Structure and evolutionary history of the solar system. I
Solar system origin, structure and evolution, discussing planet and satellite orbital motion, resonance effects, tides and postaccretional changes
Alfven, H.↗
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Lunar Science Conference, 4th, Houston, Tex., March 5-8, 1973, Proceedings. Volume 1 - Mineralogy and petrology. Volume 2 - Chemical and isotope analyses. Organic chemistry. Volume 3 - Physical properties
The mineralogy, petrology, chemistry, isotopic composition, and physical properties of lunar materials are described in papers detailing methods, results, and implications of research on samples returned from eight lunar landing sites: Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, and Luna 16 and 20. The results of experiments conducted or set up on the lunar surface by the astronauts are also described along with observations taken from Command Modules and subsatellites. Major topics include general geology, soil and breccia studies, petrologic studies, mineralogic analyses, elemental compositions, radiometric age determinations, rare gas chemistry, radionuclides, organogenic compounds, particle track records, thermal properties, seismic studies, resonance studies, orbital mapping, lunar atmosphere, magnetic studies, electrical studies, optical properties, and microcratering. Individual items are announced in this issue.
Gose, W. A.↗
Out of ecliptic missions using Venus or earth gravity assists
Multiple Venus or earth gravity-assist flybys are investigated as a means of producing trajectories that are inclined to the solar equator at low cost in total delta V. There are three phases to such trajectories: (1) production of a high flyby speed at the planet encounter, (2) attainment of one-to-one resonance by orbit pumping, and (3) deflection to high inclination by orbit cranking. Flybys are restricted to occur at the node of the planet orbit and the solar equator so as to take advantage of the natural inclination of the solar equator. For Venus flybys, the high approach speed is inherent in the earth to Venus trajectory. For earth flybys, the production of high approach speed can be accomplished by a VEGA (Venus-earth-gravity assist) trajectory or by a delta V-EGA trajectory. The general result is that moderate inclinations to the solar equator can be obtained at moderate total delta V cost, but at flight times which rise to five years for an inclination of 37 deg and to 13 years for an inclination of 54 deg.
Bender, D. F.↗
Ultraviolet photometry from the Orbiting Astronomical Observatory. XXIII - The resonance lines of triply ionized carbon and silicon in the spectra of hot stars
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Panek, R. J.↗
Diagrammatic theory of transition of pendulum like systems
Orbit-orbit and spin-orbit gravitational resonances are analyzed using the model of a rigid pendulum subject to both a time-dependent periodic torque and a constant applied torque. First, a descriptive model of passage through resonance is developed from an examination of the polynomial equation that determines the extremes of the momentum variable. From this study, a probability estimate for capture into libration is derived. Second, a lowest order solution is constructed and compared with the solution obtained from numerical integration. The steps necessary to systematically improve this solution are also discussed. Finally, the effect of a dissipative term in the pendulum equation is analyzed.
Yoder, C. F.↗
The role of dissipation in shepherding of ring particles
A discussion is presented on the gravitational interaction between ring systems and nearby satellites. A shepherd satellite lacking damping mechanisms will force oscillations in the motion of a ring particle that are symmetrical with respect to the encounter geometry. If such damping mechanisms as density wave propagation or a dissipative medium are present, a lag in particle response provides the asymmetry that exerts a net torque on the rings. While the torque on a given particle depends on the degree of damping, that dependence disappears when the torque is averaged over a range of orbits spanning resonances if the degree of damping is within a certain range. A torque that is much lower than the standard formula results from excessively weak or strong damping.
Greenberg, R.↗
Investigations of Planetary Ring Phenomena
The structure of Jupiter's rings was studied in an effort to understand the processes that generate the rings. The faint material in the Saturn system was investigated leading to the discovery of a new ring and a way to interpret the wavy features surrounding Encke's division in terms of perturbing moonlets. The interaction of faint rings and magnetospheres helped identify some of the charged particle absorbers seen by Pioneer 11 in the neighborhood of the F ring. Angular momentum drain might account for the slow rotations of intermediate sized asteroids. Much of the Jovian ring structure can be understood in terms of debris loss from satellites, rapid orbital evolution, resonance, and charged dust dynamics.
Burns, J. A.↗
The ringed X-galaxy NGC 7020
The southern SO (sup +) galaxy NGC 7020 presents an unusual morphology: it includes a very regular outer ring which is completely detached and which envelops an inner ring/lens zone with a hexagon surrounding an X shape. The outer ring has a high contrast compared to those usually observed in barred galaxies, yet NGC 7020 is not obviously barred. The morphology of this galaxy poses an interesting puzzle in that the hexagonal/X zone is not a typical type of feature to find in the interior of such a regular ring. Instead, the zone bears a striking resemblance to the edge-on galaxy IC 4767, recently studied by Whitmore and Bell (1988 = WB88) and dubbed by them as the X-galaxy because its inner regions appear to be crossed by two distinct enhancements lined at plus or minus 22 deg with respect to the major axis. The observation of a similar phenomenon in NGC 7020 is interesting because of the suggestion by WB88 that X structures could be related to accretion of matter associated with a merger or tidal encounter between an SO and a small satellite galaxy. If this interpretation is correct for NGC 7020, then it has important implications for the nature of the outer ring. An alternative interpretation is that the inner hexagonal/X zone is a region where resonant periodic orbits in a weak bi-symmetric potential perturbation are influencing the morphology more strongly than might be expected. A brief summary of a more extensive paper (Buta 1990c = B90c) and a few other details concerning this interesting galaxy are given.
Buta, Ronald↗
The starburst ring around the Seyfert nucleus in NGC 7469
High-resolution radio continuum, optical emission line, and optical continuum images of the luminous Seyfert plus circumnuclear starburst hybrid galaxy NGC 7469 are presented. The radio emission from the starburst is largely confined to a ring of diameter 3 arcsec, or 1.0 kpc. There is clear evidence for optical continuum emission and probably optical line emission from the ring. The disks of NGC 1068 and NGC 7469 exhibit a strong similarity in almost all observed properties. Current star formation models can account for the luminous far-infrared emission and the strength of the nonthermal radio emission in NGC 7469, with an expected supernova rate of about one per year. The starburst ring is probably a result of concentration of gas into a ring via resonances between orbital motion and a rotating barlike or ovally distorted potential.
Wilson, A. S.↗
Long-term orbital and spin dynamics of Mars
This review of the long-term dynamical behavior of Mars covers secular variations of the orbit, oscillations of the obliquity, and polar wandering. Calculations of the large-scale obliquity oscillations of Mars are updated using the most recent orbit theory and contrasted with the earth. The motion for Mars is characterized by about 100,000-yr oscillations driven by differential spin axis and orbit plane precession rates during which the obliquity may change by as much as about 20 deg. The possible role of spin-orbit secular resonances to the spin axis histories of the earth and Mars is also considered. Numerical integrations of the equations of motion indicate that Mars may have passed through resonance as little as 5 Myr ago and that obliquities approaching about 45 deg could have been achieved during such an event.
Ward, William R.↗
Dynamics of Orbits Near 4:1 Lunar Resonance
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Stephen West↗
Rapid and Accurate Computation of Invariant Tori, Manifolds, and Connections Near Mean Motion Resonances in the Periodically Perturbed Planar Circular Restricted 3-Body Problem Models
When the planar circular restricted 3-body problem (RTBP) is periodically perturbed, most unstable resonant periodic orbits become invariant tori. In this study, we 1) develop a quasi-Newton method which simultaneously solves for the tori and their center, stable, and unstable directions; 2) implement continuation by both perturbation as well as rotation numbers; 3) compute Fourier-Taylor parameterizations of the stable and unstable manifolds; 4) globalize these manifolds; 5) compute homoclinic and heteroclinic connections. Our methodology improves on efficiency and accuracy compared to prior studies, and applies to a variety of periodic perturbations. We demonstrate the tools on the planar elliptic RTBP.
de la Llave, Rafael↗
Mission Design & Operations Approach for the HelioSwarm Mission
HelioSwarm: The Nature of Turbulence in Space Plasmas is a transformational mission to explore the dynamic three-dimensional mechanisms controlling the physics of plasma turbulence, a ubiquitous process occurring in the heliosphere and plasmas throughout the universe. Turbulence is the process by which energy contained in fluctuating magnetic fields and plasma motion cascades from large to smaller spatial scales. HelioSwarm achieves its science goals by making simultaneous measurements across a wide range of measurement baselines, spanning magnetohydrodynamic scales (1000’s of km) to sub-ion heating scales (10’s of km), using a novel nine-spacecraft swarm. The swarm operates in a high-altitude lunar resonant Earth orbit (two-week period, ~63 RE apogee, ~13 RE perigee), giving it access to both the pristine solar wind and regions of strongly driven turbulence (specifically the magnetosphere and foreshock), and utilizes customized relative orbital motion of the swarm members to produce the range of measurement baselines and configurations. The swarm comprises eight “node” spacecraft, manufactured by Blue Canyon Technologies, and a “hub” spacecraft produced by Northrop Grumman Corp. The hub serves as a communications relay, with all communications between the ground and the nodes flowing through it. Mission operations are conducted within the Multi-Mission Operations Center at the NASA Ames Research Center and science operations at the University of New Hampshire, Durham. HelioSwarm was selected in 2022 as one of NASA’s newest Heliophysics Explorer missions to proceed from mission concept into mission implementation, with a target launch in 2029. This paper provides an overview of the mission’s science goals and objectives, the mission design, and the concept of operations, with an emphasis on how the swarm aspects of the mission both enable the science measurements and present unique operational challenges. The paper then describes the proposed development approach for the mission operations system and ground data system which relies on a selective combination of scaling strategies to meet the challenges.
HelioSwarm↗
Asteroid-type orbit evolution near the 5:2 resonance
In this case of the 5:2 commensurability with the motion of Jupiter, an asteroid can reach the orbits of Mars, Earth, and Venus when eccentricity e is greater than 0.41, 0.65, and 0.74, respectively. For individual fictitious asteroids, Ipatov and Yoshikawa obtained a growth in e from 0.15 to 074-0.76. Rates of changes in orbital orientations are different for Mars, Earth, Venus, and the asteroid. Therefore, for corresponding values of e, the asteroid could encounter these planets and leave the gap at those encounters. In order to investigate this hypothesis of the 5:2 Kirkwood gap formation, Ipatov studied the regions of initial data for which the eccentricities of asteroids located near the 5:2 commensurability exceeded 0.41 during evolution. The orbit evolution for 500 fictitious asteroids was investigated by numerical integration of the complete (unaveraged) equations of motion for the three-body problem (Sun-Jupiter-asteroid). The equations of motion were integrated in the time intervals T is greater than or equal to 5(10)(exp 3)t(sub J) (t(sub J) is the heliocentric orbital period of Jupiter) in the planar model, T is greater than or equal to 10(exp 4)t(sub J) at initial inclination 5 deg is less than or equal to i(sub 0) is less than or equal to 20 deg and T = 10(exp 5)t(sub J) at i(sub 0) = 40 deg. The larger interval T was taken at i(sub 0) = 40 deg because in this case for the majority of runs maximum values of e and i were reached in the time delta(t) is greater than 2(10)(exp 4)t(sub J).
Ipatov, S. I.↗
On disk-planet interactions and orbital eccentricities
While Lindblad resonances both within and without a perturber's orbit excite its eccentricity, the present study of the eccentricity evolution due to the density wave interaction between a planetesimal and a Keplerian disk notes that coronation resonances in these regions lose their eccentricity damping effectiveness if the object is embedded in a continuous disk without a gap. Attention is given to another class of Lindblad resonances which, under these conditions, operates on disk material coorbiting with the perturber; these resonances thereby become the most important source of eccentricity damping. A model problem indicates that eccentricity ultimately undergoes decay.
Ward, William R.↗
Eleventh order resonance terms in the geopotential from the orbit of Vanguard 3
The orbit of Vanguard 3 (1959-7A) is strongly resonant with 11th order and odd degree terms in the geopotential. It affords an excellent opportunity to determine a significant linear constraint between these terms. Tracking data on this satellite (in the form of mean Kepler elements) are analyzed over a 3 1/2 year period in the early 1960's, which ends with the orbit having just passed through perfect commensurability. The eccentricity and inclination show the deep resonance variations (up to 0.0002 in e and .02 deg in i) with great clarity. Previous and current geopotential solutions fail to explain these perturbations.
Wagner, C. A.↗
Orbital evolution of circumplanetary dust by resonant charge variations
Vast ethereal rings composed of micron-sized particles have been detected about the three giant planets so far visited by Voyager. An orbital evolution mechanism for gravitationally dominated circumplanetary dust is identified here that may temporarily overwhelm other processes. Evolution rates that agree with numerical integrations are derived, and it is suggested how this process could affect the location of the faint rings evident today.
Burns, Joseph A.↗
On the possible origin of meteoroid generating asteroid orbits
A mechanism to replenish the Apollo and Amor groups by resonant asteroid-orbit transformation is suggested. The method of this mechanism and the results obtained are discussed.
Kazantsev, A. M.↗