for ML & new standard evaluation that will impact PFNS of all major actinides. We developed a unique AI/ ML code that highlights which measurement features are related to bias and are working towards open-sourcing it for the community. Features that were identified as related to bias follow physics’ intuition and bring new understanding of exp effects and might help us for other reactions and isotopes. The results highlight that EXFOR is a goldmine of features that could help us understand experiment bias (if they are easy to parse).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Extension of SCALE/Sampler’s sensitivity analysis

Nuclear data are a major source of uncertainties in reactor physics calculations. The propagation of nuclear data uncertainties to important system responses is instrumental when determining appropriate safety margins in reactor safety analyses. It is also important to understand the major contributors to the observed uncertainties to make recommendations for further measurements and evaluations and aid in the understanding of the studied system. The SCALE code system allows for nuclear data uncertainty analysis based on the random sampling approach as implemented in SCALE’s Sampler sequence. Sampler was recently extended by a sensitivity analysis in terms of the calculation of two correlation-based sensitivity indices. This analysis allows for the identification of the top contributing nuclear reactions to any analyzed output uncertainty. This paper presents the sensitivity indices, along with their interpretation and limitations. It demonstrates the application in an eigenvalue and decay heat analysis for a boiling water reactor fuel assembly.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Revised decay properties of the key 93-keV resonance in the Mg 25 ( p , γ ) reaction and its influence on the MgAl cycle in astrophysical environments

The γ-decay properties of an excited state in 26 Al at 6398.3(8) keV have been reexamined using the 11 B+ 16 O fusion-evaporation reaction. This level represents a key 93.1(8)-keV resonance in the 25 Mg+p system and its relative branching to the 26 Al ground state, f 0 , has been determined to be 0.76 ± 0.03 (stat.) ± 0.10 (syst.). Furthermore, this is a significantly higher value than the most recent evaluation and implies a considerable increase in the production of cosmic γ rays from 26 Al radioactivity.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2026

CADIS and FW-CADIS Variance Reduction in Gamma Transport for Predicting Prompt Forensics Signatures

The goal of prompt nuclear forensics is to determine the characteristics of a nuclear detonation based on the signatures available almost immediately after the explosion. An important characteristic is the reaction time history (RTH), a measure of the device’s rate of neutron multiplication. The RTH can be estimated by observation of the gamma radiation emitted from the detonation, which can be detected directly or observed indirectly as Teller light. Gamma transport simulations used to predict these radiation fields are often modeled stochastically using the Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code, which can be a computationally demanding task due to the number of particle histories needed to achieve statistical convergence. In an attempt to improve the efficiency of these calculations, we evaluate two variance reduction techniques: Consistent Adjoint-Driven Importance Sampling (CADIS) and Forward-Weighted Consistent Adjoint-Driven Importance Sampling (FW-CADIS). These methods use a deterministically calculated adjoint flux to create weight windows and source biasing that guide MCNP sampling. We study the utility of CADIS and FW-CADIS for their use in MCNP gamma transport for nuclear forensics prediction simulations. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that both CADIS and FW-CADIS improve the accuracy for forensics-focused simulations, with CADIS being most beneficial in direct detection and FW-CADIS being ideal for computing a global Teller light source.

CADIS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Corrosion-Resistant Plug Materials for Geothermal Well Fluid Control

Conventional cements and plugs are challenged by corrosion in CO 2 -rich and extreme geothermal environments, due to the hostile chemistry and high temperatures. Thermite-based sealing and well intervention technologies are being applied in the oil and gas industry, combining the energy delivery capability of thermite materials with the sealing characteristics of low melt temperature alloys. The thermite reaction products (ceramics) and the sealing alloys used in these plugs both have very attractive corrosion properties, and their operating envelopes extend into geothermal conditions. Thermite plugs and platforms, without supplemental sealing materials, have been considered for nuclear waste isolation, carbon sequestration, and geothermal applications due to the geochemical stability of the ceramic product and its very high service temperature. This study addresses corrosion resistance of the thermite reaction products. A range of engineered thermite systems which yield thermite reaction products including pure aluminum oxide, feldspar, or aluminosilicate solid solutions (in addition to the iron produced in thermite reactions) was developed. These materials were evaluated for their strong acid resistance (pH 1), carbonate resistance (sodium carbonate) and thermal shock resistance (600 °C heating → cold water quenching repeated three times). Performance of different materials was evaluated based on the changes in mechanical properties, water-fillable porosity, phase changes under stress conditions. The aluminosilicate product exhibited very good corrosion resistance, both from material loss and strength perspectives, while the other products performed with varying degrees of stability. This paper presents the results of the thermite corrosion studies and describes the novel tools being deployed, and under development, to satisfy challenging barrier and intervention applications.

02 PETROLEUM↗