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At least 235 records · Page 13

Estimation of End-of-Life Solar Absorptivity for Complex, Multi-Phased Space Missions

Solar absorptivity degradation over time is an important contributor to the thermal performance of a spacecraft at the end of its life. When environments are complex and include many different factors known to impact solar absorptivity degradation, such as UV, charged particles, contamination, or lunar dust coverage, combining data from several different studies can be done to estimate total degradation. While the most conservative way is to stack delta absorptivity from each factor to come up with a total delta, this may be overly conservative for long or complex missions with multiple mission phases. As absorptivity increases the rate of degradation decreases, and synergistic effects need to be taken into account. In this report an alternate method is proposed using Gateway materials as an example. This method determines which environmental factor will be dominant at what time (such as contamination or charged particles) and uses that degradation rate for that mission phase. For the next mission phase, the new absorptivity can be used instead of the original BOL absorptivity to determine degradation rate. This approach prevents overestimating optical degradation when considering degradation from interconnected sources.

Brandon Michael Hoffmann↗

Estimation of End-of-Life Solar Absorptivity for Complex, Multi-Phased Space Missions

Solar absorptivity degradation over time is an important contributor to the thermal performance of a spacecraft at the end of its life. When environments are complex and include many different factors known to impact solar absorptivity degradation, such as UV, charged particles, contamination, or lunar dust coverage, combining data from several different studies can be done to estimate total degradation. While the most conservative way is to stack delta absorptivity from each factor to come up with a total delta, this may be overly conservative for long or complex missions with multiple mission phases. As absorptivity increases the rate of degradation decreases, and synergistic effects need to be taken into account. In this report an alternate method is proposed using Gateway materials as an example. This method determines which environmental factor will be dominant at what time (such as contamination or charged particles) and uses that degradation rate for that mission phase. For the next mission phase, the new absorptivity can be used instead of the original BOL absorptivity to determine degradation rate. This approach prevents overestimating optical degradation when considering degradation from interconnected sources.

thermo-optical properties↗

Software error detection

Several methods were employed to detect both the occurrence and source of errors in the operational software of the AN/SLQ-32. A large embedded real time electronic warfare command and control system for the ROLM 1606 computer are presented. The ROLM computer provides information about invalid addressing, improper use of privileged instructions, stack overflows, and unimplemented instructions. Additionally, software techniques were developed to detect invalid jumps, indices out of range, infinte loops, stack underflows, and field size errors. Finally, data are saved to provide information about the status of the system when an error is detected. This information includes I/O buffers, interrupt counts, stack contents, and recently passed locations. The various errors detected, techniques to assist in debugging problems, and segment simulation on a nontarget computer are discussed. These error detection techniques were a major factor in the success of finding the primary cause of error in 98% of over 500 system dumps.

Buechler, W.↗

The WISGSK: A computer code for the prediction of a multistage axial compressor performance with water ingestion

A computer code is presented for the prediction of off-design axial flow compressor performance with water ingestion. Four processes were considered to account for the aero-thermo-mechanical interactions during operation with air-water droplet mixture flow: (1) blade performance change, (2) centrifuging of water droplets, (3) heat and mass transfer process between the gaseous and the liquid phases and (4) droplet size redistribution due to break-up. Stage and compressor performance are obtained by a stage stacking procedure using representative veocity diagrams at a rotor inlet and outlet mean radii. The Code has options for performance estimation with (1) mixtures of gas and (2) gas-water droplet mixtures, and therefore can take into account the humidity present in ambient conditions. A test case illustrates the method of using the Code. The Code follows closely the methodology and architecture of the NASA-STGSTK Code for the estimation of axial-flow compressor performance with air flow.

Tsuchiya, T.↗

Prediction of compressor stall for distorted and undistorted flow by use of a multistage compressor simulation on the digital computer

A simulation technique is presented for the prediction of compressor stall for axial-flow compressors for clean and distorted inlet flow. The simulation is implemented on the digital computer and uses stage stacking and lumped-volume gas dynamics. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are linearized about a steady-state operating point, and a Routh-Hurwitz stability test is performed on the linear system matrix. Parallel compressor theory is utilized to extend the technique to the distorted inlet flow problem. The method is applied to the eight-stage J85-13 compressor.

Daniele, C. J.↗

Prediction of compressor stall for distorted and undistorted flow by use of a multistage compressor simulation on the digital computer

A simulation technique is presented for the prediction of compressor stall for axial-flow compressors for clean and distorted inlet flow. The simulation is implemented on the digital computer and uses stage stacking and lumped-volume gas dynamics. The resulting nonlinear differential equations are linearized about a steady-state operating point, and a Routh-Hurwitz stability test is performed on the linear system matrix. Parallel compressor theory is utilized to extend the technique to the distorted inlet flow problem. The method is applied to the eight-stage J85-13 compressor. Analytical stall prediction for the undistorted stall line shows good agreement with experimental results. The predicted stall line for distorted inlet flow is in agreement with experimental results only for large distortion extents and/or low distortion levels. Results for low distortion extents and high distortion level do not agree with experimental results.

Daniele, C. J.↗

Seal testing of large diameter rocket motors

This investigative program examines leakage testing of elastomeric O-ring seals for a solid rocket casing and provides direction towards an improved nondestructive postassembly test. It also details test equipment for the Space Shuttle systems solid rocket boosters (SRB). The results are useful to designers of hardware for pressure containment vessels which use O-ring seals. Using several subscale seal and groove configuration test fixtures equipped with either two or three O-ring seals in series, seal integrity is investigated with both a pressure decay and flowmeter methods. Both types of test equipment adequately detect the practical range of expected seal leak rates of 1 to 0.0001 sccs. The flowmeter leak test equipment appears to reduce testing time substantially. Limited seal leakage testing is performed on full-sized rocket motor segment seals, a pre-Challenger short stack, providing comparison of bore seals to test specimen bore and face seals. The conclusions are that seal reliability, verified via a performance pressure test, can be affected by temperature, quantity of grease, test pressure, and seal pressure load direction. Potential seal failure scenarios including contamination, seal damage, and sealing surface damage are discussed. Recommendations are made for an improved test procedure.

Moore, N. B.↗

Characterization of the as Manufactured Variability in a CVI SiC/SiC Woven Composite

The microstructure of a 2D woven ceramic matrix composite displays significant variability and irregularity. For example, a chemical vapor infiltrated (CVI) SiC/SiC composite exhibits significant amount of porosity arranged in irregular patterns. Furthermore, the fiber tows within a ply frequently have irregular shape and spacing, and the stacked plies are often misaligned and irregularly nested within each other. The goal of an ongoing project at NASA Glenn is to investigate the effects of the complex microstructure and its variability on the properties and the durability of the material. One key requirement for this effort is the development of methods to characterize the distribution in as-fabricated ceramic matrix composite (CMC) microstructures with the objective of correlating microstructural distribution parameters with mechanical performance. An initial task in this effort was to perform quantitative image analysis of polished cross sections of CVI SiC/SiC composite specimens. This analysis provided sample distributions of various microstructural composite features, including: inter-tow pore sizes and shapes, transverse sectioned tow sizes and shapes, and within ply tow spacing. This information can then be used to quantify the effect of extreme values of these features on the local stress state with the goal of determining the likelihood of matrix cracking at a given external load.

Bonacuse, Peter J.↗

23.5 percent thin-film space concentrator cells

Thin-film AlGaAs-GaAs double-heterostructure concentrator cells were fabricated which exhibit total-area conversion efficiencies as high as 23.5 percent AM0 at 100 suns, 25 C. This is one of the best space concentrators measured to date at NASA and is designed for a thin-film cell without a prismatic coverglass. This solar cell structure consists of a GaAs/AlGaAs film less than 5 micron thick mounted to a glass cover/superstrate, with coplanar back-side contacts. The coverglass is not prismatic. The CLEFT process, a method for mechanically separating epitaxial layers from their substrate, is used to process these cells into thin films. The advantages of single-crystal GaAs are thereby retained, while reducing weight and cutting cost by allowing for substrate reuse. Thin-film cells also have better thermal management capabilities and can be stacked for use in tandem structures. Cell fabrication and performance are described, and directions for further improvements are identified.

Dingle, B. D.↗

Bending and stretching finite element analysis of anisotropic viscoelastic composite plates

Finite element algorithms have been developed to analyze linear anisotropic viscoelastic plates, with or without holes, subjected to mechanical (bending, tension), temperature, and hygrothermal loadings. The analysis is based on Laplace transforms rather than direct time integrations in order to improve the accuracy of the results and save on extensive computational time and storage. The time dependent displacement fields in the transverse direction for the cross ply and angle ply laminates are calculated and the stacking sequence effects of the laminates are discussed in detail. Creep responses for the plates with or without a circular hole are also studied. The numerical results compare favorably with analytical solutions, i.e. within 1.8 percent for bending and 10(exp -3) 3 percent for tension. The tension results of the present method are compared with those using the direct time integration scheme.

Hilton, Harry H.↗

Method and apparatus for imaging through 3-dimensional tracking of protons

A method and apparatus for creating density images of an object through the 3-dimensional tracking of protons that have passed through the object are provided. More specifically, the 3-dimensional tracking of the protons is accomplished by gathering and analyzing images of the ionization tracks of the protons in a closely packed stack of scintillating fibers.

Ryan, James M.↗

Lightweight, High-Energy Lead/Acid Battery

Concept for lead/acid battery calls for woven-grid bipolar electrodes. Stack of bipolar cells form lead/acid battery. Each cell contains pair of folded electrodes, negative on one side of fold, positive on other. In high-voltage configuration, battery has higher specific energy and power. Rugged, longlived, and maintenance-free. Made from readily available, low-cost materials by standard lead/acid production methods, well suited for use in electronic equipment, aircraft, and electric vehicles for industrial and passenger service.

Rippel, Wally E.↗

Thermal Imaging of Aerospace Battery Cells

Surface Thermal Profiles of Eagle Picher rabbit-ear 50Ah NiH2 and of Saft 40 Ah Li-ion cylindrical cells have been studied using ThermCAM S60 FLIR Systems. Popping Phenomenon in NiH2 cell is demonstrated Temperature gradient in NiH2 is slightly higher than normally considered, for example. Middle of stack to top or bottom is about 12.9 C compared to <7 C (may be due to passive cooling). Less than 1 C thermal gradient on the Li-Ion cell vessel surface. Significantly lower heat generation in Li-Ion cell compared to NiH2 cell. -May be due to a favorable charge method used for Li-Ion cell.

Shue, Jack↗

Approximate methods for black hole collisions

The head-on collision of two nonrotating black holes, initially falling toward each other with speed of approach equal to escape velocity, is studied. The initial-value problem for the two-black-hole configuration is solved by giving the extrinsic curvature on a Euclidean space slice, with the equal masses of the two holes and their separation as free parameters. An approximating space-time is then constructed by stacking up a whole sequence of initial-value slices with decreasing separation between the black holes. The space-time singularities at the centers of the two black holes collide at some instant of time, and after that time the space-time so constructed is just the Schwarzschild solution with mass equal to the total mass of both black holes. The approximating space-time describes the coalescence of the event horizons, but contains no gravitational waves.

Eardley, D. M.↗

Experiments on a separation bubble over an Eppler 387 airfoil at low Reynolds numbers using thin-film arrays

Experiments carried out at the NASA Langley Low-Turbulence Pressure Tunnel on an Eppler 387 airfoil at several angles of attack for Reynolds numbers of 100,000 to 300,000 are discussed. Cross-correlations and phase diagrams are used in calculating velocities, while spectra are used in checking for amplified frequencies, and coherence plots for causality. Hot-film measurements, oil-flow visualization, pressure measurements, and Drela code are compared for finding the leading and trailing edges of the bubble. It is observed that all methods agree in showing the beginning and end of the separation bubble, the velocity measurements agree in magnitude for the lower velocities, and wave packets appear in the cross-correlation.

Mousseux, Marc C.↗

Development of advanced silicon solar cells for Space Station Freedom

This report describes the development of large area high efficiency wrapthrough solar cells for Space Station Freedom. The goal of this contract was the development and fabrication of 8 x 8 cm coplanar back contact solar cells with a minimum output of 1.039 watts/cell. The first task in this program was a modeling study to determine the optimum configuration of the cell and to study the effects of surface passivation, substrate resistivity, and back surface field on the BOL and EOL performance. In addition, the optical stack, including the cell cover, AR coatings, and Kapton blanket, was modeled to optimize 'on orbit' operation. The second phase was a manufacturing development phase to develop high volume manufacturing processes for the reliable production of low recombination velocity boron back surface fields, techniques to produce smooth, low leakage wrapthrough holes, passivation, photoresist application methods, and metallization schemes. The final portion of this program was a pilot production phase. Seven hundred solar cells were delivered in this phase. At the end of the program, cells with average efficiencies over 13 percent were being produced with power output in excess of 1.139 watts/cell, thus substantially exceeding the program goal.

Lillington, David R.↗

Predicted electrothermal deicing of aircraft blades

A finite difference method is presented for the transient two-dimensional simulation of an electrothermal de-icer pad of an aircraft wing or blade. The irregular geometry of the composite ice laden blade is handled by use of a body fitted coordinate transformation. By this approach the various blade layers are mapped into a set of stacked rectangular strips in which the numerical solution takes place. Several heat conduction examples are presented in order to demonstrate the accuracy of the numerical procedure. Ice melting time predictions are made and compared to earlier predictions where possible. Finally, a new graphical presentation of thermal results is shown.

Keith, T. G., Jr.↗

Crystallography, chemistry and structural disorder in the new high-Tc Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O superconductor

Diffraction experiments are reported which indicate that the new Bi-Ca-Sr-Cu-O layer-structure superconductor possesses a primitive orthorhombic unit cell with probable space group Pnnn. The material exhibits severe structural disorder which is primarily related to stacking within the layers. The apparent orthorhombic structure is an average resulting from orthorhombic material mixed with monoclinic domains in two twinned orientations. Two distinct types of structural disorder that are common in materials synthesized to date are also described. This disorder complicates the crystallographic analysis and suggests that X-ray and neutron diffraction methods may yield only an average structure.

Veblen, D. R.↗