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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

High Reynolds number tests of the cast 10-2/DOA 2 airfoil in the Langley 0.3-meter transonic cryogenic tunnel, phase 2

Wind tunnel tests of an advanced technology airfoil, the CAST 10-2/DOA 2, were conducted in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (0.3-m TCT). This was the third of a series of tests conducted in a cooperative airfoil research program between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the Deutsche Forschungsund Versuchsanstalt fur Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V. For these tests, temperature was varied from 270 K to 110 K at pressures from 1.5 to 5.75 atmospheres. Mach number was varied from 0.60 to 0.80, and the Reynolds number (based on airfoil chord) was varied from 2 to 20 million. The aerodynamic data for the 7.62 cm chord airfoil model used in these tests is presented without analysis. Descriptions of the 0.3-m TCT, the airfoil model, the test instrumentation, and the testing procedures are included.

Dress, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Numerical simulation of the interaction of a vortex with stationary airfoil in transonic flow

A perturbation form of an implicit conservative, noniterative numerical algorithm for the two-dimensional thin layer Navier-Stokes and Euler equations is used to compute the interaction flow-field of a vortex with stationary airfoil. A Lamb-like analytical vortex having a finite core is chosen to interact with a thick (NACA 0012) and a thin (NACA 64A006) airfoil independently in transonic flow. Two different configurations of vortex interaction are studied, viz., (1) when the vortex is fixed at one location in the flowfield, and (2) when the vortex is convecting past the airfoil at freestream velocity. Parallel computations of this interacting flowfield are also done using a version of the Transonic Small Disturbance Code (ATRAN2). A special treatment of the leading edge region for thin airfoils is included in this code. With this, the three methods gave qualitatively similar results for the weaker interactions considered in this study. However, the strongest interactions considered proved to be beyond the capabilities of the small disturbance code. The results also show a far greater influence of the vortex on the airfoil flowfield when the vortex is stationary than when it is convecting with the flow.

Srinivasan, G. R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Effect of geometry on airfoil icing characteristics

A droplet trajectory computer code is used to predict the water droplet impingement characteristics of several low- and medium-speed airfoils. The maximum impingement efficiency, total collection efficiency, and limits of impingement are analyzed as functions of the airfoil geometry and freestream conditions. The airfoil geometry is represented by leading edge radius, maximum thickness, maximum camber, and angle of attack. The analysis shows that the primary effects are an increase in maximum impingement efficiency with a decrease in leading edge radius, a reduction in total collection efficiency for thicker airfoils, and a change in the limits of impingement for airfoils of different maximum camber.

Bragg, M. B.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Experimental and analytical investigations into airfoil icing

Methods of analyzing and measuring experimentally the accretion of ice and its effect on airfoil aerodynamic performance are presented. An analytical method for predicting water droplet impingement has been developed and shows the influence of airfoil leading edge radius and thickness on droplet impingement to be significant. Rime ice accretions are predicted including time dependent effects and these shapes compare well to experiment. Scaling water droplet impingement and rime ice accretion is discussed. Predictions of the effect of rime ice on airfoil performance are developed based on empirical and analytical methods. Techniques for measuring and simulating ice accretions for wind tunnel tests compare well to actual iced airfoil aerodynamic data. Data showing the effect of ice on measured airfoil performance using real and simulated ice are presented.

Bragg, M. B.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Synthesized airfoil data method for prediction of dynamic stall and unsteady airloads

The synthesized unsteady airfoil data method, which accurately describes the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of stalled airfoils in the time domain, is expanded and improved. Nine sets of unsteady drag data are synthesized, providing a basis for the successful expansion of the method to include the computation of unsteady pressure drag of airfoils and rotor blades. An improved prediction model for airfoil flow reattachment is incorporated into the method. Application of the model results in a better correlation of analytic predictions with measured full-scale helicopter blade loads and stress data. The results show that it is feasible to generalize the empirical parameters embedded in the method over a range of angles of attack, Mach number, airfoil shape, and sweep angle.

Gangwani, S. T.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Some experience with Barnwell-Sewall type correction to two-dimensional airfoil data

A series of airfoils were tested in the Langley 0.3-Meter Transonic Cryogenic Tunnel (TCT) at Reynolds numbers from 2 to 50 million. The 0.3-m TCT is equipped with Barnwell slots designed to minimize blockage due to the tunnel flow and ceiling. This design suggests that sidewall corrections for blockage is needed, and that a lifting airfoil produces a change in angle of attack. Sidewall correction methods were developed for subsonic and subsonic-transonic flow. Comparisons of theory with experimental data obtained in the 0.3-m TCT for two airfoils, the British NPL 9510 and the German R-4 are presented. The NPL 9510 was tested as part of the NASA/United Kingdom Joint Aeronautical Program and R-4 was tested as part f the DFVLR/NASA Advanced Airfoil Research Program. For the NPL 9510 airfoil, only those test points that one would anticipate being difficult to predict theoretically are presented.

Jenkins, R. V.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Corrections for attached sidewall boundary-layer effects in 2-dimensional airfoil testing

The problems of sidewall boundary-layer effects in airfoil testing is treated by considering the changes in the flow area due to boundary-layer thinning under the influence of the airfoil flowfield. Using von Karman's momentum integral equation, it is shown that the sidewall boundary-layer thickness in the region of the airfoil can reduce to about half the undisturbed value under the conditions prevailing in testing of supercritical airfoils. A Mach number correction due to this increased width of the flow passage is proposed. Using the small disturbance approximation, the effect of the sidewall boundary-layers is shown to be equivalent to a change in the test Mach number and also in the airfoil thickness. Comparison of the results of this approach with other similarity rules and correlation of the experimental data demonstrate the applicability of the analysis presented from low speeds to transonic speeds.

Murthy, A. V.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Investigation to optimize the passive shock wave/boundary layer control for supercritical airfoil drag reduction

The passive shock wave/boundary layer control for reducing the drag of 14%-thick supercritical airfoil was investigated in the 3 in. x 15.4 in. RPI Transonic Wind Tunnel with and without the top wall insert at transonic Mach numbers. Top wall insert was installed to increase the flow Mach number to 0.90 with the model mounted on the test section bottom wall. Various porous surfaces with a cavity underneath were positioned on the area of the airfoil where the shock wave occurs. The higher pressure behind the shock wave circulates flow through the cavity to the lower pressure ahead of the shock wave. The effects from this circulation prevent boundary layer separation and enthropy increase hrough the shock wave. The static pressure distributions over the airfoil, the wake impact pressure survey for determining the profile drag and the Schlieren photographs for porous surfaces are presented and compared with the results for solid surface airfoil. With a 2.8% uniform porosity the normal shock wave for the solid surface was changed to a lambda shock wave, and the wake impact pressure data indicate a drag coefficient reduction as much as 45% lower than for the solid surface airfoil at high transonic Mach numbers.

Nagamatsu, H. T.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Inviscid analysis of two supercritical laminar-flow-control airfoils at design and off-design conditions

Inviscid transonic flow results are provided at design and off design conditions for two supercritical laminar flow control airfoils. The newer airfoil, with its lower suction requirements for full chord laminar flow, has a higher design Mach number, steeper pressure gradients, a more positive pressure level in the forward region of the lower surface, and a recovery to a less positive pressure at the trailing edge. The two dimensional design Mach numbers for the two airfoils are 0.755 and 0.730 at a common design lift coefficient of 0.60, and their thickness to chord ratios are 0.131 and 0.135, respectively. Off design shock formation characteristics are similar for the two airfoils over a range of Mach numbers between 0.6 and 0.8 and lift coefficients from 0.4 to 0.7. The newer airfoil is similar to the one used in a large chord swept model experiment designed for the Langley 8 Foot Transonic Pressure Tunnel.

Allison, D. O.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Calculation of steady and unsteady airfoil flow fields via the Navier-Stokes equations

A compressible time-dependent procedure for the two-dimensional ensemble averaged Navier-Stokes equations has been applied to the isolated airfoil problem in steady and unsteady flows. The procedure solves the governing equations via the linearized block implicit technique. Turbulence is modeled either via a mixing length or turbulence energy approach. The equations are solved in general non-orthogonal form with no-slip boundary conditions applied at the airfoil surface. Results are presented for airfoils at constant incidence, an airfoil in ramp motion and an airfoil oscillating through a dynamic stall loop. In general, steady converged solutions are obtained within 70 time steps over the range of Mach numbers considered. Comparisons with measured data show good agreement between computation and measurement.

Shamroth, S. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Scaling laws for testing of high lift airfoils under heavy rainfall

The results of studies regarding the effect of rainfall about aircraft are briefly reviewed. It is found that performance penalties on airfoils have been identified in subscale tests. For this reason, it is of great importance that scaling laws be dveloped to aid in the extrapolation of these data to fullscale. The present investigation represents an attempt to develop scaling laws for testing subscale airfoils under heavy rain conditions. Attention is given to rain statistics, airfoil operation in heavy rain, scaling laws, thermodynamics of condensation and/or evaporation, rainfall and airfoil scaling, aspects of splash back, film thickness, rivulets, and flap slot blockage. It is concluded that the extrapolation of airfoil performance data taken at subscale under simulated heavy rain conditions to fullscale must be undertaken with caution.

Bilanin, A. J.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Detailed measurements of the flowfield in the vicinity of an airfoil with glaze ice

An experimental study has been conducted in the OSU subsonic tunnel to measure the characteristics of the separation bubble on an airfoil with glaze ice. A measured glaze ice accretion on a NACA 0012 airfoil was simulated in wood for this dry tunnel test. The 21 inch chord model was pressure belted and the ice shape internally tapped to obtain surface pressures, lift and moment coefficients. A wake survey probe was used to obtain airfoil drag. The separation bubble was explored by measuring the time averaged velocities using a split film probe. The probe was positioned using a computer controlled two-dimensional traversing system. In this paper, airfoil lift, drag, and moment coefficient data are compared for the airfoil with and without glaze ice. Velocity profiles in the separation bubble are presented for several chordwise stations at three angles of attack. The ice shape caused a severe lift and drag penalty. The velocity profiles show clearly the large bubble geometry, regions of reversed flow, and bubble reattachment.

Bragg, M. B.↗
NASA NTRS1985

An improved viscid/inviscid interaction procedure for transonic flow over airfoils

A new interacting boundary layer approach for computing the viscous transonic flow over airfoils is described. The theory includes a complete treatment of viscous interaction effects induced by the wake and accounts for normal pressure gradient effects across the boundary layer near trailing edges. The method is based on systematic expansions of the full Reynolds equation of turbulent flow in the limit of Reynolds numbers, Reynolds infinity. Procedures are developed for incorporating the local trailing edge solution into the numerical solution of the coupled full potential and integral boundary layer equations. Although the theory is strictly applicable to airfoils with cusped or nearly cusped trailing edges and to turbulent boundary layers that remain fully attached to the airfoil surface, the method was successfully applied to more general airfoils and to flows with small separation zones. Comparisons of theoretical solutions with wind tunnel data indicate the present method can accurately predict the section characteristics of airfoils including the absolute levels of drag.

Melnik, R. E.↗
NASA NTRS1985

The construction of airfoil pressure models by the plate method: Achievements, current research, technology development and potential applications

A method of constructing airfoils by inscribing pressure channels on the face of opposing plates, bonding them together to form one plate with integral channels, and contour machining this plate to form an airfoil model is described. The research and development program to develop the bonding technology is described as well as the construction and testing of an airfoil model. Sample aerodynamic data sets are presented and discussed. Also, work currently under way to produce thin airfoils with camber is presented. Samples of the aft section of a 6 percent airfoil with complete pressure instrumentation including the trailing edge are pictured and described. This technique is particularly useful in fabricating models for transonic cryogenic testing, but it should find application in a wide ange of model construction projects, as well as the fabrication of fuel injectors, space hardware, and other applications requiring advanced bonding technology and intricate fluid passages.

Lawing, P. L.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Separation bubble behavior for a NACA 23009 airfoil

Results are reported of experiments with smoke-wire flow visualization applied to characterizing the conditions conducive to formation of a separation bubble on an airfoil in low Re flow. An airfoil was used which spanned the test channel of the wind tunnel designed for low turbulence and noise. A wire coated with mineral oil was stretched across the channel upstream of the airfoil and heated. The smoke it gave off was flash-illuminated and photographed with ASA 3000 film. Extending the airfoil over the entire section yielded photographs that gave an essentially two-dimensional perspective. Angles of attack from 0-10 deg were investigated at Re of 33,000, 66,000, 100,000 and 133,000. Sample photographs illustrate the usefulness of the technique and apparatus in the flow regimes examined, particularly when used in conjunction with pressure tap data from the airfoil surface.

Fisher, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1986

The response of airfoils to periodic disturbances - The unsteady Kutta condition

Two cases of unsteady flowfields over a NACA 0012 airfoil at an angle of attack are examined. The first is the classical pitching motion about the airfoil's quarter chord. The second is the flow over a fixed airfoil immersed in the wake of the pitching airfoil. Large reduced frequencies are examined. Measurements were obtained in a water tunnel by laser Doppler velocimetry. Ensemble-averaged velocity measurements were obtained in the vicinity of the trailing edges of both the pitching and the fixed airfoil. The results indicate that the classical unsteady Kutta condition is clearly not valid. An extension of this condition earlier proposed by Giesing and Maskell is examined and some evidence is provided for its support.

Poling, D. R.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Influence of airfoil camber on convected gust interaction noise

This paper investigates the effect of airfoil steady loading on the sound generated by the interaction of an airfoil with a convected disturbance. A previous theory, which included only the incidence angle contribution to the mean loading, is extended to include camber. The theory is based on a linearization of the Euler equations about a nonuniform, 0(1) Mach number subsonic mean flow. The discussion concentrates on the case of a slightly cambered airfoil at small incidence angle, interacting with a gust whose wavelength is short compared to the airfoil chord. The small parameter representing the amount of camber and incidence, and the large parameter representing the ratio of airfoil chord to disturbance wavelength, are utilized in a singular perturbation solution to the governing equations. Acoustic power calculations reveal that the amount of sound generated increases significantly with increased loading. More importantly, it is shown that the radiated acoustic power correlates very well with the strength of the mean flow around the leading edge.

Myers, M. R.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Numerical simulations of unsteady, viscous, transonic flow over isolated and cascaded airfoils using a deforming grid

A compressible, unsteady, full Navier-Stokes, finite difference code was developed for modeling transonic flow through two-dimensional, oscillating cascades. The procedure introduces a deforming grid technique to capture the motion of the airfoils. Results using a deforming grid are presented for both isolated and cascaded airfoils. The load histories and unsteady pressure distributions are predicted for the NASA 64A010 isolated airfoil and compared with existing experimental data. Results show that the deforming grid technique can be used to successfully predict the unsteady flow properties around an oscillating airfoil. The deforming grid technique was extended for modeling unsteady flow in a cascade. The use of a deforming grid simplifies the specification of boundary conditions. Unsteady flow solutions similar to the isolated airfoil predictions are found for a NACA 0012 cascade with zero interblade phase angle and zero stagger. Experimental data for these cases are not available for code validation, but computational results are presented to show sample predictions from the code. Applications of the code to typical turbomachinery flow conditions will be presented in future work.

Huff, Dennis L.↗