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At least 235 records · Page 13

Azimuthal radiometric temperature measurements of wheat canopies

The effects of azimuthal view angle on the radiometric temperature of wheat canopies at various stages of development are investigated. Measurements of plant height, total leaf area index, green leaf area index and Feeks growth stage together with infrared radiometric temperature measurements at 12 azimuth intervals with respect to solar azimuth and at different solar zenith angles were obtained for four wheat canopies at various heights. Results reveal a difference on the order of 2 C between the temperatures measured at azimuths of 0 and 180 deg under calm wind conditions, which is attributed to the time-dependent transfer of heat between canopy component surfaces. The azimuthal dependence must thus be taken into account in the determination of radiometric temperatures.

Kimes, D. S.↗

Effect of stratospheric aerosol on ozone profile from BUV measurements

Results of a simulation study on the effects of optically thick stratospheric sulfate aerosol layers on the backscattered ultraviolet radiation (buv) in the range 256-340 nm are presented. In general, the increased Mie scattering produced by the aerosols results in an enhancement of the buv radiation. The increase is approximately linear with optical depth and strongly depends on solar zenith angle and aerosol layer altitude in relation to the ozone maximum. The effect is greatest at those wavelenghts whose contribution functions peak in the vicinity of the densest part of the aerosol layer. The aerosol induced perturbation of the buv field affects the ozone profile retrieval from space measurements by the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Experiment (SBUV) experiment. In the tropical stratosphere, the retrieved ozone between 25 and 45 km is underestimated as a result of increased Mie scattering. On the other hand, an algorithm related effect causes the retrieved ozone below 25 km to be overestimated by an amount similar to the stratospheric deficit.

Torres, Omar↗

Electron temperature and heat flow in the nightside Venus ionosphere

A steady-state two-dimensional heat balance model is used to analyze the night side Venusian ionospheric electron temperatures given by the Pioneer Venus orbiter electron temperature probe. The energy calculation includes the solar EUV heating at the terminator, electron cooling to ions and neutrals, and heat conduction within the ionospheric plasma. An optimum magnetic field is derived by solving for the heat flux directions which force energy conservation while constrained by the observed temperatures within the range of 80-170 deg solar zenith angle and 160-170 km. The heat flux vectors indicate a magnetic field that connects the lower night side ionosphere to the day side ionosphere, and connects the upper ionosphere to the ionosheath. The lower ionosphere is heated through conduction of heat from the dayside, and the upper ionosphere is heated by the solar wind in the ionosheath with heat flowing downward and from the nightside to the day side.

Hoegy, W. R.↗

MGS Radio Science Electron Density Profiles: Interannual Variability and Implications for the Martian Neutral Atmosphere

Martian electron density profiles provided by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Radio Science (RS) experiment over the 95-200 km altitude range indicate that the height of the electron peak and the longitudinal structure of the peak height are sensitive indicators of the physical state of the Mars lower atmosphere. The present analysis is carried out on five sets of occultation profiles, all at high solar zenith angles (SZA). Variations spanning 2-Martian years are investigated near aphelion conditions at high Northern latitudes (64.7-77.6N). A mean ionospheric peak height of 133.5-135 km was obtained for all aphelion profiles near SZA = 78-82; a corresponding mean peak density of 7.3-8.5 x 10(exp 4)/cu cm was also measured, reflecting solar moderate conditions. Strong wave 2-3 oscillations in peak heights were observed as a function of longitude over both Martian seasons. The Mars Thermospheric General Circulation Model (MTGCM) is exercised for Mars aphelion conditions. The measured interannual variations in the mean and longitude structure of the peak heights are small (consistent with MTGCM simulations), signifying the repeatability of the Mars atmosphere during aphelion conditions. A non-migrating (semi-diurnal period, wave#l eastward propagating) tidal mode is likely responsible for the wave#3 longitude features identified. The height of this photochemically driven peak can be observed to provide an ongoing monitor of the changing state of the Mars lower atmosphere. The magnitudes of these same peaks may reflect more than changing solar EUV fluxes when they are located in the vicinity of Mars crustal magnetic field centers.

Bougher, Stephen W.↗

Observations of energetic ions near the Venus ionopause

Ions (primarily O/+/) with spacecraft rest frame energies greater than 40 eV have been observed by the Pioneer Venus Neutral Mass Spectrometer. The signature occurs in about 13% of the 700 orbits examined, primarily near the ionopause and at all solar zenith angles. The energetic ions coincide in location with superthermal ions observed by the Ion Mass Spectrometer and more rarely occur in some of the plasma clouds observed by the Electron Temperature Probe. These observations in conjunction with measurements by the Plasma Wave Instrument near the ionopause suggest that the ions are accelerated out of ionospheric plasma by the shocked solar wind through plasma wave-particle interactions.

Kasprzak, W. T.↗

Dynamics of the Venus ionosphere - A two-dimensional model study

A two-dimensional model of the ionosphere of Venus which simulates ionospheric dynamics by self-consistently solving the plasma equations of motion, including the inertial term, in finite difference form has been constructed. The model, which is applied over the solar zenith angle range extending from 60 to 140 deg and the altitude range 100 to 480 km, simulates the measured horizontal velocity field quite satisfactorily. The ion density field is somewhat overestimated on the dayside, because of the choice model neutral atmosphere, and underestimated on the nightside, because of setting the ionopause height at too low an altitude. It is concluded that solar photoionization on the dayside and ion recombination on the nightside are the processes mainly responsible for accelerating the plasma to the observed velocities. The plasma flow appears to be sufficient to maintain the nightside ionosphere at or near the observed median level of ion densities.

Whitten, R. C.↗

Aerosol Climate Effects: Local Radiative Forcing and Column Closure Experiments

In an effort to reduce uncertainties in climate change predictions, experiments are being planned and conducted to measure anthropogenic aerosol properties and effects, including effects on radiative fields. The global average, direct anthropogenic aerosol effect on upwelling shortwave fluxes is estimated to be about +1/2 W/sq m, whereas errors in flux changes measured with airborne and spaceborne radiometers are 2 to 8 W/sq m or larger. This poses the question of whether flux changes expected in field experiments will be large enough to measure accurately. This paper obtains a new expression for the aerosol-induced change in upwelling flux, compares it to two-stream and adding-doubling (AD) results, and uses all three methods to estimate expected flux changes. The new expression accounts for the solar zenith angle dependences of aerosol transmission and reflection, as well as of surface albedo, all of which can have a strong effect in determining flux changes measured in field experiments. Despite its relative simplicity, the new expression gives results similar to previous two-stream results. Relative to AD results, it agrees within a few watts per square meter for the intermediate solar elevation angles where the flux changes peak (roughly 10 to 30 degrees), but it has negative errors for higher Sun and positive errors for lower Sun. All three techniques yield aerosol-induced changes in upwelling flux of +8 to +50 W/sq m for aerosol midvisible optical depths of 0.1 to 0.5. Because such aerosol optical depths occur frequently off the U.S. and European Atlantic coasts in summer, the flux changes they induce should be measurable by airborne, and possibly by spaceborne, radiometers, provided sufficient care is taken in experiment design (including measurements to separate aerosol radiative effects from those of absorbing gases). The expected flux changes are about 15 to 100 times larger than the global average flux change expected for the global average anthropogenic sulfate optical depth of 0.04. Reasons for the larger flux changes include the larger optical depths considered here (factor 2.5 to 12), plus restricting the measurements to cloud-free, daytime conditions over the ocean (factor 5 to 9).

Russell, P. B.↗

MGS Radio Science Electron Density Profiles: Interannual Variability and Implications for the Martian Neutral Atmosphere

Martian electron density profiles provided by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Radio Science (RS) experiment over the 95-200 km altitude range indicate what the height of the electron peak and the longitudinal structure of the peak height are sensitive indicators of the physical state of the Mars lower and upper atmospheres. The present analysis is carried out on five sets of occultation profiles, all at high solar zenith angles (SZA). Variations spanning 2 Martian years are investigated near aphelion conditions at high northern latitudes (64.7 - 77.6 N) making use of four of these data sets. A mean ionospheric peak height of 133.5 - 135 km is obtained near SZA = 78 - 82 deg.; a corresponding mean peak density of 7.3 - 8.5 x l0(exp 4)/ qu cm is also measured during solar moderate conditions at Mars. Strong wave number 2 - 3 oscillations in peak heights are consistently observed as a function of longitude over the 2 Martian years. These observed ionospheric features are remarkably similar during aphelion conditions 1 Martian year apart. This year-to-year repeatability in the thermosphere-ionosphere structure is consistent with that observed in multiyear aphelion temperature data of the Mars lower atmosphere. Coupled Mars general circulation model (MGCM) and Mars thermospheric general circulation model (MTGCM) codes are run for Mars aphelion conditions, yielding mean and longitude variable ionospheric peak heights that reasonably match RS observations. A tidal decomposition of MTGCM thermospheric densities shows that observed ionospheric wave number 3 features are linked to a non-migrating tidal mode with semidiurnal period (sigma = 2) and zonal wave number 1 (s = -1) characteristics. The height of this photochemically determined ionospheric peak should be monitored regularly.

Bougher, S. W.↗

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer - A progress report (April 1989)

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) is a facility instrument to be flown on the first Earth Observing System (scheduled launch in the late 1990s). The MODIS has two components. One component is a 110-deg-scan-angle instrument called MODIS-N (nadir). This instrument has 40 selected bands supporting observations of the land surface, the oceans, and atmosphere in the visible, NIR, short-wave IR (1.0-3.0 microns), and thermal IR (3.0-15.0 microns). The other component is a 90-deg-scan-angle scanning instrument that can tilt fore and aft along the satellite track, called MODIS-T (tilt). Both MODIS-N and MODIS-T are nearing the end of detailed design studies. The driving scientific requirements include absolute calibration accuracy 2 percent, instrument-induced polarization less than 2 percent, SNR reaching 800:1 for observing ocean color at large solar zenith angles, and dynamic range allowing observations of cloud characteristics and snow-covered areas.

Salomonson, V. V.↗

Assessment of Error in Aerosol Optical Depth Measured by AERONET Due to Aerosol Forward Scattering

We present an analysis of the effect of aerosol forward scattering on the accuracy of aerosol optical depth (AOD) measured by CIMEL Sun photometers. The effect is quantified in terms of AOD and solar zenith angle using radiative transfer modeling. The analysis is based on aerosol size distributions derived from multi-year climatologies of AERONET aerosol retrievals. The study shows that the modeled error is lower than AOD calibration uncertainty (0.01) for the vast majority of AERONET level 2 observations, ~99.53%. Only ~0.47% of the AERONET database corresponding mostly to dust aerosol with high AOD and low solar elevations has larger biases. We also show that observations with extreme reductions in direct solar irradiance do not contribute to level 2 AOD due to low Sun photometer digital counts below a quality control cutoff threshold.

AERONET↗

Daytime ion chemistry of N2+.

Rocket measurements of the emission of the (0, 0) first negative band of N2+ at 3914 A in the day airglow have been made between 120 and 300 km. The solar zenith angle at the time of the flight was 60 deg, and the zenith intensity above 120 km was 1.6 kR averaged over both legs of the flight. The data are compared with a model in which charge exchange of N2 with metastable O+(2D) ions is included as an additional source of N2 ionization. Above 240 km this mechanism is dominant over the photoionization of N2 by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. The derived N2+ density is consistent with the results of rocket-borne mass spectrometric observations.

Feldman, P. D.↗

Thermospheric O I 844.6-nm emission in twilight

The thermospheric O I 844.6-nm column emission rate was measured over Toronto, a midlatitude station, in the autumn of 1991 using an imaging Fabry-Perot spectrometer. Twilight decay curves were measured on four clear evenings when the solar zenith angle was between 95 degs and 104 degs, giving corresponding column emission rates between 874 R and 130 R at 20 degs elevation angle in the azimuth of the Sun. The expected decay curves were calculated from the field line interhemisperic plasma model assuming only photoelectron impact excitation as the production mechanism with a cross section appropriate to an optically thin atmosphere. The agreement was good when the solar and geomagnetic activity levels were low to moderate, but the emission rate was overestimated during high activity periods. The comparison indicates that the photoelectron impact mechanism with a thin-atmosphere cross section is sufficient to explain the twilight decay of the thermospheric O I 844.6-nm emission.

Bahsoun-Hamade, F.↗

Effect of ice-albedo feedback on global sensitivity in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model

The feedback between the ice albedo and temperature is included in a one-dimensional radiative-convective climate model. The effect of this feedback on global sensitivity to changes in solar constant is studied for the current climate conditions. This ice-albedo feedback amplifies global sensitivity by 26 and 39%, respectively, for assumptions of fixed cloud altitude and fixed cloud temperature. The global sensitivity is not affected significantly if the latitudinal variations of mean solar zenith angle and cloud cover are included in the global model. The differences in global sensitivity between one-dimensional radiative-convective models and energy balance models are examined. It is shown that the models are in close agreement when the same feedback mechanisms are included. The one-dimensional radiative-convective model with ice-albedo feedback included is used to compute the equilibrium ice line as a function of solar constant.

Wang, W.-C.↗

A cloud physics investigation utilizing Skylab data

The author has identified the following significant results. The Lowtran 2 program, S191 spectral response, and solar spectrum were used to compute the expected absorption by 2.0 micron band for a variety of cloud pressure levels and solar zenith angles. Analysis of the three long wavelength data channels continued in which it was found necessary to impose a minimum radiance criterion. It was also found necessary to modify the computer program to permit the computation of mean values and standard deviations for selected subsets of data on a given tape. A technique for computing the integrated absorption in the A band was devised. The technique normalizes the relative maximum at approximately .78 micron to the solar irradiance curve and then adjusts the relative maximum at approximately .74 micron to fit the solar curve.

Alishouse, J.↗

Inferring hemispherical reflectance of the earth's surface for global energy budgets from remotely sensed nadir or directional radiance values

The relationship between directional reflectances spanning the entire reflecting hemisphere and hemispherical reflectance (albedo) and the effect of solar zenith angle and cover type on these relationships were investigated, using the results obtained from NOAA's 7/8 AVHRR ground-level reflectance measurements. Bands 1 (0.58-0.6B microns) and 2 (0.73-1. 1 microns) were used for reflectance measurements of 11 natural vegetation surfaces ranging from bare soils to dense vegetation canopies. The results show that errors in inferring hemispherical reflectance from nadir reflectance can be between 11 and 45 percent for all cover types and solar angles, depending on the viewing angles. A technique is described in which a choice of two specific view angles reduces this error to less than 6 percent for both bands and for all sun angles and cover types.

Kimes, D. S.↗

Analysis of Pioneer Venus Orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer Lyman alpha data from near the subsolar region

Pioneer Venus Orbiter ultraviolet spectrometer data from 20 orbits which span 3 years have been analyzed to determine the atomic hydrogen number density and vertical flux at the exobase as a function of solar zenith angle, F(10.7) index, and spacecraft latitude. From 1979 through 1981, the exobase number density n(c) and flux phi(c) are remarkably constant at n(c) = 6.0 + or - 1.5 x 10 to the 4th/cu cm and phi(e) = 7.5 + or - 1.5 x 10 to the 7th/sq cm per s in the subsolar region. The integrated vertical column density above 110 km is 3.6 + or - 1 x 10 to the 13th/sq cm. An empirical relationship is determined between the line center solar flux at H Lyman alpha, piF(0), and the F(10.7) index.

Paxton, L. J.↗

The Mariner 10 radio occultation measurements of the ionosphere of Venus

Data from the Mariner 10 radio occultation experiment have been utilized to determine the vertical electron density distribution in the ionosphere of Venus. The ingress measurements, which were made at latitude 1.3 deg N on the nightside of the planet, show two distinct layers. The main layer was located at 142 km altitude and had a peak density of 9000 electrons per cu cm. A secondary layer with a peak density of 7000/cu cm was detected at 124 km altitude. During egress, the ionosphere was probed at latitude 56.0 deg S on the dayside of Venus. The solar zenith angle in this region was 67.0 deg. The dayside ionosphere consisted of a main layer with a peak density of 290,000 per cu cm at 142 km altitude and several minor layers. At the top of the dayside ionosphere, the measurements showed an abrupt drop in the density from 2000 per cu cm at 335 km altitude to below the level of detectability, i.e., less than 200 per cu cm, at 360 km altitude. This abrupt density change may be the ionopause where the solar wind plasma interacts with the ionized components of the atmosphere.

Fjeldbo, G.↗

Observations and Analysis of Atmospheric Hydroxyl

Ground-based measurements of sunlight absorption at the OH P(sub 1)(l) resonance line at 308 nm have been made on a continuous basis at Fritz Peak, Colorado. The derived OH vertical column abundances show the persistence of a new seasonal regime which began in 1991. The fall minimum has been consistently depressed about 10-15% below the 1980-1990 average fall values. While the initial onset of depressed fall abundances occurred a few months after the Pinatubo eruption, there has been no fall OH recovery correlating with decreased amounts of volcanic aerosol found since spring 1993. The Colorado data also continues to exhibit an AM-PM asymmetry which varies seasonally, approximately in phase with local total ozone. These observations were presented at the Front Range AGU meeting in February 1996 and were published in Geophysical Research Letters in July 1996 (preprint enclosed). An update through the fall of 1996, when morning abundances were found to be extremely low, was presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A PEPSIOS instrument of identical design is currently operational and has been used since April 1996 for OH column measurements at New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM. Title for both instruments was transferred from Florida Atlantic University to New Mexico Tech in February of 1996. Comparative measurements from the two instruments for April-July 1996 indicate small differences in OH column abundances, with New Mexico (34 deg N) abundances about 10% above Colorado (40 deg N) values for comparable solar zenith angles. A more detailed comparison will require at least one full year of data from both locations. New Mexico measurements were obtained on June 10, 1996, concurrently with a balloon launch of the NASA STRAT mission from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. We hope to make use of STRAT measurements H2O, CH4, and O3 which are particularly relevant to OH photochemistry. Additional work at New Mexico Tech involves a comparison of P(sub 1)(1) and Q(sub 1)(3) absorption by the method of Doppler shift of solar limb spectra. These are being used to infer path weighted temperatures and for validations studies on the standard method of analysis using the single P(sub 1)(1) line. Results were presented at the Fall 1996 AGU meeting (abstract attached). A graduate student in the Physics Department at New Mexico Tech has been supported since August 1996. The student is investigating column OH behavior using the NCAR 2-D model of the middle atmosphere. Graduate student support was not available until the start of the second year (Nov. 15, 1996), therefore funds have been transferred from the allocation for the research associate, who resigned from the project July 1, 1996.

Minschwaner, Ken R.↗