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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 235 records · Page 13
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1978

Preliminary results of the US-USSR meteorological rocketsonde intercomparison held at Wallops Island, VA - August 1977

The reported intercomparison tests were conducted in connection with the objective to make U.S. and USSR rocketsonde temperature data, obtained in studies of the stratosphere and lower mesosphere, compatible with each other. The tests were successful. In general, temperature and wind profiles from the M100B and Datasonde instruments exhibited many similarities up to the vicinity of the stratopause. Mean temperature differences for the day and night pairs are less than 5 C up to 50 km. The differences progressively increase to about 14-15 C at 70 km, with the M100B temperatures colder than the Datasonde data. The reasonably close similarity between the day and night temperature differences suggests that consistent radiation corrections are being applied to both systems. The agreement of the wind measurements below 58 km is a significant improvement compared to the 1973 comparisons when agreement only extended up to 45 km.

Schmidlin, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Evidence for accurate temperatures from the inflatable falling sphere

The experiments performed with the inflatable falling sphere technique, for middle atmosphere studies, are reported. It is shown to be a potentially high accurate and independent source of temperature measurement and an intrinsic method for establishing accuracy of other atmospheric measurement techniques. Theoretical derivation, simulations, and actual measurements show that the sphere's temperature data are accurate. It is demonstrated that retrieved temperatures from falling spheres are not significantly affected by linear bias in density caused by uncertainties in sphere mass, volume, or cross sectional area. Case studies illustrate the sphere's capability to produce accurate temperatures. Comparisons with Datasonde temperature measurements obtained close in time and space are in agreement below 60 km.

Schmidlin, F. J.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Containerless study of metal evaporation by laser induced fluorescence

Laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of atomic vapors was used to study evaporation from electromagnetically levitated and CW CO2 laser-heated molybdenum spheres and resistively-heated tungsten filaments. Electromagnetic (EM) levitation in combination with laser heating of tungsten, zirconium, and aluminum specimens was also investigated. LIF intensity vs temperature data were obtained for molybdenum atoms and six electronic states of atomic tungsten, at temperatures up to the melting point of each metal. The detected fraction of the emitted radiation was reduced by self-absorption effects at the higher experimental temperatures. Vaporization enthalpies derived from data for which less than half the LIF intensity was self-absorbed were -636 + or - 24 kJ/g-mol for Mo and 831 + or - 32 kJ/g-mol for W. Space-based applications of EM levitation in combination with radiative heating are discussed.

Schiffman, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Online Visualization and Analysis of Merged Global Geostationary Satellite Infrared Dataset

The NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data Information Services Center (GES DISC) is home of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data archive. The global merged IR product also known as the NCEP/CPC 4-km Global (60 degrees N - 60 degrees S) IR Dataset, is one of TRMM ancillary datasets. They are globally merged (60 degrees N - 60 degrees S) pixel-resolution (4 km) IR brightness temperature data (equivalent blackbody temperatures), merged from all available geostationary satellites (GOES-8/10, METEOSAT-7/5 and GMS). The availability of data from METEOSAT-5, which is located at 63E at the present time, yields a unique opportunity for total global (60 degrees N- 60 degrees S) coverage. The GES DISC has collected over 8 years of the data beginning from February of 2000. This high temporal resolution dataset can not only provide additional background information to TRMM and other satellite missions, but also allow observing a wide range of meteorological phenomena from space, such as, mesoscale convection systems, tropical cyclones, hurricanes, etc. The dataset can also be used to verify model simulations. Despite that the data can be downloaded via ftp, however, its large volume poses a challenge for many users. A single file occupies about 70 MB disk space and there is a total of approximately 73,000 files (approximately 4.5 TB) for the past 8 years. In order to facilitate data access, we have developed a web prototype to allow users to conduct online visualization and analysis of this dataset. With a web browser and few mouse clicks, users can have a full access to over 8 year and over 4.5 TB data and generate black and white IR imagery and animation without downloading any software and data. In short, you can make your own images! Basic functions include selection of area of interest, single imagery or animation, a time skip capability for different temporal resolution and image size. Users can save an animation as a file (animated gif) and import it in other presentation software, such as, Microsoft PowerPoint. The prototype will be integrated into GIOVANNI and existing GIOVANNI capabilities, such as, data download, Google Earth KMZ, etc will be available. Users will also be able to access other data products in the GIOVANNI family.

Liu, Zhong↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Algorithm Stability and the Long-Term Geospace Data Record from TIMED/SABER

The ability of satellite instruments to accurately observe long-term changes in atmospheric temperature depends on many factors including the absolute accuracy of the measurement, the stability of the calibration of the instrument, the stability of the satellite orbit, and the stability of the numerical algorithm that produces the temperature data. We present an example of algorithm instability recently discovered in the temperature dataset from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite. The instability resulted in derived temperatures that were substantially colder than anticipated from mid-December 2019 to mid-2022. This algorithm-induced change in temperature over one to two years corresponded to the expected change over several decades from increasing anthropogenic CO2. This paper highlights the importance of algorithm stability in developing Geospace Data Records (GDRs) for Earth’s mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A corrected version (Version 2.08) of the temperatures from SABER is described.

M G Mlynczak↗
NASA NTRS1992

Use of satellite, surface, and aerological information for the calculation of thermal radiation fluxes

Data from the NOAA-9 satellite on cloud amount and cloud upper boundary temperature, data from surface weather stations, and results of aerological sounding of the atmosphere are used to calculate the vertical profiles of upward, downward, and effective fluxes of longwave radiation. A comparison of satellite and surface data on cloud amount and underlying surface temperature is presented.

Arking, A.↗
NASA NTRS1976

A comparison of measured and inferred temperatures from AEROS-B

The neutral composition and the temperature data obtained from the AEROS-B Neutral Atmosphere Temperature Experiment (NATE) and the Neutral and Ion Mass Spectrometer (NIMS) are compared, and the general validity of inferring gas temperatures from N2 and Ar density profiles is examined by comparing them with the in situ measured values of the neutral kinetic temperature (NATE). At times serious discrepancies are noted between the inferred and the measured temperature. This is particularly evident during periods of increased magnetic activity when the normally observed latitudinal variations are apparently modulated by waves propagating from the polar region to low latitudes. Under these conditions the N2 and Ar densities and temperature oscillations are usually out of phase, and the temperatures inferred from N2 and Ar at a given point become meaningless.

Chandra, S.↗
NASA NTRS1980

LAMMR world data base documentation support and demonstrations

The primary purpose of the World Surface Map is to provide the LAMMR subsystem with world surface type classifications that are used to set up LAMMR LEVEL II process control. This data base will be accessed solely by the LAMMR subsystem. The SCATT and ALT subsystems will access the data base indirectly through the T sub b (Brightness Temperature) Data Bank, where the surface types were updated from a priori to current classification, and where the surface types were organized on an orbital subtrack basis. The single most important factor in the design of the World Surface Maps is the ease of access to the information while the complexity of generating these maps is of lesser importance because their generation is a one-time, off-line process. The World Surface Map provides storage of information with a resolution of 7 km necessary to set flags concerning the earth's features with a different set of maps for each month of the year.

Chin, R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Hydrogen oxidation mechanism with applications to (1) the chaperon efficiency of carbon dioxide and (2) vitiated air testing

Ignition delay times for the hydrogen/oxygen/carbon dioxide/argon system were obtained behind reflected shock waves. A detailed kinetic mechanism modeled the experimental hydrogen/oxygen data, Skinner and Ringrose's high-pressure data, and Slack and Grillo's hydrogen/air data. A carbon dioxide chaperon efficiency of 7.0 +/- 0.2 was determined. The reaction pathway H2O yields H2O2 yields OH yields H was required to model the high-pressure data. It is suggested that some of the lowest temperature data points (1.0 and 0.5 atm) for Slack and Grillo's hydrogen/air experiments are in error. It was found that the technique of simplifying a detailed kinetic mechanism for a limited range of experimental data may render the model useless for other test conditions.

Brabbs, Theodore A.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Energetics of the dayside ionosphere of Venus

A reanalysis of the Pioneer Venus electron temperature data base showed a strong correlation between elevated electron temperatures and induced magnetic fields in the dayside ionosphere above about 200 km. These results suggest, although not conclusively, that the elevated temperatures are the result of reduced vertical conductivities caused by the horizontal, induced fields with a possible contribution from energy deposition by magnetosheath electrons moving along the field from the tail region.

Dobe, Zoltan↗
NASA NTRS2001

Use of Spacecraft Data to Drive Regions on Mars where Liquid Water would be Stable

Combining Viking pressure and temperature data with Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter (MOLA) topography data we have computed the fraction of the martian year during which pressure and temperature allow for liquid water to be stable on the martian surface. We find that liquid water would be stable within the Hellas and Argyre basin and over the northern lowlands equatorward of about 40 degrees. The location with the maximum period of stable conditions for liquid water is in the southeastern portion of Utopia Planitia where 34% of the year liquid water would be stable if it was present. Locations of stability appear to correlate with the distribution of valley networks.

Lobitz, Brad↗
NASA NTRS2012

An Enhanced TIMESAT Algorithm for Estimating Vegetation Phenology Metrics from MODIS Data

An enhanced TIMESAT algorithm was developed for retrieving vegetation phenology metrics from 250 m and 500 m spatial resolution Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) vegetation indexes (VI) over North America. MODIS VI data were pre-processed using snow-cover and land surface temperature data, and temporally smoothed with the enhanced TIMESAT algorithm. An objective third derivative test was applied to define key phenology dates and retrieve a set of phenology metrics. This algorithm has been applied to two MODIS VIs: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). In this paper, we describe the algorithm and use EVI as an example to compare three sets of TIMESAT algorithm/MODIS VI combinations: a) original TIMESAT algorithm with original MODIS VI, b) original TIMESAT algorithm with pre-processed MODIS VI, and c) enhanced TIMESAT and pre-processed MODIS VI. All retrievals were compared with ground phenology observations, some made available through the National Phenology Network. Our results show that for MODIS data in middle to high latitude regions, snow and land surface temperature information is critical in retrieving phenology metrics from satellite observations. The results also show that the enhanced TIMESAT algorithm can better accommodate growing season start and end dates that vary significantly from year to year. The TIMESAT algorithm improvements contribute to more spatial coverage and more accurate retrievals of the phenology metrics. Among three sets of TIMESAT/MODIS VI combinations, the start of the growing season metric predicted by the enhanced TIMESAT algorithm using pre-processed MODIS VIs has the best associations with ground observed vegetation greenup dates.

Tan, Bin↗
NASA NTRS1986

The solar and dynamically induced oscillations in the stratosphere

The temporal and spatial features of stratospheric fluctuations are analyzed using 2.5 years of ozone and temperature data from the Nimbus 7 solar backscattered ultraviolet and the SAMS experiments. It is observed that the oscillations are dynamically induced perturbations in the winter hemisphere and the 27-day modulation of the solar UV radiation. The fluctuations in the ozone and temperature are compared with solar activity. The effects of solar and temperature perturbations on stratospheric ozone are examined; it is shown that the dynamically induced oscillations are global and independent of solar activity. The seasonal, latitudinal, and altitudinal variations of the regression factors and their influence on the ozone are studied. Multiple regression and cross-spectral analyses of ozone, temperature, and solar flux data reveal that the ozone mixing ratio is more sensitive to changes in temperature than changes in solar activity.

Chandra, S.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Use of the Long Duration Exposure Facility's thermal measurement system for the verification of thermal models

Results are presented of the comparison between the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) Thermal Measurements Systems (THERM) recorded temperature data and the predicted values as calculated prior to the LDEF deployment. The postflight thermal model was verified and calculated temperature uncertainties were reduced to under + or - 18 F from the preflight uncertainties of + or - 40 F. The THERM consisted of 8 temperature sensors, a shared tape recorder, a standard LDEF flight battery, and an electronics control box. The temperatures were measured at selected locations on the LDEF structure interior during the first 490 days of flight and recorded for postflight analysis. After the recorder was recovered from space, the tape recorder was recovered and the data reduced for comparison to the LDEF predicted temperatures. By comparing the calculated values to the measured data, a verified thermal model that presents the best agreement with the THERM data was obtained. The THERM experiment provided an economical way of performing a postflight verification of the LDEF Thermal Model by recording a limited number of flight temperatures on typical locations of the LDEF structure.

Berrios, William M.↗
NASA NTRS2009

Detection of Subsurface Material Separation in Shuttle Orbiter Slip-Side Joggle Region of the Wing Leading Edge using Infrared Imaging Data from Arc Jet Tests

The objective of the present study was to determine whether infrared imaging (IR) surface temperature data obtained during arc-jet tests of Space Shuttle Orbiter s reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) wing leading edge panel slip-side joggle region could be used to detect presence of subsurface material separation, and if so, to determine when separation occurs during the simulated entry profile. Recent thermostructural studies have indicated thermally induced interlaminar normal stress concentrations at the substrate/coating interface in the curved joggle region can result in local subsurface material separation, with the separation predicted to occur during approach to peak heating during reentry. The present study was an attempt to determine experimentally when subsurface material separations occur. A simplified thermal model of a flat RCC panel with subsurface material separation was developed and used to infer general surface temperature trends due to the presence of subsurface material separation. IR data from previously conducted arc-jet tests on three test specimens were analyzed: one without subsurface material separation either pre or post test, one with pre test separation, and one with separation developing during test. The simplified thermal model trend predictions along with comparison of experimental IR data of the three test specimens were used to successfully infer material separation from the arc-jet test data. Furthermore, for the test specimen that had developed subsurface material separation during the arc-jet tests, the initiation of separation appeared to occur during the ramp up to the peak heating condition, where test specimen temperature went from 2500 to 2800 F.

Daryabeigi, Kamran↗
NASA NTRS1988

User's guide for the Nimbus 7 Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) CELL-ALL tape

The SMMR instrument onboard the Nimbus-7 satellite has been in operation since October 1978. It provided global coverage of passive microwave observations at 6.6, 10.7, 18, 21, and 37 GHz. The oberved brightness temperature can be used to retrieve geophysical parameters, principally sea surface temperature, atmospheric water vapor and liquid water content over oceans, sea ice concentration, and snow cover over land. The SMME CELL-ALL Tape contains earth-located calibrated brightness temperature data which have been appropriately binned into cells of various grid sizes, allowing intercomparisons of observations made at different frequencies (with corresponding different footprint sizes). This user's guide describes the operation of the instrument, the flow of the data processing the calibration procedure, and the characteristics of the calibrated brightness temperatures and how they are binned. Detailed tape specifications and lists of available data are also provided.

Cu, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Delineation of soil temperature regimes from HCMM data

Average daily temperatures (ADT) were calculated for five Heat Capacity Mapping Mission scenes by averaging raw daytime temperature and nighttime temperature values using the SUBTRAN program. Mean annual soil temperatures (MAST) were calculated using ADT as input into a linearized one-dimensional heat flow equation describing the theoretical temperature response curve at the Earth's surface. The annual amplitude (AMP) of the response curve was also calculated. Finally, versatec plots of MAST and AMP were generated showing their spatial distribution.

Day, R. L.↗