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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 253 records · Page 14
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1991

Determining the solar-flare photospheric scale height from SMM gamma-ray measurements

A connected series of Monte Carlo programs was developed to make systematic calculations of the energy, temporal and angular dependences of the gamma-ray line and neutron emission resulting from such accelerated ion interactions. Comparing the results of these calculations with the Solar Maximum Mission/Gamma Ray Spectrometer (SMM/GRS) measurements of gamma-ray line and neutron fluxes, the total number and energy spectrum of the flare-accelerated ions trapped on magnetic loops at the Sun were determined and the angular distribution, pitch angle scattering, and mirroring of the ions on loop fields were constrained. Comparing the calculations with measurements of the time dependence of the neutron capture line emission, a determination of the He-3/H ratio in the photosphere was also made. The diagnostic capabilities of the SMM/GRS measurements were extended by developing a new technique to directly determine the effective photospheric scale height in solar flares from the neutron capture gamma-ray line measurements, and critically test current atmospheric models in the flare region.

Lingenfelter, Richard E.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Magnetotransport properties of MoP 2

We report magnetotransport and de Haas–van Alphen (dHvA) effect studies on MoP 2 single crystals, predicted to be a type- II Weyl semimetal with four pairs of robust Weyl points located below the Fermi level and long Fermi arcs. The temperature dependence of resistivity shows a peak before saturation, which does not move with magnetic field. Large nonsaturating magnetoresistance (MR) was observed, and the field dependence of MR exhibits a crossover from semiclassical weak-field B 2 dependence to the high-field linear-field dependence, indicating the presence of Dirac linear energy dispersion. In addition, a systematic violation of Kohler's rule was observed, consistent with multiband electronic transport. Strong spin-orbit coupling splitting has an effect on dHvA measurements whereas the angular-dependent dHvA orbit frequencies agree well with the calculated Fermi surface. The cyclotron effective mass ~1.6m e indicates the bands might be trivial, possibly since the Weyl points are located below the Fermi level.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
NASA NTRS1972

Moment expansion for ionospheric range error

On a plane earth, the ionospheric or tropospheric range error depends only on the total refractivity content or zeroth moment of the refracting layer and the elevation angle. On a spherical earth, however, the dependence is more complex; so for more accurate results it has been necessary to resort to complex ray-tracing calculations. A simple, high-accuracy alternative to the ray-tracing calculation is presented. By appropriate expansion of the angular dependence in the ray-tracing integral in a power series in height, an expression is obtained for the range error in terms of a simple function of elevation angle, E, at the expansion height and of the mth moment of the refractivity, N, distribution about the expansion height. The rapidity of convergence is heavily dependent on the choice of expansion height. For expansion heights in the neighborhood of the centroid of the layer (300-490 km), the expansion to N = 2 (three terms) gives results accurate to about 0.4% at E = 10 deg. As an analytic tool, the expansion affords some insight on the influence of layer shape on range errors in special problems.

Mallinckrodt, A.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Direct S{sub N} Treatment of the Scattering Source with Phase Functions

In deterministic transport, the angular dependency of the scattering source is described using a so-called phase function. The scattering operator is commonly expressed using a spherical harmonics (P{sub N}) expansion of this phase function. Not only does this require minimal modifications if the problem dimensionality is changed, but it also contains little to no approximation whenever the scattering anisotropy degree is small. An alternative method relying on a discrete ordinates (S{sub N}) approach - essentially computing the angular integral of the phase function with a finite number of weighted directions - is theoretically possible and has shown some advantages. In particular, this method was introduced for neutron elastic scattering and was shown to be more accurate for highly anisotropic group-to-group transfer cross-sections. Benefits were further shown in the case of a collimated beam in highly forward peaked scattering media, particularly reducing the memory usage by storing an angle-to-angle collision matrix rather than a large number of angular moments. In addition, the scattering source was expressed using that same method, the phase function having been previously expanded using Legendre polynomials, in the context of achieving extreme precision while solving the 1D radiative transfer equation. Based on these previous works, we aim at exploring two questions. First, we wish to derive an expression of the phase function in reduced geometries that does not require any more angular quadrature points than for a standard S N calculation. This is particularly relevant because the reduced phase function does not solely depend on the product of the incoming and outgoing directions. Second, we wish to better understand the relationship between the S{sub N} and P{sub N} treatments. We in particular show equivalence if the phase function in the former case is expanded Legendre polynomials. This equivalence is verified numerically and the computational costs of the methods are compared on a test problem involving a Dirac delta phase function.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Detailed Investigations of Neutron–Neutron Angular Correlations in Slow-Neutron-Induced Fission of {sup 233}U, {sup 235}U, and {sup 239}Pu

An experiment devoted to studying neutron–neutron angular correlations in the slow-neutroninduced fission of {sup 233}U, {sup 235}U and {sup 239}Pu nuclei was performed. The experimentally determined angular dependence of the number of neutron–neutron coincidences was compared with the results of a Monte Carlo simulation for various values of the neutron-detection threshold in the range between 490 and 2080 keV. It was found that the experimental angular distributions in question can be described well under the assumption that 2% to 5% of all prompt fission neutrons are emitted isotropically in the laboratory frame. Probably, such neutrons can be interpreted as so-called scission neutrons directly associated with the nuclear-rupture instant. Energy distributions of this component were also obtained from the present analysis.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Observation of spin rectification in Pt/yttrium iron garnet bilayer

We used the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) to study the dc voltage generation in Pt 20 nm layer deposited on yttrium iron garnet. Although the main contribution to the FMR voltage comes from the inverse spin Hall effect associated with spin pumping, the spin rectification would also contribute the resonance signal via the “new” magnetoresistance effect in Pt layer. Based on a symmetry consideration, we can separate those two effects through angular dependent resonance amplitude.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2015

Laser energy deposition and its dynamic uniformity for direct-drive capsules

The total laser energy deposition of multi-laser-beam irradiation is not only associated with the dynamic behavior of capsule but also the time-dependent angular distribution of the energy deposition of each beam around its axis. The dynamic behavior of laser energy deposition does not linearly respond to the dynamic behavior of laser irradiation. The laser energy deposition uniformity determines the symmetry of implosion. The dynamic behavior of laser energy deposition non-uniformity in OMEGA for laser with square beam shape intensity profile is investigated. In the case of smaller laser spot, the initial non-uniformity caused by laser beam overlap is very high. The shell asymmetry caused by the high initial laser irradiation non-uniformity is estimated by the extent of distortion of shock front which is not as severe as expected before the shock driven by main pulse arrives. This suggests that the large initial non-uniformity due to smaller laser spot is one of the elements that seed disturbance before the main pulse. The rms of laser energy deposition during the main pulse remains above 2%. Since the intensity of main driving pulse usually is several times higher than that of picket pulses, the non-uniformity in main pulse period may jeopardize the symmetrical implosion. When dynamic behavior of capsule is considered, the influence of beam pointing error, the target positioning error, and beam-to-beam power unbalance is quite different for the case of static capsule.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2015

Observational signatures of modified gravity on ultra-large scales

Extremely large surveys with future experiments like Euclid and the SKA will soon allow us to access perturbation modes close to the Hubble scale, with wavenumbers k∼H. If a modified gravity (MG) theory is responsible for cosmic acceleration, then the Hubble scale is a natural regime for deviations from General Relativity (GR) to become manifest. However, the majority of studies to date have concentrated on the consequences of alternative gravity theories for the subhorizon, quasi-static regime. In this paper, we investigate how modifications to the gravitational field equations affect perturbations around the Hubble scale. We choose functional forms to represent the generic scale-dependent behavior of gravity theories that modify GR at long wavelengths, and study the resulting deviations of ultra-large-scale relativistic observables from their GR behavior. We find that these are small unless modifications to the field equations are drastic. The angular dependence and redshift evolution of the deviations is highly parameterization- and survey-dependent, however, and so they are possibly a rich source of MG phenomenology if they can be measured.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Interfacial contributions to spin-orbit torque and magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/heavy-metal bilayers

The thickness dependence of spin-orbit torque and magnetoresistance in ferromagnet/heavy-metal bilayers is studied here using the first-principles nonequilibrium Green's function formalism combined with the Anderson disorder model. A systematic expansion in orthogonal vector spherical harmonics is used for the angular dependence of the torque. The dampinglike torque in Co/Pt and Co/Au bilayers can be described as a sum of the spin-Hall contribution, which increases with thickness in agreement with the spin-diffusion model, and a comparable interfacial contribution. The magnetoconductance in the plane perpendicular to the current in Co/Pt bilayers is of the order of a conductance quantum per interfacial atom, exceeding the prediction of the spin-Hall model by more than an order of magnitude. This indicates that the “spin-Hall magnetoresistance,” similarly to the dampinglike torque, has a large interfacial contribution unrelated to the spin-Hall effect.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Identification of a paramagnetic recombination center in silicon/silicon-dioxide interface

A paramagnetic recombination center having an orthorhombic symmetry with g[110] = 2.0095(2), g[001] = 2.0038(2), and g[110] = 2.0029(2) is found at the interface between silicon and native oxide. The center is referred to P{sub m} center and observed by a spin dependent recombination based electron paramagnetic resonance detection that has the sensitivity of {approx}10{sup 11} spins/cm{sup 2}. The employment of an isotopically enriched {sup 28}Si sample with the concentration of {sup 29}Si nuclear spins reduced to 0.017% leads to narrowing of the resonance line. This narrowing is the key for the accurate determination of the angular dependence of the g-factor.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Resonance signatures in the body-frame valence photoionization of CF 4

Here, we present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the electron dynamics and body-frame angular dependence of valence photo-single ionization of CF 4 and subsequent dissociation into CF 3 + and F. Ionization from a valence t 2 orbital shows overlapping shape resonances close to threshold that couple to the same total symmetry, leading to striking changes in the photoelectron angular distributions when viewed in the body-frame.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Instrumental uncertainties in radiative corrections for the MUSE experiment

The MUSE experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute is measuring elastic lepton-proton scattering cross sections in a four-momentum transfer range from Q 2 of approximately 0.002–0.08 GeV 2 using positively and negatively charged electrons and muons. The extraction of the Born cross sections from the experimental data requires radiative corrections. Estimates of the instrumental uncertainties in those corrections have been made using the ESEPP event generator. The results depend in particular on the minimum lepton momentum that contributes to the experimental cross section and the fraction of events with hard initial-state radiation that is detected in the MUSE calorimeter and is excluded from the data. Furthermore, these results show that the angular-dependent instrumental uncertainties in radiative corrections to the electron cross section are less than 0.4% and are negligible for the muon cross section.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Full-sky formulae for weak lensing power spectra from total angular momentum method

We systematically derive full-sky formulae for the weak lensing power spectra generated by scalar, vector and tensor perturbations from the total angular momentum (TAM) method. Based on both the geodesic and geodesic deviation equations, we first give the gauge-invariant expressions for the deflection angle and Jacobi map as observables of the CMB lensing and cosmic shear experiments. We then apply the TAM method, originally developed in the theoretical studies of CMB, to a systematic derivation of the angular power spectra. The TAM representation, which characterizes the total angular dependence of the spatial modes projected along a line-of-sight, can carry all the information of the lensing modes generated by scalar, vector, and tensor metric perturbations. This greatly simplifies the calculation, and we present a complete set of the full-sky formulae for angular power spectra in both the E-/B-mode cosmic shear and gradient-/curl-mode lensing potential of deflection angle. Based on the formulae, we give illustrative examples of non-vanishing B-mode cosmic shear and curl-mode of deflection angle in the presence of the vector and tensor perturbations, and explicitly compute the power spectra.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Two-photon double photoionization of atomic Mg by ultrashort pulses: Variation of angular distributions with pulse length

We investigate the two-photon double ionization of atomic magnesium induced by ultrashort pulses. Though the initial and final state symmetries are comparable to the same process in helium, in stark contrast the range of photon energies for which nonsequential ionization is the only open pathway is narrow (less than 1 eV) in magnesium. Thus several sequential ionization pathways feature heavily in these processes. Nonetheless, it is found that for pulse durations between 0.25 and 2.0 fentoseconds, the joint angular dependence of the ejected electrons can depend sensitively on pulse length, varying between the strictly back-to-back ejection characteristic of nonsequential ionization to other distributions. The significance of excited-state correlating configurations in representing the initial state of magnesium is discussed in the light of their consequences for the resulting angular distributions at photon energies where sequential ionization can access intermediate states that lie nearby in energy, particularly for longer pulses.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS2015

Next-Generation Angular Distribution Models for Top-of-Atmosphere Radiative Flux Calculation from the CERES Instruments: Methodology

The top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes are critical components to advancing our understanding of the Earth's radiative energy balance, radiative effects of clouds and aerosols, and climate feedback. The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments provide broadband shortwave and longwave radiance measurements. These radiances are converted to fluxes by using scene-type-dependent angular distribution models (ADMs). This paper describes the next-generation ADMs that are developed for Terra and Aqua using all available CERES rotating azimuth plane radiance measurements. Coincident cloud and aerosol retrievals, and radiance measurements from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and meteorological parameters from Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation version 5.4.1 are used to define scene type. CERES radiance measurements are stratified by scene type and by other parameters that are important for determining the anisotropy of the given scene type. Anisotropic factors are then defined either for discrete intervals of relevant parameters or as a continuous functions of combined parameters, depending on the scene type. Significant differences between the ADMs described in this paper and the existing ADMs are over clear-sky scene types and polar scene types. Over clear ocean, we developed a set of shortwave (SW) ADMs that explicitly account for aerosols. Over clear land, the SW ADMs are developed for every 1 latitude1 longitude region for every calendar month using a kernel-based bidirectional reflectance model. Over clear Antarctic scenes, SW ADMs are developed by accounting the effects of sastrugi on anisotropy. Over sea ice, a sea-ice brightness index is used to classify the scene type. Under cloudy conditions over all surface types, the longwave (LW) and window (WN) ADMs are developed by combining surface and cloud-top temperature, surface and cloud emissivity, cloud fraction, and precipitable water. Compared to the existing ADMs, the new ADMs change the monthly mean instantaneous fluxes by up to 5Wm(exp -2) on a regional scale of 1 deg. latitude x 1 deg. longitude, but the flux changes are less than 0.5Wm(exp -2) on a global scale.

Su, W.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electrical detection of ferromagnetic resonance in ferromagnet/n-GaAs heterostructures by tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance

We observe a dc voltage peak at ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in samples consisting of a single ferromagnetic (FM) layer grown epitaxially on the n-GaAs (001) surface. The FMR peak is detected as an interfacial voltage with a symmetric line shape and is present in samples based on various FM/n-GaAs heterostructures, including Co{sub 2}MnSi/n-GaAs, Co{sub 2}FeSi/n-GaAs, and Fe/n-GaAs. We show that the interface bias voltage dependence of the FMR signal is identical to that of the tunneling anisotropic magnetoresistance (TAMR) over most of the bias range. Furthermore, we show how the precessing magnetization yields a dc FMR signal through the TAMR effect and how the TAMR phenomenon can be used to predict the angular dependence of the FMR signal. This TAMR-induced FMR peak can be observed under conditions where no spin accumulation is present and no spin-polarized current flows in the semiconductor.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Natural discretization in noncommutative field theory

A discretization scheme for field theory is developed, in which the space time coordinates are assumed to be operators forming a noncommutative algebra. Generic waves without rotational symmetry are studied in (2+1) - dimensional scalar field theory with Heisenberg-type noncommutativity. In the representation chosen, the radial coordinate is naturally rendered discrete. Nonlocality along this coordinate, induced by noncommutativity, accounts for the angular dependence of the fields. A complete solution and the interpretation of its nonlocal features are given. The exact form of standing and propagating waves on such a discrete space is found in terms of finite series. A precise correspondence is established between the degree of nonlocality and the angular momentum of a field configuration. At small distance no classical singularities appear, even at the location of the sources. At large radius one recovers the usual commutative/continuum behaviour.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1992

The role of specular reflectance in surface anisotropy

For smooth surfaces, specular reflection constitutes a major source of anisotropy in the surface bidirectional reflectance and introduces a strong illumination angle dependence in diurnal albedo. A prior formulation has been employed by the authors to account for the surface anisotropy of other natural surfaces. It is shown that this formulation is appropriate to successfully explain the specular characteristics of other rough surfaces as well as that of the ocean. The angular dependence of the diffuse component of the reflected radiance is explained using the Ahmad-Deering formulation, which is based on Chandrasekhar's radiative transfer solution. Results for a smooth silt-playa lake bed in a volcanic region of Nevada are presented. It is shown that this formulation is capable of explaining the specular features measured in the field and can be effectively used in any surface bidirectional reflectance model.

Ahmad, Suraiya P.↗