SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “strain selection”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2023

A symbiotic physical niche in Drosophila melanogaster regulates stable association of a multi-species gut microbiota

The gut is continuously invaded by diverse bacteria from the diet and the environment, yet microbiome composition is relatively stable over time for host species ranging from mammals to insects, suggesting host-specific factors may selectively maintain key species of bacteria. To investigate host specificity, we used gnotobiotic Drosophila, microbial pulse-chase protocols, and microscopy to investigate the stability of different strains of bacteria in the fly gut. We show that a host-constructed physical niche in the foregut selectively binds bacteria with strain-level specificity, stabilizing their colonization. Primary colonizers saturate the niche and exclude secondary colonizers of the same strain, but initial colonization by Lactobacillus species physically remodels the niche through production of a glycan-rich secretion to favor secondary colonization by unrelated commensals in the Acetobacter genus. Our results provide a mechanistic framework for understanding the establishment and stability of a multi-species intestinal microbiome.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Rational Selection of Transition-Metal Oxide Electrocatalysts from Structure Electronic Structure-Activity Relations: The Role of Defects, Strain, and Sub-Surface Layering

This BES research investigates the physicochemical properties of metal oxides and how they affect electrocatalytic functionalities. The goal is to develop a predictive framework for realizing top-performing electrocatalytic materials for energy-critical reactions. The hypothesis is that well-defined thin films allow detailed mapping of structural-activity relationships because flat surfaces are more straightforward to characterize. Furthermore, the well-defined nature of thin-film metal oxides allows precise tuning of structural and chemical variables for structure-activity-relationship mapping. The proposed research has two technical objectives. The first is to experimentally assess whether the binding energies of surface oxygen can serve as an activity descriptor for oxygen electrocatalysis on metal oxides and then how to control them by tuning the structure and chemical variables. The second is to find the rate-limiting process in oxygen electrocatalysis and other small-molecule reactions. Similar mechanistic insights have been developed on well-defined platinum surfaces but not yet on oxides. This research addresses this gap and uses electrochemistry and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to study oxide surface chemistry. The obtained insights are collectively analyzed to reveal how the oxides’ structural and chemical variables affect kinetics and can be used to design more active electrocatalysts for energy-critical reactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2024

Experimental Examination of Additively Manufactured Patterns on Structural Nuclear Materials for Digital Image Correlation Strain Measurements

Abstract Background There are a limited number of commercially available sensors for monitoring the deformation of materials in-situ during harsh environment applications, such as those found in the nuclear and aerospace industries. Such sensing devices, including weldable strain gauges, extensometers, and linear variable differential transformers, can be destructive to material surfaces being investigated and typically require relatively large surface areas to attach (> 10 mm in length). Digital image correlation (DIC) is a viable, non-contact alternative to in-situ strain deformation. However, it often requires implementing artificial patterns using splattering techniques, which are difficult to reproduce. Objective Additive manufacturing capabilities offer consistent patterns using programmable fabrication methods. Methods In this work, a variety of small-scale periodic patterns with different geometries were printed directly on structural nuclear materials (i.e., stainless steel and aluminum tensile specimens) using an aerosol jet printer (AJP). Unlike other additive manufacturing techniques, AJP offers the advantage of materials selection. DIC was used to track and correlate strain to alternative measurement methods during cyclic loading, and tensile tests (up to 1100 µɛ) at room temperature. Results The results confirmed AJP has better control of pattern parameters for small fields of view and facilitate the ability of DIC algorithms to adequately process patterns with periodicity. More specifically, the printed 100 μm spaced dot and 150 μm spaced line patterns provided accurate measurements with a maximum error of less than 2% and 4% on aluminum samples when compared to an extensometer and commercially available strain gauges. Conclusion Our results highlight a new pattern fabrication technique that is form factor friendly for digital image correlation in nuclear applications.

Novich, K. A. (ORCID:0000000204466022)↗

DOE OSTI2020

Mathematical model of broadly reactive plasma cell production

Strain-specific plasma cells are capable of producing neutralizing antibodies that are essential for clearance of challenging pathogens. These neutralizing antibodies also function as a main defense against disease establishment in a host. However, when a rapidly mutating pathogen infects a host, successful control of the invasion requires shifting the production of plasma cells from strain-specific to broadly reactive. In this study, we develop a mathematical model of germinal center dynamics and use it to predict the events that lead to improved breadth of the plasma cell response. We examine scenarios that lead to germinal centers that are composed of B-cells that come from a single strain-specific clone, a single broadly reactive clone or both clones. We find that the initial B-cell clonal composition, T-follicular helper cell signaling, increased rounds of productive somatic hypermutation, and B-cell selection strength are among the mechanisms differentiating between strain-specific and broadly reactive plasma cell production during infections. Understanding the contribution of these factors to emergence of breadth may assist in boosting broadly reactive plasma cells production.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Selectivity in Yttrium Manganese Oxide Synthesis via Local Chemical Potentials in Hyperdimensional Phase Space

In sharp contrast to molecular synthesis, materials synthesis is generally presumed to lack selectivity. The few known methods of designing selectivity in solid-state reactions have limited scope, such as topotactic reactions or strain stabilization. This contribution describes a general approach for searching large chemical spaces to identify selective reactions. This novel approach explains the ability of a nominally “innocent” Na 2 CO 3 precursor to enable the metathesis synthesis of single-phase Y 2 Mn 2 O 7 : an outcome that was previously only accomplished at extreme pressures and which cannot be achieved with closely related precursors of Li 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3 under identical conditions. By calculating the required change in chemical potential across all possible reactant-product interfaces in an expanded chemical space including Y, Mn, O, alkali metals, and halogens, using thermodynamic parameters obtained from density functional theory calculations, we identify reactions that minimize the thermodynamic competition from intermediates. In this manner, only the Na-based intermediates minimize the distance in the hyperdimensional chemical potential space to Y 2 Mn 2 O 7 , thus providing selective access to a phase which was previously thought to be metastable. Experimental evidence validating this mechanism for pathway-dependent selectivity is provided by intermediates identified from in situ synchrotron-based crystallographic analysis. Finally, this approach of calculating chemical potential distances in hyperdimensional compositional spaces provides a general method for designing selective solid-state syntheses that will be useful for gaining access to metastable phases and for identifying reaction pathways that can reduce the synthesis temperature, and cost, of technological materials.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2023

Antibody-directed evolution reveals a mechanism for enhanced neutralization at the HIV-1 fusion peptide site

The HIV-1 fusion peptide (FP) represents a promising vaccine target, but global FP sequence diversity among circulating strains has limited anti-FP antibodies to ~60% neutralization breadth. Here we evolve the FP-targeting antibody VRC34.01 in vitro to enhance FP-neutralization using site saturation mutagenesis and yeast display. Successive rounds of directed evolution by iterative selection of antibodies for binding to resistant HIV-1 strains establish a variant, VRC34.01_mm28, as a best-in-class antibody with 10-fold enhanced potency compared to the template antibody and ~80% breadth on a cross-clade 208-strain neutralization panel. Structural analyses demonstrate that the improved paratope expands the FP binding groove to accommodate diverse FP sequences of different lengths while also recognizing the HIV-1 Env backbone. These data reveal critical antibody features for enhanced neutralization breadth and potency against the FP site of vulnerability and accelerate clinical development of broad HIV-1 FP-targeting vaccines and therapeutics.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2025

Alkane Dehydrogenation and H/D Exchange by a Cationic Pincer-Ir(III) Hydride: Cooperative C–H Addition and β -H Elimination Modes Induce Anomalous Selectivity

We report that the cationic iridium complex ( iPr PCP)IrH + catalyzes the transfer-dehydrogenation of alkanes to give alkenes and hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) of alkanes and arenes. Contrary to established selectivity trends found for C–H activation by transition metal complexes, strained cycloalkanes, including cyclopentane, cycloheptane, and cyclooctane, undergo C–H addition much more readily than n-alkanes, which in turn are much more reactive than cyclohexane. Aromatic C–H bonds also undergo H/D exchange much less rapidly than those of the strained cycloalkanes, but much more favorably than cyclohexane. The order of reactivity toward dehydrogenation correlates qualitatively with the reaction thermodynamics, but the magnitude is much greater than can be explained by thermodynamics. Accordingly, the cycloalkenes corresponding to the strained cycloalkanes undergo hydrogenation much more readily than cyclohexene, despite the less favorable thermodynamics of such hydrogenations. Here, computational (DFT) studies allow rationalization of the origin of reactivity and the unusual selectivity. Specifically, the initial C–H addition is strongly assisted by β-agostic interactions, which are particularly favorable for the strained cycloalkanes. Subsequent to α-C–H addition, the H atom of the β-agostic C–H bond is transferred directly to the hydride ligand of ( iPr PCP)IrH + to give a dihydrogen ligand.

02 PETROLEUM↗

NASA NTRS2006

Time-dependent strains and stresses in a pumpkin balloon

This paper presents a study of pumpkin-shaped superpressure balloons, consisting of gores made from a thin polymeric film attached to high stiffness, meridional tendons. This type of design is being used for the NASA ULDB balloons. The gore film shows considerable time-dependent stress relaxation, whereas the behaviour of the tendons is essentially time-independent. Upon inflation and pressurization, the "instantaneous", i.e. linear-elastic strain and stress distribution in the film show significantly higher values in the meridional direction. However, over time, and due to the biaxial visco-elastic stress relaxation of the the material, the hoop strains increase and the meridional stresses decrease, whereas the remaining strain and stress components remain substantially unchanged. These results are important for a correct assessment of the structural integrity of a pumpkin balloon in a long-duration mission, both in terms of the material performance and the overall stability of the shape of the balloon. An experimental investigation of the time dependence of the biaxial strain distribution in the film of a 4 m diameter, 48 gore pumpkin balloon is presented. The inflated shape of selected gores has been measured using photogrammetry and the time variation in strain components at some particular points of these gores has been measured under constant pressure and temperature. The results show good correlation with a numerical study, using the ABAQUS finite-element package, that includes a widely used model of the visco-elastic response of the gore material:

Gerngross, T.↗

DOE OSTI2026

Evolution_and_engineering_of_pathways_for_aromatic_O-demethylation_in_Pseudomonas_putida_KT2440

Biological conversion of lignin from biomass offers a promising strategy for sustainable production of fuels and chemicals. However,aromatic compoundsderived from lignin commonly contain methoxy groups, andO-demethylation of these substrates is often a rate-limiting reaction that influences catabolic efficiency. Severalenzymefamilies catalyze aromaticO-demethylation, but they are rarely comparedin vivoto determine an optimal biocatalytic strategy. Here, two pathways for aromaticO-demethylation were compared inPseudomonas putidaKT2440. The native Rieske non-heme ironmonooxygenase(VanAB) and, separately, a heterologous tetrahydrofolate-dependentdemethylase(LigM) were constitutively expressed inP. putida, and the strains were optimized via adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) withvanillateas a model substrate. All evolved strains displayed improved growth phenotypes, with the evolved strains harboring the native VanAB pathway exhibiting growth rates ∼1.8x faster than those harboring the heterologous LigM pathway.Enzyme kineticsandtranscriptomicsstudies investigated the contribution of selected mutations toward enhanced utilization of vanillate. The VanAB-overexpressing strains contained the most impactful mutations, including those in VanB, thereductasefor vanillateO-demethylase, PP_3494, a global regulator of vanillate catabolism, andfghA, involved in formaldehydedetoxification. These three mutations were combined into a single strain, which exhibited approximately 5x faster vanillate consumption than the wild-type strain in the first 8 h of cultivation. Overall, this study illuminates the details of vanillate catabolism in the context of two distinct enzymatic mechanisms,yielding a platform strain for efficientO-demethylation of lignin-related aromatic compounds to value-added products. This DOI contains supplementary material associated with the published manuscript.

CBI↗

DOE OSTI2025

Anisotropic strain relaxation-induced directional ultrafast carrier dynamics in RuO 2 films

Ultrafast light-matter interactions inspire potential functionalities in picosecond optoelectronic applications. However, achieving directional carrier dynamics in metals remains challenging due to strong carrier scattering within a multiband environment, typically expected for isotropic carrier relaxation. In this study, we demonstrate epitaxial RuO 2 /TiO 2 (110) heterostructures grown by hybrid molecular beam epitaxy to engineer polarization selectivity of ultrafast light-matter interactions via anisotropic strain engineering. Combining spectroscopic ellipsometry, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and optical pump-probe spectroscopy, we revealed the strong anisotropic transient optoelectronic response at an excitation energy of 1.58 eV in strain-engineered RuO 2 /TiO 2 (110) heterostructures along both in-plane [001] and [1$\bar1$0] crystallographic directions. Theoretical analysis identifies strain-induced modifications in band nesting as the underlying mechanism for enhanced anisotropic carrier relaxation observed at this excitation energy. These findings establish epitaxial strain engineering as a powerful tool for tuning anisotropic optoelectronic responses with near-infrared excitations in metallic systems, paving the way for next-generation polarization-sensitive ultrafast optoelectronic devices.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

NASA NTRS2015

Development and Characterization of a Rate-Dependent Three-Dimensional Macroscopic Plasticity Model Suitable for Use in Composite Impact Problems

Several key capabilities have been identified by the aerospace community as lacking in the material/models for composite materials currently available within commercial transient dynamic finite element codes such as LS-DYNA. Some of the specific desired features that have been identified include the incorporation of both plasticity and damage within the material model, the capability of using the material model to analyze the response of both three-dimensional solid elements and two dimensional shell elements, and the ability to simulate the response of composites composed with a variety of composite architectures, including laminates, weaves and braids. In addition, a need has been expressed to have a material model that utilizes tabulated experimentally based input to define the evolution of plasticity and damage as opposed to utilizing discrete input parameters (such as modulus and strength) and analytical functions based on curve fitting. To begin to address these needs, an orthotropic macroscopic plasticity based model suitable for implementation within LS-DYNA has been developed. Specifically, the Tsai-Wu composite failure model has been generalized and extended to a strain-hardening based orthotropic plasticity model with a non-associative flow rule. The coefficients in the yield function are determined based on tabulated stress-strain curves in the various normal and shear directions, along with selected off-axis curves. Incorporating rate dependence into the yield function is achieved by using a series of tabluated input curves, each at a different constant strain rate. The non-associative flow-rule is used to compute the evolution of the effective plastic strain. Systematic procedures have been developed to determine the values of the various coefficients in the yield function and the flow rule based on the tabulated input data. An algorithm based on the radial return method has been developed to facilitate the numerical implementation of the material model. The presented paper will present in detail the development of the orthotropic plasticity model and the procedures used to obtain the required material parameters. Methods in which a combination of actual testing and selective numerical testing can be combined to yield the appropriate input data for the model will be described. A specific laminated polymer matrix composite will be examined to demonstrate the application of the model.

Impact↗

NASA NTRS1984

Long-time dynamic compatibility of two ethylene propylene elastomers with hydrazine

A test method is described for predicting the long-time survivability of elastomers in hydrazine under dynamic stressing conditions. The method selected is based upon the existence and approximate invariance of a 'physical property surface' relating the mechanical response of the elastomer in terms of stress, strain, time, and temperature. The property surface was generated for two selected elastomers (EPT-10 and AF-E-332). A novel carousel testing tank was designed to allow sequential testing of eight tensile specimens immersed in liquid hydrazine within a constant-temperature water bath. The test procedure and data reduction methods used to generate the property surface are described. The utility and validity of these results applied to fatigue and flexure loading to these elastomeric materials over long-time periods are discussed.

Coulbert, C. D.↗

NASA NTRS2009

Damage Tolerance Testing of a NASA TransHab Derivative Woven Inflatable Module

Current options for Lunar habitat architecture include inflatable habitats and airlocks. Inflatable structures can have mass and volume advantages over conventional structures. However, inflatable structures carry different inherent risks and are at a lower Technical Readiness Level (TRL) than more conventional metallic structures. One of the risks associated with inflatable structures is in understanding the tolerance to induced damage. The Damage Tolerance Test (DTT) is designed to study the structural integrity of an expandable structure. TransHab (Figure 1) was an experimental inflatable module developed at the NASA/Johnson Space Center in the 1990 s. The TransHab design was originally envisioned for use in Mars Transits but was also studied as a potential habitat for the International Space Station (ISS). The design of the TransHab module was based on a woven design using an Aramid fabric. Testing of this design demonstrated a high level of predictability and repeatability with analytical predictions of stresses and deflections. Based on JSC s experience with the design and analysis of woven inflatable structures, the Damage Tolerance Test article was designed and fabricated using a woven design. The DTT article was inflated to 45 psig, representing 25% of the ultimate burst pressure, and one of the one-inch wide longitudinal structural members was severed by initiating a Linear Shaped Charge (LSC). Strain gage measurements, at the interface between the expandable elements (straps) and the nonexpandable metallic elements for pre-selected longitudinal straps, were taken throughout pressurization of the module and strap separation. Strain gage measurements show no change in longitudinal strap loading at the bulkhead interface after strap separation indicating loads in the restraint layer were re-distributed local to the damaged area due to the effects of friction under high internal pressure loading. The test completed all primary objectives with better than expected results. This paper will discuss space inflatable structures, damage tolerance analysis, test results, and applicability to the Lunar architecture.

Edgecombe, John↗

DOE OSTI2025

Optimal production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidases and Trametes sp. C30 laccase hybrid Lac131 in Aspergillus niger for lignin bioconversion

Background Incorporating the production of related ligninolytic enzymes into industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger will enhance the bioconversion of lignocelluloses to various chemical products. Results In this study, transgenic expression of Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidases (mnps) and Trametes sp. C30 laccase hybrid Lac131 (lac131) were examined and optimized in A. niger 11414 prtT∆ strain. Five mnps (mnp1, mnp2, mnp3, mnp4, and mnp5) and lac131 genes were expressed separately or in combination. The transgenic strain containing the entire mnp2 genomic coding sequence (gmnp2) exhibited the highest mnP activity among the five mnp over-expression strains in the modified minimal medium (mMM) with addition of 5 g/L bovine hemoglobin (bHg). We examined the effects of hemin and bHg on mnP production in the gmnp2 strain cultures and found that at least 1 g/L bHg was required, while hemin was not. Culture conditions for mnP production were further optimized for the gmnp2 strain and the highest mnP activities were detected in the cultures grown at 25 °C and 200 rpm with an initial pH of 4.5. Effects of soy protein, skim milk, and bovine serum albumin on mnP production were investigated; 5 g/L of soy proteins or skim milk had comparable effects to 2.5 g/L bHg, while cultures with bovine serum albumin had diminished mnP activity. Disruption of both prtT and vsm1 substantially augmented the mnP production and its activity reached 575 U/L. Trametes sp. C30 laccase hybrid lac131 was strongly expressed in either A. niger gmnp2 (1975 U/L) or 11414prtT∆ (3895 U/L) strain. Both mnP and laccase in the culture supernatants effectively decolorized selected phenolic compounds (dyes) and cleaved tagged model lignin dimers. Conclusion The mnP was successfully produced in A. niger by optimizing the culture conditions and host strain. Co-expression of all four mnp genes in the same expression host by multiplex CRISPR will lead to the mnP production reaching levels comparable to P. chrysosporium, while only requiring 36 h at 25 °C. The Lac131 activity in transgenic A. niger strain is 4- to 7-times higher than that in previous studies. Co-production of mnP and laccase in A. niger will enhance the lignin bioconversion efficiency.

Aspergillus niger↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Application of the Concepts of Load State, Load Space, and Output Space to Strain-Gage Balances

The concepts of load state, load space, and output space are used to describe elements of the development of a load prediction process for a six–component strain–gage balance. The use of these terms adds clarity during the selection of the independent and dependent variables for the development of the load prediction process. First, the control volume model of a strain–gage balance is reviewed as it helps better understand the role of loads, outputs, and state variables during the load prediction. Then, the description of the absolute load datum in both the load space and the output space is discussed. It is concluded that the use of the difference between a raw output and the natural zero of a balance gage has a key advantage for the definition of the output space. In that case, the origin of the output space will also describe the absolute load datum of the balance. Finally, details of the application of the concepts of load state, load space, and output space to two commonly used balance load prediction methods are discussed.

strain-gage balance↗

DOE OSTI2020

Escherichia coli amino acid auxotrophic expression host strains for investigating protein structure–function relationships

Abstract A set of C43(DE3) and BL21(DE3) Escherichia coli host strains that are auxotrophic for various amino acids is briefly reviewed. These strains require the addition of a defined set of one or more amino acids in the growth medium, and have been specifically designed for overproduction of membrane or water-soluble proteins selectively labelled with stable isotopes, such as 2H, 13C and 15N. The strains described here are available for use and have been deposited into public strain banks. Although they cannot fully eliminate the possibility of isotope dilution and mixing, metabolic scrambling of the different amino acid types can be minimized through a careful consideration of the bacterial metabolic pathways. The use of a suitable auxotrophic expression host strain with an appropriately isotopically labelled growth medium ensures high levels of isotope labelling efficiency as well as selectivity for providing deeper insight into protein structure–function relationships.

Biochemistry & Molecular Biology↗

DOE OSTI2024

The Role of Unit-Cell Topology in Modulating the Compaction Response of Additively Manufactured Cellular Materials using Simulations and Validation Experiments

Additive manufacturing has enabled a transformational ability to create cellular structures (or foams) with tailored topology. Compared to their monolithic polymer counterparts, cellular structures are potentially suitable for systems requiring materials with high specific energy-absorbing capability to provide enhanced damping. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of controlling unit-cell topology with the intent of obtaining a desired stress–strain response and energy density. Using mesoscale simulations that resolve the unit-cell sub-structures, we validate the role of unit-cell topology in selectively activating a buckling mode and thereby modulating the characteristic stress–strain response. Simulations incorporate a linear viscoelastic constitutive model and a hyperelastic model for simulating large deformation of the polymer under both tension and compression. Simulated results for nine different cellular structures are compared with experimental data to gain insights into three different modes of buckling and the corresponding stress–strain response.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2024

The role of unit cell topology in modulating the compaction response of additively manufactured cellular materials using simulations and validation experiments

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗