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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Plasma electron contribution to beam emittance growth from Coulomb collisions in plasma-based accelerators

Coulomb collisions with background plasma can cause emittance growth in plasma accelerators. This paper extends the theory to consider collisions with not only motionless plasma ions but also plasma electrons with relativistic motion, based on the Frankel cross section. The theory is verified by particle-in-cell simulations with a Monte Carlo collision module. Further, it is shown that the electron contribution has the same amount as that of ions in linear acceleration regime and may not be negligible in nonlinear regime depending on the plasma electron density and its relativistic bulk velocity.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Leveraging a Southern California Energy Innovation Cluster to Pilot and Validate Emerging Energy Technologies

The EPIC Pilot Program, led by the Los Angeles Cleantech Incubator (LACI), was designed to help early-stage clean technology startups accelerate technical validation, investment readiness, and market entry. The project focused on supporting startups in designing and deploying small-scale pilots with the guidance of EPIC Partners, a network of regional stakeholders in the Southern California energy ecosystem, including but not limited to: the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), the California Energy Commission (CEC), Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LA Metro), and Edison International, among others. Through mentorship, funding, and site access for technology deployments, the program provided a structured pathway for startups to test and refine their technologies in real-world settings.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Status and future plans for C 3 R&D

C 3 is an opportunity to realize an e + e - collider for the study of the Higgs boson at √s = 250 GeV, with a well defined upgrade path to 550 GeV while staying on the same short facility footprint. C 3 is based on a fundamentally new approach to normal conducting linear accelerators that achieves both high gradient and high efficiency at relatively low cost. Given the advanced state of linear collider designs, the key system that requires technical maturation for C 3 is the main linac. This paper presents the staged approach towards a facility to demonstrate C 3 technology with both Direct (source and main linac) and Parallel (beam delivery, damping ring, ancillary component) R&D. The primary goal of the C 3 Demonstration R&D Plan is to reduce technical and cost risk by building and operating the key components of C 3 at an adequate scale. This R&D plan starts with the engineering design, and demonstration of one cryomodule and will culminate in the construction of a 3 cryomodule linac with pre-production prototypes. This R&D program would also demonstrate the linac rf fundamentals including achievable gradient and gradient stability over a full electron bunch train and breakdown rates. It will also investigate beam dynamics including energy spread, wakefields, and emittance growth. This work will be critical to confirm the suitability of the C 3 beam parameters for the physics reach and detector performance in preparation for a Conceptual Design Report (CDR), as well as for follow-on technology development and industrialization. The C 3 Demonstration R&D Plan will open up significant new scientific and technical opportunities based on development of high-gradient and high-efficiency accelerator technology. It will push this technology to operate both at the GeV scale and mature the technology to be reliable and provide high-brightness electron beams. The timeline for progressing with C 3 technology development will be governed by practical limitations on both the technical progress and resource availability. It consists of four stages: Stage 0) Ongoing fundamental R&D on structure prototypes, damping and vibrations. Stage 1) Advancing the engineering maturity of the design and developing start-to-end simulations including space-charge and wakefield effects. This stage will include testing of strucutres operating at cryogenic temperatures. Beam tests would be performed with high beam current to test full beam loading. Stage 2) Production and testing of the first cryomodule at cryogenic temperatures. This would provide sufficient experimental data to compile a CDR and it is anticipated for Stage 2 to last 3 years and to culminate with the transport of photo-electrons through the first cryomodule. Stage 3) Updates to the engineering design of the cryomodules, production of the second and third cryomodule and their installation. Lower charge and lower emittance beams will be used to investigate emittance growth. The successful full demonstration of the 3 cryomodules to deliver up to a 3 GeV beam and achieve the C 3 five gradient will allow a comprehensive and robust evaluation of the technical design of C 3 as well as mitigate technical, schedule, and cost risks required to proceed with a Technical Design Report (TDR).

radiation hardened magnets↗
DOE OSTI2020

3D-ReG: A 3D ReRAM-based Heterogeneous Architecture for Training Deep Neural Networks

Deep neural network (DNN) models are being expanded to a broader range of applications. The computational capability of traditional hardware platforms cannot accommodate the growth of model complexity. Among recent technologies to accelerate DNN, resistive memory (ReRAM)-based processing-in-memory (PIM) emerged as a promising solution for DNN inference due to its high efficiency for matrix-based computation. We face two major technical challenges in extending the use of ReRAM-based accelerators for training: (1) full-precision data is essential in back-propagation; (2) the need to support both feed-forward and back-propagation aggravates the data-movement burden. We propose a heterogeneous architecture named as 3D-ReG, which leverages full-precision GPU to ensure training accuracy and low-overhead 3D integration to provide low-cost data movements. Moreover, we introduce conservative and aggressive task-mapping schemes, which partition the computation phases in different ways to balance execution efficiency and training accuracy. We evaluate 3D-ReG implemented with two 3D integration technologies, through-silicon vias (TSVs) and monolithic inter-tier vias (MIVs), and compare them with GPU-only and PIM-only counterparts. Various GPU-only platforms using two main-memory technologies (DRAM, ReRAM) and three interconnect technologies (2D, TSV, MIV) are evaluated as well. Experimental results show that 3D-ReG can achieve on average 5.64× training speedup and 3.56× higher energy efficiency compared with the GPU with DRAM as main memory, at the cost of 0.05%–3.39% accuracy drop. We define a new metric, gain-loss ratio (GLR), which quantitatively evaluates the capability of a DNN training hardware in terms of the model accuracy and hardware efficiency. The results of our comparison show that the aggressive task-mapping scheme on MIV-based 3D-ReG outperforms the other methods.

Computer Science↗
DOE OSTI2024

Decarbonizing the US Energy System

Recent rapid and unexpected cost reductions in decarbonization technologies have accelerated the cost-effective decarbonization of the US economy, with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions falling by 20% from 2005 to 2020. The literature on US economy-wide decarbonization focuses on maximizing long-term GHG emissions reduction strategies that rely mostly on renewable energy expansion, electrification, and efficiency improvements to achieve net-zero GHG emissions by 2050. While these studies provide a valuable foundation, further research is needed to properly support decarbonization policy development and implementation. In this review, we identify key decarbonization analysis gaps and opportunities, including issues related to cross-sectoral linkages, spatial and temporal granularity, consumer behavior, emerging technologies, equity and environmental justice, and political economy. We conclude by discussing the implications of these analysis gaps for US decarbonization pathways and how they relate to challenges facing major global emitters.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2021

Electrification FY2020 Annual Progress Report

The Electric Drive Technologies (EDT) program’s mission is to conduct early-stage research and development on transportation electrification technologies that accelerate the development of cost-effective and compact electric traction drive systems that meet or exceed performance and reliability requirements of internal combustion engine (ICE)-based vehicles, thereby enabling electrification across all light-duty vehicle types.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Implosion dynamics of triple-nozzle gas-puff z pinches on COBRA

Experiments on the 1-MA, 220-ns COBRA generator at Cornell University were conducted to provide detailed measurements of structured cylindrical gas-puff z pinches. In the experiments, a 7 cm diameter triple-nozzle gas valve assembly with concentric outer and inner annular nozzles and a central gas jet initialize the z-pinch load with various working gases, radial density profiles, and externally applied axial magnetic fields. Planar laser-induced fluorescence provides a measure of the initial neutral gas density of the load, while three-frame laser shearing interferometry and multi-frame extreme ultraviolet (XUV) cameras reveal the formation and propagation of a magneto-Rayleigh–Taylor (MRT) unstable shock layer. Implosion trajectories are compared to simple, experimentally informed models and found to be in good agreement. Differences in the structure of the accelerating plasma sheath and evolution of the MRT instability are observed for different gas species and axial magnetic field strengths, correlating with differences in pinch uniformity and x-ray emission. Here, the average instability growth is compared to linear MRT theory predictions using the instantaneous acceleration of the best-fit implosion models and characteristic instability wavelength, with the effective Atwood number and seed perturbation size as fit parameters. For high density argon center jets, ionization prior to the arrival of the imploding plasma sheath suggests a heating mechanism consistent with photoionization by XUV self-emission.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Quench Detection and Monitoring System for Superconducting Magnets at Fermilab

A quench detection system was developed for protecting and monitoring the superconducting solenoids for the Muon-to-Electron Conversion Experiment (Mu2e) at Fermilab. The quench system was designed for a high level of dependability and long-term continuous operation. It is based on three tiers: Tier-I, FPGA-based Digital Quench Detection (DQD); Tier-II, Analog Quench Detection (AQD); and Tier-3, the quench controls and data management system. The Tier-I and Tier-II are completely independent and fully redundant systems. The Tier-3 system is based on National Instruments (NI) C-RIO and provides the user interface for quench controls and data management. It is independent from Tiers I & II. The DQD provides both quench detection and quench characterization (monitoring) capability. Both DQD and AQD have built-in high voltage isolation and user programmable gains and attenuations. The DQD and AQD also includes user configured current dependent thresholding and validation times. A 1 st article of the three-tier system was fully implemented on the new Fermilab magnet test stand for the HL-LHC Accelerator Up-grade Project (AUP). It successfully provided quench protection and monitoring (QPM) for a cold superconducting bus test in November 2020. The Mu2e quench detection design has since been implemented for production testing of the AUP magnets. A detailed description of the system along with results from the AUP superconducting bus test will be presented.

monitoring↗
DOE OSTI2020

Radiological Characterization of Hard to Measure Nuclides Using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) - 20140

In this project irradiated heavy concrete was characterized regarding hard to measure nuclides like Ca-41 using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Concrete samples were irradiated with a known neutron flux and the Ca-41 content was investigated via AMS measurements. The comparison of the results with calculations shows a very good agreement in the Ca-41 content. The project revealed that AMS can be used to characterize irradiated concrete and contributes to improve the methodological basis of the radiological characterization and to extending the validation of nuclide vectors. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2022

Accelerating the magnetic island by the modulated resonant magnetic perturbation for the disruption avoidance on J-TEXT

We report the acceleration of the magnetic island rotation by the modulated resonant magnetic perturbation (MRMP) has been studied in J-TEXT tokamak experiments. After applying the MRMP, the phase difference between the tearing mode (TM) and MRMP, Δξ, oscillated near the effective phase difference, Δξ eff , which was defined as the time averaged value of Δξ. When the Δξ eff was closed to the—π/2, the MRMP only contributed an accelerating torque on the TM. As the result, the TM rotation frequency was increased by a few kilohertz for the optimized relative phase by small RMPs of the order of 10 -5 of the toroidal field and the locked mode induced disruption was avoided. It is found that the TM rotation could be increased to a higher frequency by applying a stronger MRMP. There is a negative sinusoidal relationship between TM frequency and Δξ eff .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Theoretical investigation of plasma wave generation by pulsed electron beams in space

Here, we report theoretical calculations of plasma wave generation in the whistler modes and in the extraordinary modes, by pulsed electron beams in a magnetized plasma. The numerical simulations of the wave generation take into account the longitudinal expansion of the electron beam due to the space charge force and the energy spread. The work presented in this article provides predictions for the wave generation performance of the beam plasma interactions experiment (Beam PIE), where pulsed electron beams were produced by a spaceborne radio frequency (RF) linear accelerator. We also theoretically explore the desirable properties of the pulsed electron beam for future space experiments, which will be the next step toward eventually demonstrating the radiation-belt remediation (RBR).

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phase-space tailoring and cooling of charged-particle beams for energy- and intensity-frontier applications

This project addressed accelerator science & technology researches relevant to the Intensity and Energy frontiers by investigating generic techniques to tailor and cool the phase-space distributions of charged-particle beams. Specifically, the project had two main research thrusts: (i) the development of phase-space tailoring techniques using externally-applied electromagnetic fields and (ii) the investigation of phase-space control using the beam’s self-field such as the optical-stochastic cooling (OSC). The work related to the development of phase-space-tailoring techniques leveraged on the research performed under our previous grant DE-SC0011831 where new temporal-shaping methods were proposed and some experimentally demonstrated. The work related to the concept of beam manipulation using self fields, and especially OSC, built on the achievements supported by grant DE-SC0013761 which focused on a OSC proof-of-principle experiment at the Fermilab’s IOTA ring.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Generation of collimated vortex gamma-rays from intense Poincaré beam–plasma interaction

We report on numerical calculations in which a multi-petawatt γ-ray beam is generated using a novel configuration based on fully structured light irradiating an overdense plasma waveguide. We analyze how the relativistic laser pulse efficiently confines and accelerates plasma electrons to GeV-scale energies and drives a quasi-static field that induces magneto-bremsstrahlung radiation. Multiphoton Compton scattering of electrons in the intense part of the laser also occurs although the radiated energy-density is comparatively lower. The emitted γ-rays carry orbital angular momentum, are highly collimated, and account for upwards of 15% of the incident field energy in one particular case. A comparison of the laser-to-particle angular momentum and energy transfer efficiencies is made between the cases of irradiation by a circularly polarized Laguerre–Gauss mode and one type of full Poincaré beam, and it is found that the latter yields an order-of-magnitude enhancement. In conclusion, the essential characteristics of the interaction are validated with three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations that include quantum electrodynamical effects.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of a novel bunch oscillation recorder with RFSoC technology

The SuperKEKB accelerator is designed to achieve unprecedented luminosity levels, but this goal is currently hindered by Sudden Beam Loss (SBL) events. These events not only obstruct luminosity improvement but also pose a significant risk to accelerator components, the Belle II detectors, and the superconducting focusing system, potentially leading to severe damage and quenching of the superconducting system. Here, to address this critical challenge, we have developed a novel Bunch Oscillation Recorder (BOR) based on RFSoC technology. The BOR has demonstrated high precision with a position resolution of 0.03 mm, making it a powerful tool for real-time beam monitoring. In its initial deployment, the BOR successfully recorded multiple SBL events, providing valuable data for further analysis. By strategically positioning BORs at the suspected points of SBL origin, we aim to directly identify sources of beam instability. We anticipate that this portable, high-speed BOR monitor will play a crucial role in resolving the SBL issue, ultimately helping achieve SuperKEKB's luminosity targets.

Beam diagnostics↗
DOE OSTI2021

Controllable Thin‐Film Approaches for Doping and Alloying Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Monolayers

Abstract Two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit exciting properties and versatile material chemistry that are promising for device miniaturization, energy, quantum information science, and optoelectronics. Their outstanding structural stability permits the introduction of various foreign dopants that can modulate their optical and electronic properties and induce phase transitions, thereby adding new functionalities such as magnetism, ferroelectricity, and quantum states. To accelerate their technological readiness, it is essential to develop controllable synthesis and processing techniques to precisely engineer the compositions and phases of 2D TMDs. While most reviews emphasize properties and applications of doped TMDs, here, recent progress on thin‐film synthesis and processing techniques that show excellent controllability for substitutional doping of 2D TMDs are reported. These techniques are categorized into bottom–up methods that grow doped samples on substrates directly and top–down methods that use energetic sources to implant dopants into existing 2D crystals. The doped and alloyed variants from Group VI TMDs will be at the center of technical discussions, as they are expected to play essential roles in next‐generation optoelectronic applications. Theoretical backgrounds based on first principles calculations will precede the technical discussions to help the reader understand each element's likelihood of substitutional doping and the expected impact on the material properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Calculations versus measurements for residual dose rates from SNS spent structures

Here, residual dose rate measurements were conducted on target vessel #13 and proton beam window #5 after extraction from their service locations. These measurements are used to verify calculation methods of radionuclide inventory assessment that are typically performed for nuclear waste characterization and transportation of these structures. Neutronics analyses for predicting residual dose rates are carried out using the transport code MCNPX and the transmutation code CINDER90. For transport analyses a complex and rigorous geometry model of the structures and their surroundings are applied. The neutronics analyses are carried out using the Bertini and CEM high energy physics models for simulating particles interactions above the table-based cross section range. Finally, obtained calculational results are analyzed and compared to the measured dose rates and overall show good agreement within 25%, which shows applicability of the methods used in analyses.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

Enhancing supply resilience for critical materials: case study of gallium supply in the United States

Accelerating energy technology development will increase demand for critical raw materials, such as gallium, that enable clean energy technologies. Processing of gallium is concentrated in mainland China (98 % of global production in 2023), resulting in high supply risks for importing countries. To investigate pathways for more resilient supply, we develop a material flow analysis and apply it to the United States, showing the impacts of future domestic primary raw material production and end-of-life (EoL) product recycling on reducing import reliance of raw gallium metal. We complement this analysis with a techno-economic assessment of North American gallium production costs under various demand growth scenarios. Our results indicate that sufficient domestic feedstocks exist to meet U.S. demand under most scenarios by 2035, while EoL recycling can supply up to 50 % under a low-demand growth scenario. Domestic primary production shows significant cost advantages over gallium recycling.

Cost analysis↗