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At least 235 records · Page 13

Constraints on the Composition of Trojan Asteroid 624 Hektor

We present a composite spectrum of Trojan asteroid 624 Hektor, 0.3-3.6 microns, which shows that there is no discernible 3-micron absorption band. Such a band would indicate the presence of OH or H2O- bearing silicate minerals, or macromolecular carbon-rich organic material of the kind seen on the low-albedo hemisphere of Saturn's satellite Iapetus (Owen et al. 2000). The absence of spectral structure is itself indicative of the absence of the nitrogen-rich tholins (which show a distinctive absorption band attributed to N-H). The successful models in this study all incorporate the mineral pyroxene (Mg, Fe SiO3, the composition of hypersthene), which matches the red color of Hektor. Pyroxene is a mafic mineral common in terrestrial and lunar lavas, and is also seen in Main Belt asteroid spectra. An upper limit to the amount of crystalline H20 ice (30-micron grains) in the surface layer of Hektor is 3 weight percent. The upper limit for serpentine, as a representative of hydrous silicates, is much less stringent, at 40 percent, based on the shape of the spectral region around 3 gm. Thus, the spectrum at 3 gm does not preclude the presence of a few weight percent of volatile material in the surface layer of Hektor. All of the models we calculated require elemental carbon to achieve the low geometric albedo that matches Hektor. This carbon could be of organic or inorganic origin. By analogy, other D-type asteroids could achieve their red color, low albedo, and apparent absence of phyllosilicates, from compositions similar to the models presented here.

Cruikshank, Dale P.↗

Heterogeneous Distribution of Carbonaceous Material in Murchison Matrix: In Situ Observations Using Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy

Energy filtered TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) has been used to study the location of carbonaceous material in situ in Murchison matrix. Carbon occurs frequently as narrow rims around sulfide grains, but is rare in regions of matrix that are dominated by phyllosilicates. Additional information is contained in the original extended abstract.

Brearley, Adrian J.↗

Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record

Knowledge of the hydrated mineral inventory on the asteroids is important for deducing the origin of Earth's water, interpreting the meteorite record, and unraveling the processes occurring during the earliest times in solar system history. Reflectance spectroscopy shows absorption features in both the 0.6-0.8 and 2.5-3.5 micrometers regions, which are diagnostic of or associated with hydrated minerals. Observations in those regions show that hydrated minerals are common in the mid-asteroid belt, and can be found in unexpected spectral groupings, as well. Asteroid groups formerly associated with mineralogies assumed to have high temperature formation, such as M- and E-class asteroids, have been observed to have hydration features in their reflectance spectra. Some asteroids have apparently been heated to several hundred degrees Celsius, enough to destroy some fraction of their phyllosilicates. Others have rotational variation suggesting that heating was uneven. We summarize this work, and present the astronomical evidence for water- and hydroxyl-bearing minerals on asteroids.

Rivkin, A. S.↗

Hydrated Minerals on Asteroids: The Astronomical Record

Knowledge of the hydrated mineral inventory on the asteroids is important for deducing the origin of Earth's water, interpreting the meteorite record, and unraveling the processes occurring during the earliest times in solar system history. Reflectance spectroscopy shows absorption features in both the 0.6-0.8 and 2.5-3.5-micron regions, which are diagnostic of or associated with hydrated minerals. Observations in those regions show that hydrated minerals are common in the mid-asteroid belt, and can be found in unexpected spectral groupings as well. Asteroid groups formerly associated with mineralogies assumed to have high-temperature formation, such as M- and E-class steroids, have been observed to have hydration features in their reflectance spectra. Some asteroids have apparently been heated to several hundred degrees Celsius, enough to destroy some fraction of their phyllosilicates. Others have rotational variation suggesting that heating was uneven. We summarize this work, and present the astronomical evidence for water- and Hydroxl-bearing minerals on asteroids.

Rivkin, A. S.↗

Palagonitic (Not Andesitic) Mars: Evidence from Thermal Emission and VNIR Spectra of Palgonitic Alteration Rinds on Basaltic Rock

Visible and near-IR (VNIR) spectra of both Martian bright and dark regions are characterized by a ferric absorption edge extending from approx. 400 to 750 nm, with bright regions having about twice the reflectivity at 750 nm as dark regions. Between 750 nm to beyond 2000 nm, bright and dark regions have nearly constant and slightly negative spectral slopes, respectively. Depending on location, bright regions have shallow reflectivity minima in the range 850-910 nm that are attributed to ferric oxides. Similarly, dark regions have shallow reflectivity minima near approx. 950 and 1700-2000 nm that are attributed to ferrous silicate minerals (pyroxene). Among terrestrial geologic materials, the best spectral analogues for Martian bright regions are certain palagonitic tephras from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii). By definition, palagonite is a "yellow or orange isotropic mineraloid formed by hydration and devitrification of basaltic glass". The ferric pigment in palagonite is nanometer-sized ferric oxide particles (np-Ox) dispersed throughout the hydrated basaltic glass matrix. The hydration state of the np-Ox particles is not known, but the best Martian spectral analogues contain allophane-like materials and not crystalline phyllosilicates.

R V Morris↗

Thermal Emission Spectra of Altered Tephras and Constraints on the Composition of Martian Dust

We have begun to create a comprehensive set of thermal infrared (TIR, approx. 1650-200/cm, approx. 6-50 microns) spectra of palagonitic and hydrothermally altered soils that exhibit a range of mineralogical and chemical compositions for use in analyzing MGS TES data. Palagonite, a phyllosilicate-poor hydrolytically altered tephra, has been suggested as a possible component of the martian soil/dust based on visible and near infrared (VNIR) spectral similarities with martian dusty regions. The chemistry and crystallinity of altered tephras are highly variable depending on the parent material and local environmental conditions, and are important indicators of alteration processes.

Hamilton, Victoria E.↗

Palagonitic Mars from Rock Rinds to Dust: Evidence from Visible, Near-IR, and Thermal Emission Spectra of Poorly Crystalline Materials

Visible and near-IR (VNIR) spectral data for Martian bright regions are characterized by a general shape consisting of a ferric absorption edge extending from about 400 to 750 nm and relatively constant reflectivity extending from about 750 nm to beyond 2000 nm . Among terrestrial geologic materials, the best spectral analogues are certain palagonic tephras from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii). By definition, palagonite is a yellow or orange isotropic mineraloid formed by hydration and devitrification of basaltic glass. The ferric pigment in palagonite is nanometer-sized ferric oxide particles (np-Ox) dispersed throughout the hydrated basaltic glass matrix. The hydration state of the np-Ox particles is not known, and the best Martian spectral analogues contain allophane-like materials and not crystalline phyllosilicates. We show here that laboratory VNIR and TES spectra of palagonitic alteration rinds developed on basaltic rocks are spectral endmembers that provide a consistent explanation for both VNIR and TES data of Martian dark regions.

Morris, R. V.↗

Hydrothermal Alteration on Basaltic Mauna Kea Volcano as a Template for Identification of Hydrothermal Alteration on Basaltic Mars

Certain samples of palagonitic tephra from Mauna Kea Volcano (Hawaii) are spectral analogues for bright martian surface materials at visible and near-IR wavelengths because both are characterized by a ferric absorption edge extending from about 400 to 750 nm and relatively constant reflectivity extending from about 750 nm to beyond 2000 nm. Palagonite is a yellow or orange isotropic mineraloid formed by hydration and devitrification of basaltic glass. For Mars-analogue palagonite, the pigment is nanometersized ferric oxide particles (np-Ox) dispersed throughout an allophane-like hydrated basaltic glass matrix. Crystalline phyllosilicates are not generally detected, and the hydration state of the is not known. The poorly crystalline nature of glass alteration products implies relatively low temperature formation pathways. We report here x-ray diffraction, major element, Mossbauer, and VNIR data for 9 basaltic tephras. Thermal emission spectra are reported in a separate abstract. Our multidisciplinary approach both tightly constrains mineralogical interpretations and maximizes overlap with datasets available for the martian surface available now and in the future.

Morris, R. V.↗

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Origin of Planetary Systems

The session titled Origin of Planetary Systems" included the following reports:Convective Cooling of Protoplanetary Disks and Rapid Giant Planet Formation; When Push Comes to Shove: Gap-opening, Disk Clearing and the In Situ Formation of Giant Planets; Late Injection of Radionuclides into Solar Nebula Analogs in Orion; Growth of Dust Particles and Accumulation of Centimeter-sized Objects in the Vicinity of a Pressure enhanced Region of a Solar Nebula; Fast, Repeatable Clumping of Solid Particles in Microgravity ; Chondrule Formation by Current Sheets in Protoplanetary Disks; Radial Migration of Phyllosilicates in the Solar Nebula; Accretion of the Outer Planets: Oligarchy or Monarchy?; Resonant Capture of Irregular Satellites by a Protoplanet ; On the Final Mass of Giant Planets ; Predicting the Atmospheric Composition of Extrasolar Giant Planets; Overturn of Unstably Stratified Fluids: Implications for the Early Evolution of Planetary Mantles; and The Evolution of an Impact-generated Partially-vaporized Circumplanetary Disk.

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Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Mars Mineralogy: Weathered and Dry

The session "Mars Mineralogy: Weathered and Dry" presented the following reports:Hyperspectral and Field Mapping of an Archaean Komatiite Unit in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Applications for CRISM Mission; Emission Spectroscopy of Smectites: Implications for the TES Andesite-weathered Basalt Debate; Volcanism and/or Aqueous Alteration on Mars: Constraints on Distinguishing Glass and Phyllosilicate in the Thermal Infrared; Olivine Weathering on Mars: Getting Back to Basics; Sulfate-cemented Soils Detected in TES Data Through the Application of an Automated Band Detection Algorithm; Thermal Emission Spectroscopy of Sulfates: Possible Hydrous Iron-Sulfate in the Soil at the MER-A Gusev Crater Landing Site ; Barite and Celestine Detection in the Thermal Infrared: Possible Application to Determination of Aqueous Environments on Mars; Search for Evaporite Minerals in Flaugergues Basin, Mars; Contributions from Hydrated States of MgSO4 to the Reservoir of Hydrogen at Equatorial Latitudes on Mars; Identification of a Quartz and Na-Feldspar Surface Mineralogy in Syrtis Major; Pigeonite Masquerading as Olivine at Mars: First Results from Mars Spectroscopy Consortium; Green Mars: Geologic Characteristics of Olivine-bearing Terrains as Observed by THEMIS, MOC, and MOLA; and Global Chemical Abundances and Distributions on Mars from MGS-TES Spectra.

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In Situ Location and Characterization of Carbon-bearing Phases in Carbonaceous Chondrites: Insights from Yamato 791198, a Weakly-altered CM2 Chondrite

Intense studies of carbonaceous chondrites have provided remarkable insights into the behavior of carbon during the earliest stages of our solar system. This research has demonstrated that carbonaceous meteorites contain a diverse array of organic compounds, whose origins are probably the result of multiple processes that occurred in different locations including interstellar space, the solar nebula and asteroidal parent bodies [1-3]. The most abundant organic carbon component in CI1 and CM2 carbonaceous chondrites is so-called macromolecular carbon, a high molecular weight material that has some affinities to terrestrial kerogen and constitutes approximately 60-70% of the organic material in these meteorites. Although recent studies e.g. [3] have radically improved our understanding of the structural and compositional characteristics of this material, a number of key questions remain to be addressed. In particular, our knowledge of where this macromolecular material is distributed at the fine-scale within carbonaceous chondrites is scant. [4] have shown that organic material is associated with phyllosilicate-rich matrix in CM chondrites, but the detailed mineralogical associations are not well-known. Over the past 2 years, we have begun to address this question by using energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) to locate carbon-bearing materials in situ, focusing specifically on the CM2s. To date we have reported data on the Murchison CM2 chondrite [5], a meteorite that has experienced a modest degree of aqueous alteration. To extend our observations to other CM2 chondrites, we have examined the occurrence of carbon-bearing phases in Yamato 791198. Our recent studies [5] have shown that Y-791198 is among the most weakly-altered CM chondrite currently known and hence is likely to preserve a quite primitive distribution of carbonaceous material. In this study, we present initial observations on the distribution of these materials in one fine-grained rim and compare them with our results from Murchison. Such information may provide important insights into the origins of the carbonaceous material and how it was distributed in nebular and perhaps presolar dust.

Brearley, Adrian J.↗

Spectroscopy of Mars from 2.04 to 2.44 micrometers during the 1993 opposition: absolute calibration and atmospheric vs mineralogic origin of narrow absorption features

We present moderate-resolution (lambda/delta lambda = 300 to 370) reflectance spectra of Mars from 2.04 to 2.44 micrometers that were obtained at UKIRT during the 1993 opposition. Seven narrow absorption features were detected and found to have a Mars origin. By comparison with solar and Mars atmospheric spectra, five of these features were attributed all or in part to Mars atmospheric CO2 or CO(2.052 +/- 0.003, 2.114 +/- 0.002, 2.150 +/- 0.003, 2.331 +/- 0.001, and 2.357 +/- 0.002 micrometers). Two of the bands (2.331 +/- 0.001 and 2.357 +/- 0.002 micrometers) appear to have widths and depths that are consistent with additional, nonatmospheric absorptions, although a solar contribution cannot be entirely ruled out. Two other weak bands centered at 2.278 +/- 0.002 and 2.296 +/- 0.002 micrometers may be at least partially mineralogic in origin. The data provide no conclusive identification of the mineralogy responsible for these absorption features. However, examination of terrestrial spectral libraries and previous moderate spectral resolution mineral studies indicates that the most likely origin of these features is either (bi)carbonate or (bi)sulfate anions in framework silicates or (Fe, Mg)-OH bonds in sheet silicates. If the bands are caused by phyllosilicate minerals, then an explanation must be found for the extremely narrow widths of the cation-OH features in the Mars spectra as compared to terrestrial minerals.

Mars↗

Pigmenting agents in Martian soils: inferences from spectral, Mossbauer, and magnetic properties of nanophase and other iron oxides in Hawaiian palagonitic soil PN-9

We have examined a Hawaiian palagonitic tephra sample (PN-9) that has spectroscopic similarities to Martian bright regions using a number of analytical techniques, including Mossbauer and reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, instrumental neutron activation analysis, electron probe microanalysis, transmission electron microscopy, and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate extraction. Chemically, PN-9 has a Hawaiitic composition with alkali (and presumably silica) loss resulting from leaching by meteoric water during palagonitization; no Ce anomaly is present in the REE pattern. Mineralogically, our results show that nanophase ferric oxide (np-Ox) particles (either nanophase hematite (np-Hm) or a mixture of ferrihydrite and np-Hm) are responsible for the distinctive ferric doublet and visible-wavelength ferric absorption edge observed in Mossbauer and reflectivity spectra, respectively, for this and other spectrally similar palagonitic samples. The np-Ox particles appear to be imbedded in a hydrated aluminosilicate matrix material; no evidence was found for phyllosilicates. Other iron-bearing phases observed are titanomagnetite, which accounts for the magnetic nature of the sample; olivine; pyroxene; and glass. By analogy, np-Ox is likely the primary pigmenting agent of the bright soils and dust of Mars.

Minerals/analysis↗

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, Part 1

Contents include the following: Observations with Near Infrared Spectrometer for Hayabusa Mission in the Cruising Phase. First Results of Quadrantid Meteor Spectrum. Compositional Investigation of Binary Near-Earth Asteroid 66063 (1998 RO1): A Potentially Undifferentiated Assemblage. Impact-induced Hydrothermal Activity on Early Mars. HRTEM and EFTEM Studies of Phyllosilicate-Organic Matter Associations in Matrix and Dark Inclusions in the EET92042 CR2 Carbonaceous Chondrite. Volumetric Analysis of Martian Rampart Craters. High Pressure Melting of H-Chondrite: A Match for the Martian Basalt Source Mantle. MERView: A New Computer Program for Easy Display of MER-acquired M ssbauer Data. Distribution, Exchange, and Topographic Control of Subsurface Ice on Mars. Shock-induced Damage Beneath Normal and Oblique Impact Craters. Amphitrites Patera Studied from the Mars Express HRSC Data. Oxygen Isotope Microanalysis of Enveloping Compound Chondrules in CV3 and LL3 Chondrites. Gamma-Ray Irradiation in the Early Solar System and the Conundrum of the Lu-176 Decay Constant. Magnesium Isotope Mapping of Silica-rich Grains Having. Extreme Oxygen Isotope Anomalies Extreme Oxygen Isotopic Anomalies from Irradiation in the Early Solar System, Re-Examining the Role of Chondrules in Producing the Elemental Fractionations in Chondrites. Meteorite Data on the Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays and an Inference on the Solar Activity Influence on Climate of the Earth. Volatiles Enrichments and Composition of Jupiter. Thinking Like a Wildcatter Prospecting for Methane in Arabia Terra, Mars. Size Distribution of Genesis Solar Wind Array Collector Fragments. Initial Subdivision of Genesis Early Science Polished Aluminum Collector. Presolar Graphite and Its Noble Gases. Young Pb-Isotopic Ages of Chondrules in CB Carbonaceous Chondrites. Fe Isotopic Composition of Martian Meteorites. Petrology and Geochemistry of Nakhlite MIL 03346: A New Martian Meteorite from Antarctica.

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Localized Chemical Redistribution During Aqueous Alteration in CR2 Carbonaceous Chondrites EET 87770 and EET 92105

Carbonaceous chondrites are primitive meteorites that are valuable because they preserve evidence of processes that occurred in the solar nebula and on asteroidal parent bodies. Among the carbonaceous chondrite groups, the CR group appears to contain a particularly pristine record of early solar system processes. Distinguishing characteristics of CR2 chondrites include a high abundance of chondrules (50-60 vol.%) and Fe, Ni metal (5-8 vol. %). These meteorites preserve evidence for varying degrees of aqueous alteration, manifested by progressive replacement of chondrule mesostasis by phyllosilicates. Recent studies have suggested that even in weakly altered chondrites, mass transfer occurred between chondrules and fine-grained matrices, implying that aqueous alteration must have followed lithification of the final meteorite parent body. Although petrographic characteristics of alteration in CR chondrites have been documented, mechanisms of alteration are still only poorly understood. For example, the relative rates and scales of elemental mobility as well as the sources and sinks for key elements are currently not constrained. An improved knowledge of these issues will contribute to an increased understanding of aqueous alteration reactions on meteorite parent bodies. This study expands on research conducted on Type IIA chondrules and chondrule fragments from two CR2 chondrites, EET 87770 and EET 92105. These chondrites have been weakly altered; chondrule mesostases show incipient alteration primarily where they are in direct contact with fine-grained matrices.

Burger, Paul V.↗

Synchrotron-based Infrared Microspectroscopy as a Useful Tool to Study Hydration States of Meteorite Constituents

The meteorites Dho 225 and Dho 735 were recently found in Oman. Studies of their mineralogical and chemical composition suggest that these unusual meteorites are thermally metamorphosed CM2 chondrites [1,2,3]. Similar to Antarctic metamorphosed carbonaceous chondrites, the Dho 225 and Dho 735 are enriched in heavy oxygen compared to normal CMs [1,2]. However, IR studies indicating dehydration of matrix phyllosilicates are needed to confirm that the two new meteorites from Oman are thermally metamorphosed [4]. Synchrotron-based IR microspectroscopy is a new promising technique which allows the acquisition of IR spectra from extremely small samples. Here we demonstrate that this non-destructive technique is a useful tool to study hydration states of carbonaceous chondrites in situ. In addition, we acquired reflectance spectra of bulk powders of the Dho 225 and Dho 735 in the range of 0.3-50 microns.

Moroz, L. V.↗

A Weathering Index for CK and R Chondrites

We present a new weathering index (wi) for the metallic-Fe-Ni-poor chondrite groups (CK and R) based mainly on transmitted light observations of the modal abundance of crystalline material that is stained brown in thin sections: wi-0, <5 vol%; wi-1, 5-25 vol%; wi-2,25-50 vol%; wi-3,50- 75 vol%; wi-4, 75-95 vol%; wi-5, >95 vol%, wi-6, significant replacement of mafic silicates by phyllosilicates. Brown staining reflects mobilization of oxidized iron derived mainly from terrestrial weathering of Ni-bearing sulfide. With increasing degrees of terrestrial weathering of CK and R chondrites, the sulfide modal abundance decreases, and S, Se, and Ni become increasingly depleted. In addition, bulk Cl increases in Antarctic CK chondrites, probably due to contamination from airborne sea mist.

Rubin, Alan E.↗

Multifunctional Composites for Improved Polyimide Thermal Stability

The layered morphology of silicate clay provides an effective barrier to oxidative degradation of the matrix resin. However, as resin thermal stability continues to reach higher limits, development of an organic modification with comparable temperature capabilities becomes a challenge. Typically, phyllosilicates used in polymer nanocomposites are modified with an alkyl ammonium ion. Such organic modifiers are not suited for incorporation into high temperature polymers as they commonly degrade below 200oC. Therefore, the development of nanoparticle specifically suited for high temperature applications is necessary. Several nanoparticles were investigated in this study, including pre-exfoliated synthetic clay, an organically modified clay, and carbon nanofiber. Dispersion of the layered silicate increases the onset temperature of matrix degradation as well as slows oxidative degradation. The thermally stable carbon nanofibers are also observed to significantly increase the resin thermal stability.

Miller, Sandi G.↗